"\u5916\u7FA4"@ja . . . . "Utgrupp (kladistik)"@sv . . . "In cladistics or phylogenetics, an outgroup is a more distantly related group of organisms that serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships of the ingroup, the set of organisms under study, and is distinct from sociological outgroups. The outgroup is used as a point of comparison for the ingroup and specifically allows for the phylogeny to be rooted. Because the polarity (direction) of character change can be determined only on a rooted phylogeny, the choice of outgroup is essential for understanding the evolution of traits along a phylogeny."@en . "Nella cladistica, un outgroup \u00E8 un gruppo monofiletico di organismi utile come riferimento nella determinazione di relazioni evoluzionarie tra altri gruppi monofiletici. esempio di cladogramma Il concetto di outgroup si pu\u00F2 estendere anche all'evoluzione di geni e proteine. Si suppone che un outgroup (A), per essere tale, sia abbastanza strettamente imparentato con gli altri gruppi (B e C), ma meno strettamente di quanto non lo siano gli altri gruppi (B e C) tra di loro. Dal punto di vista evoluzionistico l'outgroup, che sia una specie, un gene o una proteina, si \u00E8 differenziato in tempi pi\u00F9 antichi rispetto agli altri gruppi. Alcuni esempi di specie animali: \n* (A) i gorilla, (B) gli scimpanz\u00E9, (C) gli uomini. \n* (A) i monotremi, (B) i marsupiali, (C) i mammiferi placentati. \n* (A) gli elasmobranchii, (B) gli attinopterigi, (C) i tetrapodi. \n* (A) i molluschi, (B) gli echinodermi, (C) i cordati. Alcuni esempi di geni/proteine: \n* (A) la mioglobina, (B) la subunit\u00E0 alfa dell'emoglobina, (C) la subunit\u00E0 beta dell'emoglobina. \n* (A) la vasopressina, (B) l'ossitocina, (C) la . Un'analisi genica che \u00E8 possibile svolgere grazie ad un outgroup \u00E8 il relative rate test: lo scopo di questa ricerca \u00E8 determinare se il tasso di sostituzione nucleotidica, cio\u00E8 la velocit\u00E0 con cui una mutazione compare e viene fissata in una popolazione, \u00E8 costante nelle due differenti linee evolutive che dall'antenato comune (Z) hanno portato a (B) e (C). Una variazione di questo tasso, per mutazioni considerate neutrali, \u00E8 sintomo di cambiamenti nei fattori evolutivi: come ad esempio la perdita di funzione o l'evoluzione adattativa. Questi effetti sono misurabili confrontando il numero di sostituzioni tra (A) e (B) e tra (A) e (C), se questi due valori sono simili o uguali il tasso di sostituzione nucleotidica \u00E8 invariato nelle due linee evolutive, se differiscono significativamente \u00E8 probabile che il tasso abbia subito un'alterazione in una delle due linee."