. . . . . . . . "Parlement de 1327"@fr . . "--10-26"^^ . . . . . . "center"@en . . . . . . . "Given that Mortimer and his adherents were already condemned traitors and that any engagement with the invading force was to be treated as an act of open rebellion, it is all the more striking how many great men were prepared to enter upon such a high-risk venture at so early a stage in its prosecution. In this respect at least the presence of the heir to the throne in the queen's entourage may have proved decisive."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "25"^^ . . . . . . . . "30"^^ . . . . . . "Le Parlement de 1327, qui si\u00E8ge \u00E0 Westminster entre le 7 janvier et le 9 mars 1327, joue un r\u00F4le instrumental dans le transfert des pouvoirs entre le roi \u00C9douard II et son fils a\u00EEn\u00E9 et successeur \u00C9douard III, auparavant comte de Chester."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "left"@en . . "108627"^^ . . . . . . . "David Starkey, Crown and Country: A History of England Through the Monarchy"@en . . . . . . . . "1327\u5E74\u8B70\u6703"@zh . . . . . . . . "Parliament of 1327"@en . . . "Michael Prestwich"@en . . . "...the whole community of the realm there present, unanimously chose [Edward] to be guardian of the said kingdom ... and govern the said kingdom in the name and in the right of the Lord King his father, then being absent. And the same [Edward] there assumed the rule of the said kingdom on the same day in the form aforesaid, and began to exercise those things which were rightful under his privy seal, which was then in the custody of his clerk Sir Robert Wyville, because he did not then have any other seal for the said rule..."@en . . . . . . . . . . "center"@en . . "Le Parlement de 1327, qui si\u00E8ge \u00E0 Westminster entre le 7 janvier et le 9 mars 1327, joue un r\u00F4le instrumental dans le transfert des pouvoirs entre le roi \u00C9douard II et son fils a\u00EEn\u00E9 et successeur \u00C9douard III, auparavant comte de Chester. \u00C9douard II est devenu incroyablement impopulaire aupr\u00E8s de la noblesse anglaise pendant son r\u00E8gne, particuli\u00E8rement \u00E0 cause des honneurs dont il comble ses favoris, les promotions qu'il leur accorde et les torts qu'il fait aux nobles. \u00C0 partir de 1325, m\u00EAme son \u00E9pouse Isabelle le m\u00E9prise. \u00C0 la fin de cette ann\u00E9e-l\u00E0, elle emm\u00E8ne leur fils, le comte de Chester, en France et rejoint Roger Mortimer \u2014 que son \u00E9poux avait auparavant fait exiler \u2014, avec lequel elle entame une liaison adult\u00E9rine. Elle envahit avec lui l'Angleterre l'ann\u00E9e suivante afin de d\u00E9poser son \u00E9poux. \u00C9douard II est incapable de prendre des mesures contre l'arm\u00E9e des rebelles conduite par la reine car il est trahi par ses vassaux et est contraint de s'enfuir de Londres pour se r\u00E9fugier \u00E0 l'ouest, esp\u00E9rant lever des troupes en Galles ou en Irlande. Il est rapidement captur\u00E9 et emprisonn\u00E9. Isabelle et Mortimer convoquent un Parlement pour conf\u00E9rer une l\u00E9gitimit\u00E9 \u00E0 leur nouveau r\u00E9gime. L'assembl\u00E9e commence \u00E0 se rassembler au Palais de Westminster le 7 janvier 1327 mais elle n'apporte pas de solutions car le roi est absent. Le jeune comte de Chester \u00C9douard est proclam\u00E9 \u00AB Gardien du royaume \u00BB et une d\u00E9l\u00E9gation parlementaire est envoy\u00E9e rendre visite \u00E0 \u00C9douard II pour lui demander d'accepter de se pr\u00E9senter devant le Parlement. Il s'y refuse et le Parlement se poursuit sans lui. Le roi est accus\u00E9 de plusieurs offenses, allant de la promotion de ses favoris \u00E0 l'affaiblissement de l'\u00C9glise, r\u00E9sultant en la rupture de son serment de couronnement adress\u00E9 \u00E0 son peuple. Ces charges retenues \u00E0 