. . . . . . . "La microbiolog\u00EDa oral es el estudio de los microorganismos (microbiota) de la cavidad oral y sus interacciones entre microorganismos orales o con el hu\u00E9sped.\u200B El ambiente presente en la boca humana es adecuado para el crecimiento de microorganismos caracter\u00EDsticos que se encuentran all\u00ED. Proporciona una fuente de agua y nutrientes, as\u00ED como una temperatura moderada.\u200B Los microbios residentes de la boca se adhieren a los dientes y las enc\u00EDas para resistir el enjuague mec\u00E1nico de la boca al est\u00F3mago, donde el \u00E1cido clorh\u00EDdrico destruye los microbios sensibles al \u00E1cido.\u200B Las bacterias anaerobias en la cavidad oral incluyen: Actinomyces, , Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, , , Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, , Treponema y Veillonella.\u200B Los g\u00E9neros de hongos que se encuentran con frecuencia en la boca incluyen Candida, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, , Alternaria, Penicillium y Cryptococcus, entre otros.\u200B Las bacterias se acumulan en los tejidos orales duros y blandos en las biopel\u00EDculas. La adhesi\u00F3n bacteriana es particularmente importante para las bacterias orales. Las bacterias orales han desarrollado mecanismos para detectar su entorno y evadir o modificar el hu\u00E9sped. Las bacterias ocupan el nicho ecol\u00F3gico proporcionado por la superficie del diente y el epitelio gingival. Sin embargo, un sistema de defensa innato del hu\u00E9sped altamente eficiente monitorea constantemente la colonizaci\u00F3n bacteriana y previene la invasi\u00F3n bacteriana de los tejidos locales. Existe un equilibrio din\u00E1mico entre las bacterias de la placa dental y el sistema innato de defensa del hu\u00E9sped. De particular inter\u00E9s es el papel de los microorganismos orales en las dos principales enfermedades dentales: la caries dental y la enfermedad periodontal.\u200B Adem\u00E1s, la investigaci\u00F3n ha correlacionado la mala salud oral y la capacidad resultante de la microbiota oral de invadir el cuerpo para afectar la salud card\u00EDaca y la funci\u00F3n cognitiva.\u200B"@es . . . . . . . . "La microbiolog\u00EDa oral es el estudio de los microorganismos (microbiota) de la cavidad oral y sus interacciones entre microorganismos orales o con el hu\u00E9sped.\u200B El ambiente presente en la boca humana es adecuado para el crecimiento de microorganismos caracter\u00EDsticos que se encuentran all\u00ED. Proporciona una fuente de agua y nutrientes, as\u00ED como una temperatura moderada.\u200B Los microbios residentes de la boca se adhieren a los dientes y las enc\u00EDas para resistir el enjuague mec\u00E1nico de la boca al est\u00F3mago, donde el \u00E1cido clorh\u00EDdrico destruye los microbios sensibles al \u00E1cido.\u200B"@es . . "\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u064A\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0645"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "13988148"^^ . . "Microbiologia oral"@pt . . "\u53E3\u8154\u7D30\u83CC\u5B66"@ja . . . . "Oral microbiology is the study of the microorganisms (microbiota) of the oral cavity and their interactions between oral microorganisms or with the host. The environment present in the human mouth is suited to the growth of characteristic microorganisms found there. It provides a source of water and nutrients, as well as a moderate temperature. Resident microbes of the mouth adhere to the teeth and gums to resist mechanical flushing from the mouth to stomach where acid-sensitive microbes are destroyed by hydrochloric acid. Anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity include: Actinomyces, Arachnia (Propionibacterium