. . . . . . . "Political factions during the Joseon dynasty"@en . "\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062C\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0646\u063A\u0644: \uBD95\uB2F9\u060C \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062C\u0627: \u670B\u9EE8\u060C \u0648\u062D\u0631\u0641\u064A\u0627\u064B: \u0628\u064F\u0646\u063A\u062F\u0627\u0646\u063A) \u0647\u064A \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0633\u064A\u0637\u0631\u062A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u062C\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646. \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062A \u0648\u062A\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0639\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0627\u064B \u0647\u0627\u062F\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062A \u0645\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0631\u062D\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0634\u064A\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062E\u0628\u0629."@ar . "Bungdang (\uBD95\uB2F9, \u670B\u9EE8) est le nom donn\u00E9 aux diff\u00E9rentes factions politiques de la Cor\u00E9e de la p\u00E9riode Joseon du XVe au XIXe si\u00E8cle qui s'effor\u00E7aient d'avoir une influence pr\u00E9pond\u00E9rante sur le syst\u00E8me politique. Elles s'appuyaient en grande partie sur les instituts n\u00E9oconfuc\u00E9ens (seowon) \u00E9tablis dans les villages. Initialement, la ligne de fracture passait essentiellement entre la faction des Hungu bas\u00E9e dans la capitale et celle des (en) qui finissent par se retirer en province apr\u00E8s une . La deuxi\u00E8me moiti\u00E9 du XVIe si\u00E8cle voit le d\u00E9clin de la faction des Hungu et l'apparition de divisions politiques entre les sarim, notamment entre les gens de l'Ouest qui regroupaient essentiellement des partisans de Yi I et les gens de l'Est, principalement des disciples de Jo Sik et Yi Hwang, un groupe qui se scinde peu apr\u00E8s entre les gens du Sud (namin) et les gens du Nord. Ces factions tirent leur nom de la position de la maison de leur leader respectif par rapport au palais royal de S\u00E9oul. Les disputes sont alors souvent exacerb\u00E9es par les nominations des hauts fonctionnaires ainsi que par les probl\u00E8mes de succession royale. En 1623, les gens de l'Ouest parviennent \u00E0 placer le prince Neungyang sur le tr\u00F4ne et s'assurent ainsi le contr\u00F4le du pouvoir pendant 50 ans. Cependant, au d\u00E9but des ann\u00E9es 1680, ils se divisent eux aussi en deux groupes, les partisans de la vieille doctrine et ceux de la nouvelle doctrine. Au XVIIIe si\u00E8cle, les rois Yeongjo (r. 1724-1776) et Jeongjo (r. 1776-1800) parviennent \u00E0 maintenir un \u00E9quilibre strict entre les factions. Par la suite, tout au long du XIXe si\u00E8cle, les luttes intestines pour le contr\u00F4le du pouvoir se d\u00E9roulent plut\u00F4t entre les familles des diff\u00E9rentes reines, notamment entre le clan des et celui des Cho de Pungyang."@fr . "7381"^^ . . "\u670B\u9EE8"@en . . "Pung-tang"@en . . . . . . . "The Bungdang (Korean: \uBD95\uB2F9; Hanja: \u670B\u9EE8) refers to political factionalism that was characteristic of the middle and late Joseon dynasty. Throughout the dynasty, various regional and ideological factions struggled for dominance in the political system. Village Seowon, which combined the functions of Confucian shrines with educational institutions, often reflected the factional alignment of the local elite."