l'encontre du roi sont connues sous le nom d'\u00AB Articles d'Accusation \u00BB. La cit\u00E9 de Londres est particuli\u00E8rement agressive dans ses attaques contre \u00C9douard II et les citoyens parviennent \u00E0 intimider ceux qui assistent aux sessions du Parlement afin qu'ils consentent \u00E0 la d\u00E9position du roi, qui a lieu l'apr\u00E8s-midi du 13 janvier. Les barons d'Angleterre envoient alors une autre d\u00E9l\u00E9gation aupr\u00E8s du roi pour l'informer de sa d\u00E9position. Les eccl\u00E9siastiques missionn\u00E9s aupr\u00E8s du roi l'en avertissent vers le 21 janvier, posant effectivement un ultimatum au roi : s'il n'accepte pas de renoncer \u00E0 la couronne en faveur de son fils, alors les barons pourront choisir comme monarque quelqu'un n'appartenant pas \u00E0 la famille royale. \u00C9douard II est profond\u00E9ment pein\u00E9 mais accepte leurs conditions. La d\u00E9l\u00E9gation retourne \u00E0 Londres et le fils d'\u00C9douard II est proclam\u00E9 imm\u00E9diatement roi sous le nom d'\u00C9douard III. Il est couronn\u00E9 le 1er f\u00E9vrier 1327. Pendant les sessions qui suivent, le roi d\u00E9chu demeure emprisonn\u00E9 et est r\u00E9guli\u00E8rement d\u00E9plac\u00E9 afin d'emp\u00EAcher les tentatives de d\u00E9livrance. \u00C9douard II meurt \u2014 sans doute assassin\u00E9 sur ordre de Roger Mortimer \u2014 en septembre 1327. Le r\u00E9gime de Mortimer et Isabelle \u2014 qui r\u00E9gentent au nom du jeune \u00C9douard III \u2014 doit quant \u00E0 lui faire face au m\u00E9contentement de la population \u00E0 cause de son avidit\u00E9, de la mauvaise gestion des affaires et la manipulation du jeune roi. \u00C9douard III organise finalement en 1330 un coup d'\u00C9tat contre Mortimer, le renverse et commence son r\u00E8gne personnel."@fr . . . . . . "1117834712"^^ . . "Seymour Phillips, The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "TNA SC 1/37/46."@en . . . . . "1327\u5E74\u8B70\u6703\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AParliament of 1327\uFF09\u662F1327\u5E741\u67087\u65E5\u81F33\u67089\u65E5\u671F\u9593\u5728\u897F\u654F\u5BAE\u53EC\u958B\u7684\u82F1\u683C\u862D\u8B70\u6703\uFF0C\u8BE5\u8BAE\u4F1A\u4FC3\u4F7F\u82F1\u683C\u862D\u570B\u738B\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E8C\u4E16\u79AA\u4F4D\uFF0C\u7531\u5152\u5B50\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E09\u4E16\u7E7C\u4F4D\u3002 \u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E8C\u4E16\u5BF5\u4FE1\u7684\u5927\u81E3\u5927\u884C\u5176\u9053\uFF0C\u53C8\u7372\u5347\u5B98\u9032\u7235\uFF0C\u4EE4\u5230\u88AB\u570B\u738B\u82DB\u5F85\u7684\u82F1\u683C\u862D\u8CB4\u65CF\u9010\u6F38\u4E0D\u5FFF\u30021325\u5E74\uFF0C\u4F0A\u838E\u8C9D\u62C9\u738B\u540E\u5055\u540C\u592A\u5B50\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u524D\u8D74\u5BB6\u9109\u6CD5\u570B\u3002\u738B\u540E\u56E0\u70BA\u4E0D\u6EFF\u570B\u738B\uFF0C\u800C\u8207\u88AB\u6D41\u653E\u7684\u6B0A\u8CB4\u7F85\u5091\u00B7\u83AB\u8482\u9ED8\u5408\u4F5C\uFF0C\u5716\u8B00\u5EE2\u9EDC\u570B\u738B\u3002\u8207\u6B64\u540C\u6642\uFF0C\u5931\u53BB\u652F\u6301\u7684\u570B\u738B\u88AB\u903C\u5411\u897F\u9003\u8DD1\uFF0C\u6216\u8A31\u5617\u8A66\u5728\u611B\u723E\u862D\u6216\u5A01\u723E\u65AF\u62DB\u5175\u8CB7\u99AC\u3001\u6771\u5C71\u518D\u8D77\uFF0C\u4F46\u8A08\u8B00\u672A\u9042\u3001\u7D42\u88AB\u6263\u62BC\u3002 \u4F0A\u838E\u8C9D\u62C9\u548C\u83AB\u8482\u9ED8\u53CA\u5F8C\u53EC\u958B\u8B70\u6703\uFF0C\u5546\u69B7\u65B0\u653F\u6B0A\u7684\u5408\u6CD5\u6027\u3002\u6703\u8B70\u57281\u67087\u65E5\u65BC\u897F\u654F\u958B\u59CB\uFF0C\u4F46\u570B\u738B\u6C92\u6709\u89AA\u81E8\u800C\u4EE4\u6703\u8B70\u53D7\u5236\u8098\uFF0C\u5E74\u50C5\u5341\u56DB\u6B72\u7684\u592A\u5B50\u6210\u70BA\u300C\u738B\u570B\u76E3\u8B77\u300D\u4F46\u5C1A\u672A\u70BA\u738B\u3002\u8B70\u6703\u4EE3\u8868\u5718\u89B2\u898B\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E8C\u4E16\u9080\u8ACB\u4ED6\u5230\u8B70\u6703\u4F46\u906D\u62D2\u7D55\uFF0C\u8B70\u6703\u7E7C\u7E8C\u9032\u884C\u3002\u570B\u738B\u88AB\u63A7\u591A\u9805\u7F6A\u540D\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u5BF5\u81E3\u7576\u9053\u548C\u7834\u58DE\u6559\u6703\uFF0C\u4EE5\u81F4\u9055\u80CC\u5C0D\u767E\u59D3\u7684\u8A93\u8A00\uFF0C\u9019\u4E9B\u7F6A\u72C0\u88AB\u7A31\u70BA\u300C\u63A7\u7F6A\u689D\u6587\u300D\u3002\u7531\u65BC\u502B\u6566\u5E02\u7279\u5225\u6FC0\u9032\u53CD\u738B\uFF0C\u800C\u4E14\u6709\u5E02\u6C11\u53EF\u80FD\u66FE\u7D93\u606B\u5687\u8CB4\u65CF\u8981\u540C\u610F\u5EE2\u9EDC\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E8C\u4E16\uFF0C\u8207\u6703\u8005\u6700\u7D42\u57281\u670813\u65E5\u6C7A\u5B9A\u5EE2\u541B\u3002 1\u670821\u65E5\u5DE6\u53F3\uFF0C\u570B\u6703\u4EE3\u8868\u5718\u901A\u77E5\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E8C\u4E16\uFF0C\u5C0D\u65B9\u5DF2\u6DEA\u70BA\u5EE2\u738B\uFF0C\u4E26\u767C\u51FA\u6700\u5F8C\u901A\u7252\uFF1A\u82E5\u679C\u4E0D\u540C\u610F\u79AA\u4F4D\u4E88\u5152\u5B50\u7684\u8A71\uFF0C\u570B\u6703\u8CB4\u65CF\u6703\u5C07\u738B\u4F4D\u62F1\u624B\u4EA4\u7D66\u975E\u738B\u65CF\u7684\u4EBA\u3002\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u542B\u6DDA\u7B54\u61C9\u8B93\u4F4D\u5F8C\uFF0C\u4EE3\u8868\u5718\u8FD4\u56DE\u502B\u6566\uFF0C\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E09\u4E16\u99AC\u4E0A\u88AB\u7ACB\u70BA\u738B\uFF0C\u4E26\u57281327\u5E742\u67081\u65E5\u6B63\u5F0F\u767B\u57FA\u3002\u723E\u5F8C\uFF0C\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E8C\u4E16\u7E7C\u7E8C\u88AB\u56DA\u3001\u591A\u6B21\u9077\u76E3\u4EE5\u963B\u9003\u7344\uFF0C\u76F4\u81F3\u4ED6\u5728\u540C\u5E749\u6708\u7591\u88AB\u83AB\u8482\u9ED8\u624B\u4E0B\u8B00\u6BBA\u3002\u651D\u653F\u7684\u83AB\u8482\u9ED8\u56E0\u7121\u7AAE\u8CAA\u5FF5\u3001\u7BA1\u6CBB\u5931\u6557\u53CA\u51B7\u5F85\u65B0\u738B\uFF0C\u800C\u65E5\u6F38\u5931\u52E2\u30021330\u5E74\uFF0C\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E09\u4E16\u767C\u52D5\u653F\u8B8A\uFF0C\u5F9E\u83AB\u8482\u9ED8\u624B\u4E0A\u91CD\u596A\u5927\u6B0A\uFF0C\u958B\u59CB\u5C08\u653F\u3002"@zh . . . . "Isabel by the grace of God Queen of England, lady of Ireland, Countess of Ponthieu and we, Edward, eldest son of the noble King Edward of England, Duke of Gascony, Earl of Chester, of Ponthieu, of Montreuil..."@en . . . "... Although Edward II's reign as king ended in January 1327, his story did not end there. The lurid reports about the brutal, and possibly symbolic, manner of Edward II's death the following September have fuelled a prurient interest in him on the one hand, while on the other the circulation of claims that he had instead survived and escaped from captivity gave him in effect a long 'after-life' which has provided endless scope for further research and speculation."@en . . "The Parliament of 1327, which sat at the Palace of Westminster between 7 January and 9 March 1327, was instrumental in the transfer of the English Crown from King Edward II to his son, Edward III. Edward II had become increasingly unpopular with the English nobility due to the excessive influence of unpopular court favourites, the patronage he accorded them, and his perceived ill-treatment of the nobility. By 1325, even his wife, Queen Isabella, despised him. Towards the end of the year, she took the young Edward to her native France, where she entered into an alliance with the powerful and wealthy nobleman Roger Mortimer, who her husband previously had exiled. The following year, they invaded England to depose Edward II. Almost immediately, the King's resistance was beset by betrayal, and"@en . . "#FFFFF0"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "To try to determine precisely how it was that Edward II was removed from the throne, whether by abdication, deposition, Roman legal theory, renunciation of homage, or parliamentary decision is a futile task. What was necessary was to ensure that every conceivable means of removing the King was adopted, and the procedures combined all possible precedents."