propionicus), Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Leptotrichia, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, Selenomonas, Treponema, and Veillonella. Genera of fungi that are frequently found in the mouth include Candida, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Glomus, Alternaria, Penicillium, and Cryptococcus, among others. Bacteria accumulate on both the hard and soft oral tissues in biofilms. Bacterial adhesion is particularly important for oral bacteria. Oral bacteria have evolved mechanisms to sense their environment and evade or modify the host. Bacteria occupy the ecological niche provided by both the tooth surface and mucosal epithelium. Factors of note that have been found to affect the microbial colonization of the oral cavity include the pH, oxygen concentration and availability at specific oral surfaces, mechanical forces acting upon oral surfaces, salivary and fluid flow through the oral cavity, and age. However, a highly efficient innate host defense system constantly monitors the bacterial colonization and prevents bacterial invasion of local tissues. A dynamic equilibrium exists between dental plaque bacteria and the innate host defense system. Of particular interest is the role of oral microorganisms in the two major dental diseases: dental caries and periodontal disease. Additionally, research has correlated poor oral heath and the resulting ability of the oral microbiota to invade the body to affect cardiac health as well as cognitive function."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Le microbiote buccal humain est l'ensemble des micro-organismes pr\u00E9sents dans la bouche des \u00EAtres humains. L'\u00E9tude de ces micro-organismes et de leurs interactions (entre eux et avec leur h\u00F4te humain) est la microbiologie orale."@fr . . . . "Microbiologia oral \u00E9 o estudo de microrganismos da cavidade bucal e as intera\u00E7\u00F5es entre os microorganismos orais e o hospedeiro. De particular interesse para odontologia \u00E9 o papel dos microorganismos nas duas principais doen\u00E7as bucais: c\u00E1rie e doen\u00E7a periodontal. A boca abriga uma variada, abundante e complexa comunidade microbiana. Bact\u00E9rias acumulam-se tanto em tecidos duros quanto moles orais, em biofilmes. Ader\u00EAncia bacteriana \u00E9 particularmente importante para as bact\u00E9rias orais."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . "Microbiolog\u00EDa oral"@es . "Als Mundflora wird die Gesamtheit der Mikroorganismen bezeichnet, die die Mundh\u00F6hle besiedeln. Da die Bezeichnung vor allem in der Humanmedizin benutzt wird, wird sie meistens auf die Mundflora des Menschen eingeschr\u00E4nkt. Die (veraltete) Bezeichnung \u201EFlora\u201C beruht auf der fr\u00FCher oft vertretenen Auffassung, Bakterien und viele andere Mikroorganismen geh\u00F6rten zum Pflanzenreich, denn die in einem bestimmten Gebiet vorkommenden Pflanzen werden als \u201EFlora\u201C dieses Gebiets bezeichnet. Heute spricht man von \u201EMikroorganismengemeinschaften\u201C oder \u201EMikroorganismengesellschaften\u201C und nicht mehr von \u201EMikroorganismenflora\u201C. Normalerweise wird der Mund von hunderten Bakterienarten und Hefen besiedelt. Diese Mundflora hat zum gr\u00F6\u00DFten Teil eine Schutzfunktion gegen Krankheitserreger, die sich in der Mundh\u00F6hle einnisten k\u00F6nnten. Unter den pathogenen Bakterien der Mundflora hat Streptococcus mutans als einer der Zahnkaries-Ausl\u00F6ser eine besondere Bedeutung. Die Besiedelung konzentriert sich vor allem auf die bakterielle Plaque und wird erst nach der Geburt von der Mutter auf das Kind \u00FCbertragen. Neuere Forschungsarbeiten versuchen, Streptococcus mutans selektiv aus der Mundflora zu verdr\u00E4ngen. Pilze (Hefepilze/Candida, Dermatophyten, Schimmelpilze) kommen beim Gesunden nur in Form von oberfl\u00E4chlichen Haut- und Schleimhautbesiedlungen vor (vgl. Mykose). Bestimmte Candida-Arten leben auch im Rachen der meisten Menschen als harmlose Saprophyten; sie sind bei etwa 70 % aller gesunden Probanden nachgewiesen worden. Diese Haut- und Schleimhautbesiedlungen durch Candida werden unter der Sammelbezeichnung Kandidose subsumiert."