@it . . "\u5916\u7FA4\uFF08\u304C\u3044\u3050\u3093\u3001outgroup\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5206\u5C90\u5B66\u307E\u305F\u306F\u7CFB\u7D71\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u30013\u3064\u4EE5\u4E0A\u306E\u751F\u7269\u306E\u5358\u7CFB\u7D71\u7FA4\u306E\u7CFB\u7D71\u95A2\u4FC2\u3092\u6C7A\u5B9A\u3059\u308B\u3068\u304D\u306B\u3001\u53C2\u7167\u3059\u308B\u30B0\u30EB\u30FC\u30D7\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5916\u7FA4\u306F\u7CFB\u7D71\u6A39\u306B\u6839\u3092\u3064\u3051\u3001\u7CFB\u7D71\u95A2\u4FC2\u3092\u77E5\u308A\u305F\u3044\u5185\u7FA4\u306E\u7CFB\u7D71\u7684\u4F4D\u7F6E\u95A2\u4FC2\u3092\u6C7A\u5B9A\u3059\u308B\u306E\u306B\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3002\u5F62\u8CEA\u5909\u5316\u306E\u6975\u6027\u306F\u6709\u6839\u7CFB\u7D71\u6A39\u306E\u307F\u304B\u3089\u6C7A\u5B9A\u3067\u304D\u308B\u305F\u3081\u3001\u5916\u7FA4\u306E\u9078\u629E\u306F\u7CFB\u7D71\u306B\u6CBF\u3063\u305F\u5F62\u8CEA\u72B6\u614B\u306E\u9032\u5316\u3092\u7406\u89E3\u3059\u308B\u4E0A\u3067\u5FC5\u9808\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u5916\u7FA4\u306F\u3001\u5185\u7FA4\u306E\u4ED6\u306E\u30B0\u30EB\u30FC\u30D7\u306B\u8FD1\u7E01\u3067\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u3057\u304B\u3057\u4ED6\u306E\u3069\u306E\u5185\u7FA4\u306E\u30B0\u30EB\u30FC\u30D7\u3088\u308A\u3082\u4E92\u3044\u306B\u9060\u7E01\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3092\u9078\u629E\u3059\u308B\u3002\u3053\u308C\u3089\u306E\u7CFB\u7D71\u95A2\u4FC2\u304B\u3089\u5C0E\u304B\u308C\u305F\u9032\u5316\u5B66\u7684\u7D50\u8AD6\u306F\u3001\u5916\u7FA4\u306E\u7A2E\u306F\u5185\u7FA4\u3068\u5171\u901A\u306E\u7956\u5148\u3092\u3082\u3061\u3001\u305D\u308C\u306F\u5185\u7FA4\u306E\u5404\u30B0\u30EB\u30FC\u30D7\u306E\u5171\u901A\u7956\u5148\u3088\u308A\u3082\u53E4\u3044\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5916\u7FA4\u306F\u5185\u7FA4\u306E\u59C9\u59B9\u7FA4\u3001\u307E\u305F\u306F\u3088\u308A\u9060\u7E01\u306A\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . "Grupa zewn\u0119trzna"@pl . . . . "\u5916\u7FA4\uFF0C\u6216\u7A31\u5916\u985E\u7FA4\uFF0C\u662F\u4E00\u500B\u5206\u652F\u7CFB\u7D71\u5B78\u6982\u5FF5\uFF0C\u6307\u4E0E\u6240\u6709\u8FD1\u7DE3\u55AE\u7CFB\u7FA4\uFF08\u5169\u500B\u53CA\u4EE5\u4E0A\uFF09\u95DC\u4FC2\u90FD\u8F83\u8FDC\u7684\u985E\u7FA4\uFF08group\uFF09\uFF0C\u9019\u610F\u5473\u8457\u8A72\u7FA4\u5728\u6F14\u5316\u904E\u7A0B\u4E2D\u5F9E\u6BCD\u7FA4\u5206\u652F\u51FA\u53BB\u7684\u6642\u9593\u8981\u65E9\u65BC\u5176\u4ED6\u7FA4\u3002 \u4E0B\u9762\u8209\u51FA\u4E00\u4E9B\u4F8B\u5B50\uFF0C\u5176\u5916\u985E\u7FA4\u6A19\u793A\u5728\u53F3\u908A\uFF1A \n* \u4EBA\u5C6C\u3001\u9ED1\u7329\u7329\u5C6C\uFF1B\u5927\u7329\u7329\u5C6C \n* \u771F\u7378\u4E0B\u7DB1\u3001\u6709\u888B\u4E0B\u7DB1\uFF1B\u55AE\u5B54\u76EE \n* \u56DB\u8DB3\u52D5\u7269\u7E3D\u7DB1\u3001\u8F3B\u9C2D\u9B5A\u7DB1\uFF1B\u677F\u9C13\u4E9E\u7DB1 \n* \u810A\u7D22\u52D5\u7269\u9580\u3001\u68D8\u76AE\u52D5\u7269\u9580\uFF1B\u8EDF\u9AD4\u52D5\u7269\u9580"@zh . "10035"^^ . "Utgrupp inom kladistiken kan en utgrupp beteckna ett eller flera