@en . . . "\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062C\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0646\u063A\u0644: \uBD95\uB2F9\u060C \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062C\u0627: \u670B\u9EE8\u060C \u0648\u062D\u0631\u0641\u064A\u0627\u064B: \u0628\u064F\u0646\u063A\u062F\u0627\u0646\u063A) \u0647\u064A \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0633\u064A\u0637\u0631\u062A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u062C\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646. \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062A \u0648\u062A\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0639\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0627\u064B \u0647\u0627\u062F\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062A \u0645\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0631\u062D\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0634\u064A\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062E\u0628\u0629."@ar . "The Bungdang (Korean: \uBD95\uB2F9; Hanja: \u670B\u9EE8) refers to political factionalism that was characteristic of the middle and late Joseon dynasty. Throughout the dynasty, various regional and ideological factions struggled for dominance in the political system. Village Seowon, which combined the functions of Confucian shrines with educational institutions, often reflected the factional alignment of the local elite. During the earlier period of Joseon in 15th and 16th century, tension between the Hungu faction in the Capital and the Yeongnam-based Sarim faction dominated national politics, which culminated in a series of four bloody purges between 1498 and 1545, in which Sarim faction was persecuted by the Hungu faction. Following these setbacks, the Sarim faction withdrew to rural provinces where they maintained power base and ideological continuity through Seowon and Hyang'yak (a system of social contract that gave local autonomy to villages). Eventually, the Hungu faction declined without an ideological successor while the Sarim faction emerged as the dominant faction during the reign of Seonjo. In the 16th century, a nationwide split occurred within the Sarim faction between the Western faction (Seo-in) and Eastern faction (Dong-in), composed mainly of younger generation. Political divisions intensified even further as the Eastern faction in turn split between the hard-line Northern faction (Buk-in) and the moderate Southern faction (Nam-in) and the Western factions split between the Old Learning (No-ron) and the Young Learning (So-ron), these four factions sometimes known as sasaek (\"four colors\"). The Northern faction further split into the Greater Northern and Smaller Northern factions. The faction names often derived from the relative location of their leader's house. These factional splits grew out of allegiance to different philosophical schools and regional differences. For instance, the Eastern faction was largely Youngnam-based, and its subfaction the Southerners were mainly followers of Yi Hwang while the Northerners coalesced around the school of Jo Shik. The Gyeonggi and Chungcheong-based Western faction were largely followers of Yi I, of which followers of Seong Hon split to form the So-ron faction and Song Siyeol's followers became the No-ron faction. These divisions were often further driven by questions concerning royal succession or appropriate royal conduct. For example, the split between the Northerners and Southerners was driven by debate over the proper successor to Seonjo, who had no legitimate son. The Northerners came to support the Gwanghaegun; accordingly, they flourished under his reign (1608\u20131623) but were swept from power by the Westerners after the succession of Injo. Under the reigns of Yeongjo and Jeongjo in the 18th century, a strict policy of equality was pursued with no faction being favoured over another. However, in Jeongjo's reign, strife re-emerged as the ruling No-ron faction split further between the and , two groups which cut across the earlier factions and differed in their attitudes concerning Yeongjo's murder of his son, who was also Jeongjo's father. In the 19th century, Joseon politics shifted as in-law families rather than scholarly factions came to dominate the throne. For most of the 19th century, the Jangdong branch of the Andong Kim clan was in control of the government; however, there was a brief interlude in which control shifted to the Pungyang Cho clan. During the reign of Gojong, real