@de . "\u53E3\u8154\u7D30\u83CC\u5B66\uFF08\u3053\u3046\u304F\u3046\u3055\u3044\u304D\u3093\u304C\u304F\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E: oral microbiology\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u57FA\u790E\u6B6F\u5B66\u306E\u4E00\u5206\u91CE\u3067\u3001\u4E3B\u306B\u53E3\u8154\u5185\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u304A\u3088\u3073\u751F\u614B\u9632\u5FA1\u6A5F\u69CB\u3092\u53D6\u308A\u6271\u3046\u5B66\u554F\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Aho-flora"@eu . . . "Mundflora"@de . . . . . . . . . . "Microbiote buccal humain"@fr . . . . "\u53E3\u8154\u7D30\u83CC\u5B66\uFF08\u3053\u3046\u304F\u3046\u3055\u3044\u304D\u3093\u304C\u304F\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E: oral microbiology\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u57FA\u790E\u6B6F\u5B66\u306E\u4E00\u5206\u91CE\u3067\u3001\u4E3B\u306B\u53E3\u8154\u5185\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u304A\u3088\u3073\u751F\u614B\u9632\u5FA1\u6A5F\u69CB\u3092\u53D6\u308A\u6271\u3046\u5B66\u554F\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "Als Mundflora wird die Gesamtheit der Mikroorganismen bezeichnet, die die Mundh\u00F6hle besiedeln. Da die Bezeichnung vor allem in der Humanmedizin benutzt wird, wird sie meistens auf die Mundflora des Menschen eingeschr\u00E4nkt. Normalerweise wird der Mund von hunderten Bakterienarten und Hefen besiedelt. Diese Mundflora hat zum gr\u00F6\u00DFten Teil eine Schutzfunktion gegen Krankheitserreger, die sich in der Mundh\u00F6hle einnisten k\u00F6nnten."@de . . . . 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"Aho-flora, ahoko flora edo aho-mikrobiota ahoan bizi den mikroorganismoen multzoari deritzo. Mikrobio horiek harreman sinbiotiko edo komentsalista mantendu ohi dute ostalariarekin. Mikrobio hauen artean, kopuruari dagokionez, bakterioak dira garrantzitsuenak. Ahoak mikrobio asko ditu .Txikia izan arren, habitat ezberdinak ditu (hortzak, hortzoiak, listua, mingaina, etab), mikrobio aerobioak zein anaerobioak bilduz. Azpimarratu behar da, gainera, bakterioentzat oso habitat egokia dela, elikagai ugari baititu. Bakterio gehienak ahoko egiturei atxikitzen dira benetako biogeruzak sortuz."@eu . . . . . . . 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"Le microbiote buccal humain est l'ensemble des micro-organismes pr\u00E9sents dans la bouche des \u00EAtres humains. L'\u00E9tude de ces micro-organismes et de leurs interactions (entre eux et avec leur h\u00F4te humain) est la microbiologie orale. Qu'il soit normal ou pathologique, il est encore mal connu, car beaucoup de bact\u00E9ries buccales ne peuvent \u00EAtre cultiv\u00E9es. Il serait selon N.B Arweiler & L Netuschil (2016) \u00AB compos\u00E9 de plusieurs centaines \u00E0 milliers d'esp\u00E8ces diff\u00E9rentes de microorganismes \u00BB, 700 esp\u00E8ces ayant \u00E9t\u00E9 d\u00E9couvertes par screening. Ce sont principalement ses formes libres (ou \u00AB planctoniques \u00BB) qui ont \u00E9t\u00E9 \u00E9tudi\u00E9es depuis 100 ans, mais il est surtout constitu\u00E9 de formes coloniales consistant en biofilms organis\u00E9s. Chaque individu abrite 100 \u00E0 200 de ces 700 esp\u00E8ces. Les interactions entre esp\u00E8ces colonisant la bouche, bact\u00E9ries principalement, sont nombreuses et complexes, ce pourquoi on parle parfois maintenant plut\u00F4t d'\u00E9cologie