taxon som f\u00F6rs till en grupp, men som bara \u00E4r avl\u00E4gset sl\u00E4kt med \u00F6vriga taxa i gruppen att det/de egentligen borde tillh\u00F6ra en egen grupp. Det kan exempelvis vara ett sl\u00E4kte (eller flera) som \u00E4r s\u00E5 avl\u00E4gset sl\u00E4kt med de andra sl\u00E4ktena i den familj det (eller de) f\u00F6rs till att det (eller de) egentligen borde f\u00F6ras till en egen familj. Med utgrupp avser man dock oftast en grupp som man valt att anv\u00E4nda som referenspunkt till den grupp man studerar och som valts eftersom den inte \u00E4r tillh\u00F6rig denna, men \u00E4nd\u00E5 tillr\u00E4ckligt n\u00E4ra sl\u00E4kt."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Grupo externo (muitas vezes outgroup) \u00E9 a designa\u00E7\u00E3o dada em clad\u00EDstica ou filogen\u00E9tica ao um grupo de organismos mais distantemente relacionado que serve como grupo de refer\u00EAncia para determinar as rela\u00E7\u00F5es evolutivas do grupo interno, ou seja do conjunto de organismos em estudo. O conceito \u00E9 distinto de \u00ABgrupo externo\u00BB ou \u00ABexogrupo\u00BB utilizado em sociologia ou etnografia."@pt . . . "Grupo externo (muitas vezes outgroup) \u00E9 a designa\u00E7\u00E3o dada em clad\u00EDstica ou filogen\u00E9tica ao um grupo de organismos mais distantemente relacionado que serve como grupo de refer\u00EAncia para determinar as rela\u00E7\u00F5es evolutivas do grupo interno, ou seja do conjunto de organismos em estudo. O conceito \u00E9 distinto de \u00ABgrupo externo\u00BB ou \u00ABexogrupo\u00BB utilizado em sociologia ou etnografia."@pt . "In cladistics or phylogenetics, an outgroup is a more distantly related group of organisms that serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships of the ingroup, the set of organisms under study, and is distinct from sociological outgroups. The outgroup is used as a point of comparison for the ingroup and specifically allows for the phylogeny to be rooted. Because the polarity (direction) of character change can be determined only on a rooted phylogeny, the choice of outgroup is essential for understanding the evolution of traits along a phylogeny."@en . "\u5916\u7FA4"@zh . . . . . "\u5916\u7FA4\uFF08\u304C\u3044\u3050\u3093\u3001outgroup\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5206\u5C90\u5B66\u307E\u305F\u306F\u7CFB\u7D71\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u30013\u3064\u4EE5\u4E0A\u306E\u751F\u7269\u306E\u5358\u7CFB\u7D71\u7FA4\u306E\u7CFB\u7D71\u95A2\u4FC2\u3092\u6C7A\u5B9A\u3059\u308B\u3068\u304D\u306B\u3001\u53C2\u7167\u3059\u308B\u30B0\u30EB\u30FC\u30D7\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5916\u7FA4\u306F\u7CFB\u7D71\u6A39\u306B\u6839\u3092\u3064\u3051\u3001\u7CFB\u7D71\u95A2\u4FC2\u3092\u77E5\u308A\u305F\u3044\u5185\u7FA4\u306E\u7CFB\u7D71\u7684\u4F4D\u7F6E\u95A2\u4FC2\u3092\u6C7A\u5B9A\u3059\u308B\u306E\u306B\