. "558"^^ . "1098731786"^^ . . . . "40406"^^ . . "Who would pay the new taxes: a jobless man, a demobilized soldier, a priest without a church, a monk without a monastery, a widow without a pension"@en . . . . "366"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "The Peruvian nitrate monopoly was a state-owned enterprise over the mining and sale of saltpeter (sodium nitrate) created by the government of Peru in 1875 and operated by the . Peru intended for the monopoly to capitalize on the world market's high demand for nitrates, thereby increasing the country's fiscal revenues and supplementing the financial role that guano sales had provided for the nation during the Guano Era (1840s-1860s)."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "10"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Faced with a dramatic decline in guano revenues, the government desperately needed to find additional sources of revenue. The Peruvian magazine \"El Cascabel\" scoffed at the proposed measures."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "51497593"^^ . . "609"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "#E6FBFF"@en . . . . . . "Pardo keeps the guano revenue, and spreads a new illness: \"impuestitis\" ."@en . . . "Quien pagara contribuciones.png"@en . "Peruvian nitrate monopoly"@en . . . "Impuestitis.png"@en . "El monopolio peruano del salitre fueron las medidas de pol\u00EDtica interna y externa tomadas por los gobiernos de Per\u00FA en la d\u00E9cada de 1870 para aumentar la recaudaci\u00F3n fiscal proveniente del salitre por medio del control de precios, de la comercializaci\u00F3n de ese recurso natural y por \u00FAltimo, de la estatizaci\u00F3n de las empresas que explotaban el recurso natural. En 1878 el Estado boliviano impuso un nuevo impuesto de 10 centavos de boliviano a cada quintal m\u00E9trico de salitre exportado por las compa\u00F1\u00EDas chilenas lo que gatill\u00F3 la guerra."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . "432"^^ . . . . . . . "right"@en . . "The Peruvian nitrate monopoly was a state-owned enterprise over the mining and sale of saltpeter (sodium nitrate) created by the government of Peru in 1875 and operated by the . Peru intended for the monopoly to capitalize on the world market's high demand for nitrates, thereby increasing the country's fiscal revenues and supplementing the financial role that guano sales had provided for the nation during the Guano Era (1840s-1860s). During the 19th century Peru established a virtual international monopoly in the trade of guano, another fertilizer, and since the 1840s income from this source had financed the Peruvian Guano Era. By the 1860s these revenues were in decline, as deteriorating quality led to a reduction of exports. Alongside this trend, nitrate exports from the Peruvian province of Tarapac\u00E1 grew, and became an important competitor to guano in the international market. In January 1873 the government of Manuel Pardo imposed an estanco, a state control on production and sales of nitrate, but this proved impractical, and the law was shelved in March 1873 before it was ever applied. In 1875, as the economic situation deteriorated and Peru's overseas debts increased, the government expropriated the saltpeter industry and imposed a full state monopoly on production and exports. However, there were nitrate deposits in Bolivia and Chile, and although the latter were not economically viable, exports from Bolivia by the Chilean Compa\u00F1\u00EDa de Salitres y Ferrocarriles de Antofagasta (CSFA) made Peruvian price controls impossible. Following the Peruvian state's failure to raise new loan capital from Europe to finance its nationalization program, the government proceeded to acquire Bolivian licenses to exploit newly discovered nitrate fields, and encouraged the Bolivian government to withdraw from the Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia. This treaty had fixed for 25 years the tax rate on the Chilean saltpeter company, in return for Chile's relinquishing of its sovereignty claims over the disputed region of Antofagasta. In 1878 the Bolivian Government imposed a 0.35 Pounds Sterling per tonne (10 cents Bolivian Bolivianos per 100 kg) tax over the CSFA's export of saltpeter, contrary to Article IV of the Boundary Treaty. Although it is uncertain whether Peru exerted direct pressure on Bolivia to impose this tax, its consequence was the confiscation and auctioning off of the CSFA, the major competitor to Peruvian saltpeter. Historians agree that control over the nitrate fields in the Atacama were a central cause for the start of the War of the Pacific. Some Chilean historians consider that the Peruvian plan to control the price and production of the Bolivian nitrate fields was what ultimately caused the War of the Pacific (1879-1883). According to the Chilean government, Peru's actions were the primary cause of the 1879 war. However, most historians consider that the war was actually precipitated by the Chilean government's expansionist foreign policy and its ambitions over the Atacama's mineral wealth in Bolivian and Peruvian territory."@en . "350"^^ . . . "Monopolio peruano del salitre"@es . . . . "Peruvian opposition to new taxes"@en . . . . "nota"@en . . . "El monopolio peruano del salitre fueron las medidas de pol\u00EDtica interna y externa tomadas por los gobiernos de Per\u00FA en la d\u00E9cada de 1870 para aumentar la recaudaci\u00F3n fiscal proveniente del salitre por medio del control de precios, de la comercializaci\u00F3n de ese recurso natural y por \u00FAltimo, de la estatizaci\u00F3n de las empresas que explotaban el recurso natural. Desde la d\u00E9cada de 1840, Per\u00FA goz\u00F3 de casi un monopolio del comercio internacional del guano, con cuyas ganancias pudo solventar la llamada Era del Guano. En la d\u00E9cada de 1860, comenzaron a disminuir los ingresos provenientes de la exportaci\u00F3n de guano a causa de la baja ley y de la baja en el rendimiento en los dep\u00F3sitos. M\u00E1s a\u00FAn, el salitre comenz\u00F3 a reemplazar al guano en su uso agr\u00EDcola. Por esa raz\u00F3n el Estado peruano cre\u00F3 por ley en 1873 un estanco del salitre, que somet\u00EDa a control estatal la comercializaci\u00F3n y el precio del fertilizante agr\u00EDcola. La ley fracas\u00F3 y tres a\u00F1os despu\u00E9s Per\u00FA estatiz\u00F3 las empresas elaboradoras del salitre, hasta entonces en manos de capitales peruanos, brit\u00E1nicos y chilenos, entre otros. Sin embargo, hab\u00EDa tambi\u00E9n dep\u00F3sitos de salitre en la provincia boliviana de Antofagasta y en el norte de Chile que compet\u00EDan con el guano y el salitre peruano de Tarapac\u00E1 y que hac\u00EDan imposible el control del precio internacional por parte del Per\u00FA. En el plano internacional, el gobierno peruano inst\u00F3 al gobierno boliviano a no firmar el tratado lim\u00EDtrofe con Chile que exim\u00EDa de impuestos a las empresas chilenas del salitre en Antofagasta por 25 a\u00F1os. El Estado peruano comenz\u00F3 tambi\u00E9n a comprar licencias de explotaci\u00F3n de salitre otorgadas por el Estado boliviano, ofreci\u00F3 una pol\u00EDtica de precios com\u00FAn con Bolivia y presion\u00F3 a las empresas chilenas que operaban en Bolivia con el fin de que redujeran su producci\u00F3n. Esta internacionalizaci\u00F3n del problema del salitre llevar\u00EDa m\u00E1s tarde al Per\u00FA a la Guerra del Pac\u00EDfico y tuvo consecuencias a\u00FAn despu\u00E9s de terminado el conflicto b\u00E9lico.\u200B\u200B\u200B El gobierno chileno denunci\u00F3 las acciones peruanas como una de las causas primarias de la guerra.\u200B En 1878 el Estado boliviano impuso un nuevo impuesto de 10 centavos de boliviano a cada quintal m\u00E9trico de salitre exportado por las compa\u00F1\u00EDas chilenas lo que gatill\u00F3 la guerra."@es .