microbienne buccale. Le microbiote buccal a d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 des strat\u00E9gies de r\u00E9sistance et de perception de son environnement, lui permettant dans une grande mesure de se soustraire au syst\u00E8me immunitaire, voire de modifier certaines caract\u00E9ristiques de l'h\u00F4te au profit du microbe (la carie dentaire en est un exemple). Il est plus ou moins diversifi\u00E9 selon l'\u00E2ge et les individus. Il contribue \u00E0 l'odeur de l'haleine et a des effets syst\u00E9miques sur la sant\u00E9 et m\u00EAme sur les capacit\u00E9s intellectuelles. Ce patrimoine microbiotique est en partie acquis de la m\u00E8re et du p\u00E8re \u00E0 la naissance ou dans la prime-enfance. Il pourrait \u00EAtre positivement ou n\u00E9gativement modifi\u00E9 par le brossage des dents, les soins dentaires, l'alimentation (sucre en particulier), l'ingestion de produits antibiotiques (alcool, antibiotiques naturels, certains m\u00E9dicaments, eau chlor\u00E9e...) avec des cons\u00E9quences encore mal comprises qui peuvent contribuer \u00E0 l'apparition de ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes de r\u00E9sistance microbienne aux antibiotiques. Une partie de ce microbiote pourrait \u00EAtre transg\u00E9n\u00E9rationnel."@fr . . . . . "1112792745"^^ . . . . . "Aho-flora, ahoko flora edo aho-mikrobiota ahoan bizi den mikroorganismoen multzoari deritzo. Mikrobio horiek harreman sinbiotiko edo komentsalista mantendu ohi dute ostalariarekin. Mikrobio hauen artean, kopuruari dagokionez, bakterioak dira garrantzitsuenak. Ahoak mikrobio asko ditu .Txikia izan arren, habitat ezberdinak ditu (hortzak, hortzoiak, listua, mingaina, etab), mikrobio aerobioak zein anaerobioak bilduz. Azpimarratu behar da, gainera, bakterioentzat oso habitat egokia dela, elikagai ugari baititu. Bakterio gehienak ahoko egiturei atxikitzen dira benetako biogeruzak sortuz. Organismoaren immunitate-sistemak ahoko flora bakteriarra kontrolpean mantentzen du, alboko ehunen kolonizazio bakteriarra saihestuz. Oreka dinamikoa dago aho-flora eta ostalariaren immunitate-sistemaren artean"@eu . . . . . . "Oral microbiology"@en . . . "Microbiologia oral \u00E9 o estudo de microrganismos da cavidade bucal e as intera\u00E7\u00F5es entre os microorganismos orais e o hospedeiro. De particular interesse para odontologia \u00E9 o papel dos microorganismos nas duas principais doen\u00E7as bucais: c\u00E1rie e doen\u00E7a periodontal. A boca abriga uma variada, abundante e complexa comunidade microbiana. Bact\u00E9rias acumulam-se tanto em tecidos duros quanto moles orais, em biofilmes. Ader\u00EAncia bacteriana \u00E9 particularmente importante para as bact\u00E9rias orais. Bact\u00E9rias orais t\u00EAm evolu\u00EDdo seu mecanismo de sobreviv\u00EAncia para adaptar-se ao hospedeiro. Elas ocupam os nichos ecol\u00F3gicos fornecidos por dentes, gengivas e epit\u00E9lio superficial. No entanto, um inato sistema de defesa monitora constantemente a coloniza\u00E7\u00E3o bacteriana e impede a invas\u00E3o dos tecidos locais em um organismo saud\u00E1vel. Existe um equil\u00EDbrio din\u00E2mico entre placa dental e as bact\u00E9rias hospedeiras."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Oral microbiology is the study of the microorganisms (microbiota) of the oral cavity and their interactions between oral microorganisms or with the host. The environment present in the human mouth is suited to the growth of characteristic microorganisms found there. It provides a source of water and nutrients, as well as a moderate temperature. Resident microbes of the mouth adhere to the teeth and gums to resist mechanical flushing from the mouth to stomach where acid-sensitive microbes are destroyed by hydrochloric acid."@en . . . "24731"^^ . . . .