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3002\u5F62\u8CEA\u5909\u5316\u306E\u6975\u6027\u306F\u6709\u6839\u7CFB\u7D71\u6A39\u306E\u307F\u304B\u3089\u6C7A\u5B9A\u3067\u304D\u308B\u305F\u3081\u3001\u5916\u7FA4\u306E\u9078\u629E\u306F\u7CFB\u7D71\u306B\u6CBF\u3063\u305F\u5F62\u8CEA\u72B6\u614B\u306E\u9032\u5316\u3092\u7406\u89E3\u3059\u308B\u4E0A\u3067\u5FC5\u9808\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u5916\u7FA4\u306F\u3001\u5185\u7FA4\u306E\u4ED6\u306E\u30B0\u30EB\u30FC\u30D7\u306B\u8FD1\u7E01\u3067\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u3057\u304B\u3057\u4ED6\u306E\u3069\u306E\u5185\u7FA4\u306E\u30B0\u30EB\u30FC\u30D7\u3088\u308A\u3082\u4E92\u3044\u306B\u9060\u7E01\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3092\u9078\u629E\u3059\u308B\u3002\u3053\u308C\u3089\u306E\u7CFB\u7D71\u95A2\u4FC2\u304B\u3089\u5C0E\u304B\u308C\u305F\u9032\u5316\u5B66\u7684\u7D50\u8AD6\u306F\u3001\u5916\u7FA4\u306E\u7A2E\u306F\u5185\u7FA4\u3068\u5171\u901A\u306E\u7956\u5148\u3092\u3082\u3061\u3001\u305D\u308C\u306F\u5185\u7FA4\u306E\u5404\u30B0\u30EB\u30FC\u30D7\u306E\u5171\u901A\u7956\u5148\u3088\u308A\u3082\u53E4\u3044\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5916\u7FA4\u306F\u5185\u7FA4\u306E\u59C9\u59B9\u7FA4\u3001\u307E\u305F\u306F\u3088\u308A\u9060\u7E01\u306A\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "948183"^^ . "En cladistique ou en phylog\u00E9n\u00E9tique, un groupe interne (ou endogroupe ; en anglais : ingroup) correspond \u00E0 l'ensemble des organismes \u00E0 l'\u00E9tude dont les caract\u00E8res sont consid\u00E9r\u00E9s proches, de telle sorte \u00E0 former par opposition un groupe externe dont les caract\u00E8res sont consid\u00E9r\u00E9s comme plus \u00E9loign\u00E9s. En cladistique ou en phylog\u00E9n\u00E9tique, un groupe externe (ou extra-groupe ; en anglais : outgroup) est un ensemble d'organismes qui sert de groupe de r\u00E9f\u00E9rence pour d\u00E9terminer les relations \u00E9volutives d'un groupe interne. Son r\u00F4le est de servir de point de comparaison pour le groupe interne et permet ainsi de cr\u00E9er un arbre phylog\u00E9n\u00E9tique enracin\u00E9. Parce que la polarit\u00E9 (direction) du changement des caract\u00E8res ne peut \u00EAtre d\u00E9termin\u00E9e que sur une phylog\u00E9nie enracin\u00E9e, le choix du groupe externe est essentiel pour comprendre le sens \u00E9volutif des organismes."@fr . "Grupa zewn\u0119trzna (ang. outgroup) \u2013 grupa organizm\u00F3w stanowi\u0105ca klad wykorzystywany w kladystyce do cel\u00F3w por\u00F3wnawczych, cz\u0119sto umo\u017Cliwienia polaryzacji cech. Por\u00F3wnanie z grup\u0105 zewn\u0119trzn\u0105 jest niebezpo\u015Bredni\u0105 metod\u0105 polaryzacji cech, wykorzystywan\u0105 do ustalenia, czy cecha wyst\u0119puj\u0105ca w grupie wewn\u0119trznej (badanej) jest plezjomorfi\u0105 czy apomorfi\u0105. Je\u015Bli jaka\u015B cecha obecna jest w badanej grupie i