@en . . . . . . . . . . "1327\u5E74\u8B70\u6703\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AParliament of 1327\uFF09\u662F1327\u5E741\u67087\u65E5\u81F33\u67089\u65E5\u671F\u9593\u5728\u897F\u654F\u5BAE\u53EC\u958B\u7684\u82F1\u683C\u862D\u8B70\u6703\uFF0C\u8BE5\u8BAE\u4F1A\u4FC3\u4F7F\u82F1\u683C\u862D\u570B\u738B\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E8C\u4E16\u79AA\u4F4D\uFF0C\u7531\u5152\u5B50\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E09\u4E16\u7E7C\u4F4D\u3002 \u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E8C\u4E16\u5BF5\u4FE1\u7684\u5927\u81E3\u5927\u884C\u5176\u9053\uFF0C\u53C8\u7372\u5347\u5B98\u9032\u7235\uFF0C\u4EE4\u5230\u88AB\u570B\u738B\u82DB\u5F85\u7684\u82F1\u683C\u862D\u8CB4\u65CF\u9010\u6F38\u4E0D\u5FFF\u30021325\u5E74\uFF0C\u4F0A\u838E\u8C9D\u62C9\u738B\u540E\u5055\u540C\u592A\u5B50\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u524D\u8D74\u5BB6\u9109\u6CD5\u570B\u3002\u738B\u540E\u56E0\u70BA\u4E0D\u6EFF\u570B\u738B\uFF0C\u800C\u8207\u88AB\u6D41\u653E\u7684\u6B0A\u8CB4\u7F85\u5091\u00B7\u83AB\u8482\u9ED8\u5408\u4F5C\uFF0C\u5716\u8B00\u5EE2\u9EDC\u570B\u738B\u3002\u8207\u6B64\u540C\u6642\uFF0C\u5931\u53BB\u652F\u6301\u7684\u570B\u738B\u88AB\u903C\u5411\u897F\u9003\u8DD1\uFF0C\u6216\u8A31\u5617\u8A66\u5728\u611B\u723E\u862D\u6216\u5A01\u723E\u65AF\u62DB\u5175\u8CB7\u99AC\u3001\u6771\u5C71\u518D\u8D77\uFF0C\u4F46\u8A08\u8B00\u672A\u9042\u3001\u7D42\u88AB\u6263\u62BC\u3002 \u4F0A\u838E\u8C9D\u62C9\u548C\u83AB\u8482\u9ED8\u53CA\u5F8C\u53EC\u958B\u8B70\u6703\uFF0C\u5546\u69B7\u65B0\u653F\u6B0A\u7684\u5408\u6CD5\u6027\u3002\u6703\u8B70\u57281\u67087\u65E5\u65BC\u897F\u654F\u958B\u59CB\uFF0C\u4F46\u570B\u738B\u6C92\u6709\u89AA\u81E8\u800C\u4EE4\u6703\u8B70\u53D7\u5236\u8098\uFF0C\u5E74\u50C5\u5341\u56DB\u6B72\u7684\u592A\u5B50\u6210\u70BA\u300C\u738B\u570B\u76E3\u8B77\u300D\u4F46\u5C1A\u672A\u70BA\u738B\u3002\u8B70\u6703\u4EE3\u8868\u5718\u89B2\u898B\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E8C\u4E16\u9080\u8ACB\u4ED6\u5230\u8B70\u6703\u4F46\u906D\u62D2\u7D55\uFF0C\u8B70\u6703\u7E7C\u7E8C\u9032\u884C\u3002\u570B\u738B\u88AB\u63A7\u591A\u9805\u7F6A\u540D\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u5BF5\u81E3\u7576\u9053\u548C\u7834\u58DE\u6559\u6703\uFF0C\u4EE5\u81F4\u9055\u80CC\u5C0D\u767E\u59D3\u7684\u8A93\u8A00\uFF0C\u9019\u4E9B\u7F6A\u72C0\u88AB\u7A31\u70BA\u300C\u63A7\u7F6A\u689D\u6587\u300D\u3002\u7531\u65BC\u502B\u6566\u5E02\u7279\u5225\u6FC0\u9032\u53CD\u738B\uFF0C\u800C\u4E14\u6709\u5E02\u6C11\u53EF\u80FD\u66FE\u7D93\u606B\u5687\u8CB4\u65CF\u8981\u540C\u610F\u5EE2\u9EDC\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u4E8C\u4E16\uFF0C\u8207\u6703\u8005\u6700\u7D42\u57281\u670813\u65E5\u6C7A\u5B9A\u5EE2\u541B\u3002"@zh . . "Gwyn A. Williams"@en . . . "Alfred O'Rahilly, 1922."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The overt manipulation of parliament was entirely Roger [Mortimer]'s doing ... Roger was able to say that the decision was with the assent of the people of parliament. The English monarchy had changed forever."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "56378386"^^ . . . . . . . "The deposition of Edward II \"exemplifies the feudal view of the tie of fealty, which really persisted for two centuries after the Conquest; namely, that if a lord persistently refuses justice to his man, the bond is broken and the man may, after openly \"defying \" his lord, make war upon him.