power initially belonged to his father the Heungseon Daewongun, who on one hand sought to reform corrupt state institutions but on the other hand pursued a policy of isolationism, opposing the opening of the country to Western and Japanese influences. From the 1870s onwards, Queen Min (known posthumously as Empress Myeongseong) became more dominant and pursued a policy of cautious modernisation and opening up. Her dominance was opposed by reactionaries and progressives alike. The Enlightenment Party (also known as Progressives) sought to modernise the country along Western and Japanese lines. These factional struggles led to the Imo Incident and Gapsin Coup, as well as increased foreign interference in Korean affairs."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u670B\u515A"@ja . . . . "\u670B\u9EE8\uFF0C\u5728\u6771\u4E9E\u6B77\u53F2\u4E0A\u6CDB\u6307\u58EB\u5927\u592B\u7D50\u6210\u5229\u76CA\u96C6\u5718\uFF0C\u9019\u4E9B\u5229\u76CA\u96C6\u5718\u4E4B\u9593\u7684\u9B25\u722D\u7A31\u70BA\u9EE8\u722D\u3002\u5728\u73FE\u4ECA\u653F\u6CBB\u4E2D\uFF0C\u9EE8\u722D\u53EF\u89E3\u8B80\u70BA\u9EE8\u6D3E\u4E4B\u9593\u7684\u9B25\u722D\uFF0C\u5E38\u898B\u65BC\u8B70\u6703\u653F\u6CBB\u3002"@zh . "\u670B\u515A\uFF08\u307B\u3046\u3068\u3046\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u524D\u8FD1\u4EE3\u306E\u4E2D\u56FD\u3084\u305D\u306E\u5468\u8FBA\u5730\u57DF\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u653F\u6CBB\u7684\u306A\u601D\u60F3\u3084\u5229\u5BB3\u3092\u5171\u901A\u3059\u308B\u5B98\u50DA\u540C\u58EB\u304C\u7D50\u3093\u3060\u515A\u6D3E\u96C6\u56E3\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002"@ja . . "Bungdang (\uBD95\uB2F9, \u670B\u9EE8) est le nom donn\u00E9 aux diff\u00E9rentes factions politiques de la Cor\u00E9e de la p\u00E9riode Joseon du XVe au XIXe si\u00E8cle qui s'effor\u00E7aient d'avoir une influence pr\u00E9pond\u00E9rante sur le syst\u00E8me politique. Elles s'appuyaient en grande partie sur les instituts n\u00E9oconfuc\u00E9ens (seowon) \u00E9tablis dans les villages. Initialement, la ligne de fracture passait essentiellement entre la faction des Hungu bas\u00E9e dans la capitale et celle des (en) qui finissent par se retirer en province apr\u00E8s une ."@fr . . . "1119986870"^^ . . . . . . "Factions politiques de la p\u00E9riode Joseon"@fr . . . . "Bung-dang"@en . . . "\uBD95\uB2F9"@en . "\u670B\u9EE8"@zh . . "\uBD95\uB2F9(\u670B\u9EE8)\uC740 \uC870\uC120 \uC911\uAE30 \uC774\uD6C4 \uD2B9\uC815\uD55C \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC801, \uD559\uBB38\uC801, \uC815\uCE58\uC801 \uC785\uC7A5\uC744 \uACF5\uC720\uD558\uB294 \uC591\uBC18\uB4E4\uC774 \uBAA8\uC5EC \uAD6C\uC131\uD55C \uC815\uCE58 \uC9D1\uB2E8\uC774\uB2E4. \uBD95\uB2F9 \uC815\uCE58(\u670B\u9EE8\u653F\u6CBB)\uB294 \uD559\uBB38\uC801 \uC720\uB300\uB97C \uBC14\uD0D5\uC73C\uB85C \uD615\uC131\uB41C \uAC01 \uBD95\uB2F9\uB4E4 \uC0AC\uC774\uC758 \uACF5\uC874\uC744 \uD2B9\uC9D5\uC73C\uB85C \uD558\uB294 \uC870\uC120\uC758 \uB3C5\uD2B9\uD55C \uC815\uCE58 \uC6B4\uC601 \uD615\uD0DC\uB97C \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uD604\uB300\uC758 \uC815\uB2F9(\u653F\u9EE8)\uCC98\uB7FC \uC815\uCE58\uC801\uC778 \uACAC\uD574\uB97C \uC911\uC2EC\uC73C\uB85C \uAD6C\uBD84\uB41C \uC9D1\uB2E8\uC774 \uC544\uB2C8\uB77C \uC9C0\uC5F0, \uD559\uC5F0, \uC774\uD574\uAD00\uACC4\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uBB34\uB9AC\uAC00 \uB2C8\uB258\uACE0 \uAD6C\uC131\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBBC0\uB85C \uBD95\uB2F9(\u670B\u9EE8)\uC774\uB77C \uBD88\uB9AC\uAC8C \uB41C \uAC83\uC774\uB2E4. \uACF5\uB860\uC5D0 \uC785\uAC01\uD55C \uC0C1\uD638 \uBE44\uD310\uACFC \uACAC\uC81C\uB97C \uD1B5\uD558\uC5EC \uADE0\uD615\uC744 \uC774\uB8E8\uACE0 \uACF5\uC874\uC744 \uC6D0\uCE59\uC73C\uB85C \uD558\uB294 \uBD95\uB2F9 \uC815\uCE58\uB294 \uD604\uB300\uC758 \uC815\uB2F9 \uC815\uCE58\uC640\uB3C4 \uC720\uC0AC\uC810\uC744 \uCC3E\uC744 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC \uC815\uCE58\uC801\uC778 \uC774\uD574 \uAD00\uACC4\uB294 \uBB3C\uB860 \uAD6C\uC131\uC6D0 \uC0AC\uC774\uC5D0 \uD559\uBB38\uC801 \uC720\uB300 \uB610\uD55C \uACF5\uC720\uD588\uB2E4\uB294 \uC810\uC774 \uC870\uC120 \uC2DC\uB300 \uBD95\uB2F9\uC758 \uD2B9\uC218\uD55C \uC131\uACA9\uC774\uB2E4. \uB610\uD55C \uC815\uCE58\uC801 \uC5ED\uD559 \uAD00\uACC4\uC758 \uC815\uB9BD\uC5D0 \uC788\uC5B4\uC11C \uD0D5\uD3C9\uB860\uC740 \uAD6D\uC655\uC5D0 \uC758\uD55C \uD0C0\uC728\uC801 \uC815\uB9AC\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4\uBA74, \uBD95\uB2F9\uB860\uC740 \uC790\uC728\uC801 \uD798\uC758 \uADE0\uD615\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . "\uBD95\uB2F9"@ko . "\u670B\u515A\uFF08\u307B\u3046\u3068\u3046\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u524D\u8FD1\u4EE3\u306E\u4E2D\u56FD\u3084\u305D\u306E\u5468\u8FBA\u5730\u57DF\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u653F\u6CBB\u7684\u306A\u601D\u60F3\u3084\u5229\u5BB3\u3092\u5171\u901A\u3059\u308B\u5B98\u50DA\u540C\u58EB\u304C\u7D50\u3093\u3060\u515A\u6D3E\u96C6\u56E3\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uBD95\uB2F9(\u670B\u9EE8)\uC740 \uC870\uC120 \uC911\uAE30 \uC774\uD6C4 \uD2B9\uC815\uD55C \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC801, \uD559\uBB38\uC801, \uC815\uCE58\uC801 \uC785\uC7A5\uC744 \uACF5\uC720\uD558\uB294 \uC591\uBC18\uB4E4\uC774 \uBAA8\uC5EC \uAD6C\uC131\uD55C \uC815\uCE58 \uC9D1\uB2E8\uC774\uB2E4. \uBD95\uB2F9 \uC815\uCE58(\u670B\u9EE8\u653F\u6CBB)\uB294 \uD559\uBB38\uC801 \uC720\uB300\uB97C \uBC14\uD0D5\uC73C\uB85C \uD615\uC131\uB41C \uAC01 \uBD95\uB2F9\uB4E4 \uC0AC\uC774\uC758 \uACF5\uC874\uC744 \uD2B9\uC9D5\uC73C\uB85C \uD558\uB294 \uC870\uC120\uC758 \uB3C5\uD2B9\uD55C \uC815\uCE58 \uC6B4\uC601 \uD615\uD0DC\uB97C \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uD604\uB300\uC758 \uC815\uB2F9(\u653F\u9EE8)\uCC98\uB7FC \uC815\uCE58\uC801\uC778 \uACAC\uD574\uB97C \uC911\uC2EC\uC73C\uB85C \uAD6C\uBD84\uB41C \uC9D1\uB2E8\uC774 \uC544\uB2C8\uB77C \uC9C0\uC5F0, \uD559\uC5F0, \uC774\uD574\uAD00\uACC4\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uBB34\uB9AC\uAC00 \uB2C8\uB258\uACE0 \uAD6C\uC131\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBBC0\uB85C \uBD95\uB2F9(\u670B\u9EE8)\uC774\uB77C \uBD88\uB9AC\uAC8C \uB41C \uAC83\uC774\uB2E4. \uACF5\uB860\uC5D0 \uC785\uAC01\uD55C \uC0C1\uD638 \uBE44\uD310\uACFC \uACAC\uC81C\uB97C \uD1B5\uD558\uC5EC \uADE0\uD615\uC744 \uC774\uB8E8\uACE0 \uACF5\uC874\uC744 \uC6D0\uCE59\uC73C\uB85C \uD558\uB294 \uBD95\uB2F9 \uC815\uCE58\uB294 \uD604\uB300\uC758 \uC815\uB2F9 \uC815\uCE58\uC640\uB3C4 \uC720\uC0AC\uC810\uC744 \uCC3E\uC744 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC \uC815\uCE58\uC801\uC778 \uC774\uD574 \uAD00\uACC4\uB294 \uBB3C\uB860 \uAD6C\uC131\uC6D0 \uC0AC\uC774\uC5D0 \uD559\uBB38\uC801 \uC720\uB300 \uB610\uD55C \uACF5\uC720\uD588\uB2E4\uB294 \uC810\uC774 \uC870\uC120 \uC2DC\uB300 \uBD95\uB2F9\uC758 \uD2B9\uC218\uD55C \uC131\uACA9\uC774\uB2E4. \uB610\uD55C \uC815\uCE58\uC801 \uC5ED\uD559 \uAD00\uACC4\uC758 \uC815\uB9BD\uC5D0 \uC788\uC5B4\uC11C \uD0D5\uD3C9\uB860\uC740 \uAD6D\uC655\uC5D0 \uC758\uD55C \uD0C0\uC728\uC801 \uC815\uB9AC\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4\uBA74, \uBD95\uB2F9\uB860\uC740 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\uC21C\uC870\uC758 \uC678\uCC99\uC778 \uC548\uB3D9 \uAE40\uC528\uAC00 \uB4DD\uC138\uD558\uBA70 \uC138\uB3C4\uC815\uCE58\uAC00 \uC2DC\uC791\uB418\uC5C8\uACE0, \uC870\uC120\uC758 \uBD95\uB2F9 \uC815\uCE58\uB294 \uBD95\uAD34\uD558\uACE0 \uB9D0\uC558\uB2E4."@ko . . . "\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062C\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0629"@ar . "10571906"^^ . . . . . "\u670B\u9EE8\uFF0C\u5728\u6771\u4E9E\u6B77\u53F2\u4E0A\u6CDB\u6307\u58EB\u5927\u592B\u7D50\u6210\u5229\u76CA\u96C6\u5718\uFF0C\u9019\u4E9B\u5229\u76CA\u96C6\u5718\u4E4B\u9593\u7684\u9B25\u722D\u7A31\u70BA\u9EE8\u722D\u3002\u5728\u73FE\u4ECA\u653F\u6CBB\u4E2D\uFF0C\u9EE8\u722D\u53EF\u89E3\u8B80\u70BA\u9EE8\u6D3E\u4E4B\u9593\u7684\u9B25\u722D\uFF0C\u5E38\u898B\u65BC\u8B70\u6703\u653F\u6CBB\u3002"@zh .