w jej grupie siostrzanej, w\u00F3wczas z du\u017Cym prawdopodobie\u0144stwem mo\u017Cna j\u0105 uzna\u0107 za cech\u0119 plezjomorficzn\u0105. Je\u015Bli jaka\u015B cecha jest nowa (nieobecna w grupie zewn\u0119trznej) w\u00F3wczas najprawdopodobniej jest apomorfi\u0105. Ka\u017Cda grupa bezpo\u015Brednio zewn\u0119trzna wzgl\u0119dem grupy badanej jest wzgl\u0119dn\u0105 grup\u0105 siostrzan\u0105 badanej grupy. W analizach filogenetycznych cz\u0119sto wykorzystuje si\u0119 wi\u0119cej ni\u017C jedn\u0105 grup\u0119 zewn\u0119trzn\u0105 \u2013 jest to wymagane przy polaryzowaniu cech a priori. W takim przypadku druga grupa zewn\u0119trzna jest grup\u0105 najbli\u017Csz\u0105 dla kladu obejmuj\u0105cego grup\u0119 badan\u0105 i jej grup\u0119 siostrzan\u0105 (czyli pierwsz\u0105 grup\u0119 zewn\u0119trzn\u0105)."@pl . "Grupo externo (clad\u00EDstica)"@pt . . . . "1043888427"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Una definici\u00F3n de grupo externo en clad\u00EDstica es: \"Grupo de organismos no perteneciente al grupo que est\u00E1 siendo analizado. Los grupos externos proporcionan informaci\u00F3n acerca de los estados plesiomorfos (ancestrales) de los caracteres, puesto que los estados apomorfos (derivados) no deber\u00EDan aparecer en grupos externos. Siempre es conveniente elegir grupos externos que est\u00E9n tan emparentados con el que analizamos como sea posible.\"\u200B"@es . "Groupes interne et externe (cladistique)"@fr . "Outgroup (cladistics)"@en . "Una definici\u00F3n de grupo externo en clad\u00EDstica es: \"Grupo de organismos no perteneciente al grupo que est\u00E1 siendo analizado. Los grupos externos proporcionan informaci\u00F3n acerca de los estados plesiomorfos (ancestrales) de los caracteres, puesto que los estados apomorfos (derivados) no deber\u00EDan aparecer en grupos externos. Siempre es conveniente elegir grupos externos que est\u00E9n tan emparentados con el que analizamos como sea posible.\"\u200B"@es . "Outgroup"@it . "\u5916\u7FA4\uFF0C\u6216\u7A31\u5916\u985E\u7FA4\uFF0C\u662F\u4E00\u500B\u5206\u652F\u7CFB\u7D71\u5B78\u6982\u5FF5\uFF0C\u6307\u4E0E\u6240\u6709\u8FD1\u7DE3\u55AE\u7CFB\u7FA4\uFF08\u5169\u500B\u53CA\u4EE5\u4E0A\uFF09\u95DC\u4FC2\u90FD\u8F83\u8FDC\u7684\u985E\u7FA4\uFF08group\uFF09\uFF0C\u9019\u610F\u5473\u8457\u8A72\u7FA4\u5728\u6F14\u5316\u904E\u7A0B\u4E2D\u5F9E\u6BCD\u7FA4\u5206\u652F\u51FA\u53BB\u7684\u6642\u9593\u8981\u65E9\u65BC\u5176\u4ED6\u7FA4\u3002 \u4E0B\u9762\u8209\u51FA\u4E00\u4E9B\u4F8B\u5B50\uFF0C\u5176\u5916\u985E\u7FA4\u6A19\u793A\u5728\u53F3\u908A\uFF1A \n* \u4EBA\u5C6C\u3001\u9ED1\u7329\u7329\u5C6C\uFF1B\u5927\u7329\u7329\u5C6C \n* \u771F\u7378\u4E0B\u7DB1\u3001\u6709\u888B\u4E0B\u7DB1\uFF1B\u55AE\u5B54\u76EE \n* \u56DB\u8DB3\u52D5\u7269\u7E3D\u7DB1\u3001\u8F3B\u9C2D\u9B5A\u7DB1\uFF1B\u677F\u9C13\u4E9E\u7DB1 \n* \u810A\u7D22\u52D5\u7269\u9580\u3001\u68D8\u76AE\u52D5\u7269\u9580\uFF1B\u8EDF\u9AD4\u52D5\u7269\u9580"@zh . "Utgrupp inom kladistiken kan en utgrupp beteckna ett eller flera taxon som f\u00F6rs till en grupp, men som bara \u00E4r avl\u00E4gset sl\u00E4kt med \u00F6vriga taxa i gruppen att det/de egentligen borde tillh\u00F6ra en egen grupp. Det kan exempelvis vara ett sl\u00E4kte (eller flera) som \u00E4r s\u00E5 avl\u00E4gset sl\u00E4kt med de andra sl\u00E4ktena i den familj det (eller de) f\u00F6rs till att det (eller de) egentligen borde f\u00F6ras till en egen familj. Med utgrupp avser man dock oftast en grupp som man valt att anv\u00E4nda som referenspunkt till den grupp man studerar och som valts eftersom den inte \u00E4r tillh\u00F6rig denna, men \u00E4nd\u00E5 tillr\u00E4ckligt n\u00E4ra sl\u00E4kt."@sv . . . . . "Grupo externo (clad\u00EDstica)"@es . . . . "Nella cladistica, un outgroup \u00E8 un gruppo monofiletico di organismi utile come riferimento nella determinazione di relazioni evoluzionarie tra altri gruppi monofiletici. esempio di cladogramma Il concetto di outgroup si pu\u00F2 estendere anche all'evoluzione di geni e proteine. Si suppone che un outgroup (A), per essere tale, sia abbastanza strettamente imparentato con gli altri gruppi (B e C), ma meno strettamente di quanto non lo siano gli altri gruppi (B e C) tra di loro. Dal punto di vista evoluzionistico l'outgroup, che sia una specie, un gene o una proteina, si \u00E8 differenziato in tempi pi\u00F9 antichi rispetto agli altri gruppi."@it . "Grupa zewn\u0119trzna (ang. outgroup) \u2013 grupa organizm\u00F3w stanowi\u0105ca klad wykorzystywany w kladystyce do cel\u00F3w por\u00F3wnawczych, cz\u0119sto umo\u017Cliwienia polaryzacji cech. Por\u00F3wnanie z grup\u0105 zewn\u0119trzn\u0105 jest niebezpo\u015Bredni\u0105 metod\u0105 polaryzacji cech, wykorzystywan\u0105 do ustalenia, czy cecha wyst\u0119puj\u0105ca w grupie wewn\u0119trznej (badanej) jest plezjomorfi\u0105 czy apomorfi\u0105. Je\u015Bli jaka\u015B cecha obecna jest w badanej grupie i w jej grupie siostrzanej, w\u00F3wczas z du\u017Cym prawdopodobie\u0144stwem mo\u017Cna j\u0105 uzna\u0107 za cech\u0119 plezjomorficzn\u0105. Je\u015Bli jaka\u015B cecha jest nowa (nieobecna w grupie zewn\u0119trznej) w\u00F3wczas najprawdopodobniej jest apomorfi\u0105. Ka\u017Cda grupa bezpo\u015Brednio zewn\u0119trzna wzgl\u0119dem grupy badanej jest wzgl\u0119dn\u0105 grup\u0105 siostrzan\u0105 badanej grupy. W analizach filogenetycznych cz\u0119sto wykorzystuje si\u0119 wi\u0119cej ni\u017C jedn\u0105 grup\u0119 zewn\u0119trzn\u0105 \u2013 j"@pl . . "En cladistique ou en phylog\u00E9n\u00E9tique, un groupe interne (ou endogroupe ; en anglais : ingroup) correspond \u00E0 l'ensemble des organismes \u00E0 l'\u00E9tude dont les caract\u00E8res sont consid\u00E9r\u00E9s proches, de telle sorte \u00E0 former par opposition un groupe externe dont les caract\u00E8res sont consid\u00E9r\u00E9s comme plus \u00E9loign\u00E9s."@fr .