\""@en . . . . . . . . "Ian Mortimer, The Greatest Traitor: The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Magnates and prelates had deposed a King in response to the clamour of the whole people. That clamour had a distinct London accent."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "yes"@en . . . . . "The articles accused the king, the fount of justice, of a series of high crimes against his country. Instead of good government by good laws, he had ruled by evil counsel. Instead of justice, he had sent noblemen to shameful and illegal deaths. He had lost Scotland and Gascony, and he had oppressed and impoverished England. In short, he had broken his coronation oath\u2014here treated as a solemn contract with his people and country\u2014and he must pay the price."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Parliament of 1327, which sat at the Palace of Westminster between 7 January and 9 March 1327, was instrumental in the transfer of the English Crown from King Edward II to his son, Edward III. Edward II had become increasingly unpopular with the English nobility due to the excessive influence of unpopular court favourites, the patronage he accorded them, and his perceived ill-treatment of the nobility. By 1325, even his wife, Queen Isabella, despised him. Towards the end of the year, she took the young Edward to her native France, where she entered into an alliance with the powerful and wealthy nobleman Roger Mortimer, who her husband previously had exiled. The following year, they invaded England to depose Edward II. Almost immediately, the King's resistance was beset by betrayal, and he eventually abandoned London and fled west, probably to raise an army in Wales or Ireland. He was soon captured and imprisoned. Isabella and Mortimer summoned a parliament to confer legitimacy on their regime. The meeting began gathering at Westminster on 7 January, but little could be done in the absence of the King. The fourteen-year-old Edward was proclaimed \"Keeper of the Realm\" (but not yet king), and a parliamentary deputation was sent to Edward II asking him to allow himself to be brought to parliament. He refused, and the parliament continued without him. The King was accused of offences ranging from the promotion of favourites to the destruction of the church, resulting in a betrayal of his coronation oath to the people. These were known as the \"Articles of Accusation\". The City of London was particularly aggressive in its attacks on Edward II, and its citizens may have helped intimidate those attending the parliament into agreeing to the King's deposition, which occurred on the afternoon of 13 January. On or around 21 January, the Lords Temporal sent another delegation to the King to inform him of his deposition, effectively giving Edward an ultimatum: if he did not agree to hand over the crown to his son, then the lords in parliament would give it to somebody outside the royal family. King Edward wept but agreed to their conditions. The delegation returned to London, and Edward III was proclaimed king immediately. He was crowned on 1 February 1327. In the aftermath of the parliamentary session, his father remained imprisoned, being moved around to prevent attempted rescues; he died\u2014presumed killed, probably on Mortimer's orders\u2014that September. Crises continued for Mortimer and Isabella, who were de facto rulers of the country, partly because of Mortimer's own greed, mismanagement, and mishandling of the new king. Edward III led a coup d'\u00E9tat against Mortimer in 1330, overthrew him, and began his personal rule."@en . "Although the deposition of Edward II did not attack kingship itself, the actual process of deposing a legitimate and anointed king involved an attempt to square the circle. That process had taken place during, in, on the margins of, and outside an assembly whose own legitimacy was, to say the least, doubtful."@en . . . . .