. . . "True nomadism has rarely been practiced in Europe in the modern period, being restricted to the margins of the continent, notably Arctic peoples such as the (traditionally) semi-nomadic Saami people in the north of Scandinavia, or the Nenets people in Russia's Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In ancient and early medieval times, Eurasian nomads dominated the eastern steppe areas of Europe, such as the Scythians, Huns, Avars, Pechenegs, Cumans or Kalmyk people in Russia's Kalmykia. Historically, at least until the Early Middle Ages, nomadic groups were much more widespread, especially in the Pontic steppe of Eastern Europe (part of Europe in the contemporary geographical definition, but as part of the Eurasian Steppe historically considered part of Asian Scythia).The last nomadic populations of this region (such as the Kalmyk people, Nogais, Kazakhs and Bashkirs) became mostly sedentary in the Early Modern period under the Russian Empire. Seasonal migration over short distance is known as transhumance (as e.g. in the Alps or Vlachs in the Balkans) and is not normally considered \"nomadism\". Sometimes also described as \"nomadic\" (in the figurative or extended sense) is the itinerant lifestyle of various groups subsisting on craft or trade rather than on livestock. Romani people and Irish Travellers are the best known of these.See itinerant groups in Europe for those."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Nomadic peoples of Europe"@en . . . . . "A pr\u00E1tica do nomadismo raramente foi praticada na Europa no per\u00EDodo moderno, sendo restrito \u00E0s margens do continente, notadamente pelos povos do \u00C1rtico, como, tradicionalmente, os Lap\u00F5es no norte da Escandin\u00E1via ou os Nenetses na regi\u00E3o da Nen\u00E9tsia. Nos tempos antigos e medievais, os n\u00F4madas eurasi\u00E1ticos dominavam as \u00E1reas da estepe oriental da Europa, sendo predominantes os Citas, Hunos, \u00C1varos, Arianos, Pechenegues, Cumanos ou Calmucos na regi\u00E3o russa da Calm\u00FAquia. Historicamente, pelo menos at\u00E9 o in\u00EDcio da Idade M\u00E9dia, os grupos n\u00F4madas eram muito mais difundidos no continente europeu, existindo v\u00E1rios grupos com especial incid\u00EAncia na estepe p\u00F4ntica e estepe eurasi\u00E1tica. As \u00FAltimas popula\u00E7\u00F5es n\u00F4madas desta regi\u00E3o, como os Calmucos, Nogais, Cazaques e Basquires, tornaram-se principalmente sedent\u00E1rias no in\u00EDcio do per\u00EDodo moderno sob o Imp\u00E9rio Russo. A migra\u00E7\u00E3o sazonal de curta dist\u00E2ncia \u00E9 tamb\u00E9m conhecida como transum\u00E2ncia, sendo exercida sobretudo nas regi\u00F5es onde a atividade do pastoreio era a principal fonte de sustento, como, por exemplo, nos Alpes, Balc\u00E3s ou no norte da Pen\u00EDnsula Ib\u00E9rica, n\u00E3o sendo considerado \"nomadismo puro\". Por vezes \u00E9 tamb\u00E9m descrito como \"n\u00F4mada\" (no sentido figurado ou estendido) o estilo de vida itinerante de v\u00E1rios grupos que subsistem do artesanato ou do com\u00E9rcio, sendo os Ciganos e os Pavee (viajantes irlandeses) alguns dos mais conhecidos grupos."@pt . . . . . . . . . "True nomadism has rarely been practiced in Europe in the modern period, being restricted to the margins of the continent, notably Arctic peoples such as the (traditionally) semi-nomadic Saami people in the north of Scandinavia, or the Nenets people in Russia's Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In ancient and early medieval times, Eurasian nomads dominated the eastern steppe areas of Europe, such as the Scythians, Huns, Avars, Pechenegs, Cumans or Kalmyk people in Russia's Kalmykia."@en . . "\uADFC\uB300 \uC774\uD6C4 \uC720\uB7FD \uB300\uB959\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC\uC744 \uAC70\uC758 \uCC3E\uC544\uBCFC \uC218 \uC5C6\uC73C\uBA70, \uBD81\uC720\uB7FD \uCD5C\uBD81\uB2E8\uC758 \uC0AC\uBBF8\uC778\uB4E4\uC774\uB098 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC758 \uB124\uB124\uCE20\uC778 \uC815\uB3C4\uAC00 \uADF8\uB098\uB9C8\uB3C4 \uC644\uC804\uD55C \uC720\uBAA9\uC774 \uC544\uB2CC \uBC18\uC720\uBAA9 \uC0DD\uD65C\uC744 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC \uACE0\uC911\uC138\uC5D0\uB294 \uB3D9\uBC29\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC00\uB824\uC628 \uC720\uB77C\uC2DC\uC544 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC\uB4E4\uC774 \uB3D9\uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uCD08\uC6D0\uC9C0\uB300\uB97C \uC9C0\uBC30\uD588\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC5ED\uC0AC\uC801\uC73C\uB85C, \uC801\uC5B4\uB3C4 \uC911\uC138 \uCD08\uAE30\uAE4C\uC9C0\uB294 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC\uB4E4\uC774 \uC720\uB7FD \uAC01\uC9C0\uC5D0 \uB110\uB9AC \uD37C\uC838 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uADF8 \uC911\uC2EC\uC9C0\uB294 \uB3D9\uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC774\uD6C4 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC\uC758 \uD65C\uB3D9 \uC601\uC5ED\uC740 \uC810\uC810 \uC904\uC5B4\uB4E4\uC5C8\uC73C\uB098, \uADFC\uC138\uAE4C\uC9C0\uB3C4 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544 \uCC28\uB974\uAD6D\uC758 \uC9C0\uBC30\uB97C \uBC1B\uB358 \uCE7C\uBBF8\uD06C\uC778 \uB4F1\uC758 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC\uC871\uC774 \uC874\uC7AC\uD588\uB2E4. \uB54C\uB54C\uB85C \uC9D1\uC2DC \uB4F1\uC744 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD80\uB974\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uC0DD\uC0B0\uBC29\uC2DD\uC73C\uB85C\uC11C\uC758 \uC720\uBAA9(\uAC00\uCD95 \uBC29\uBAA9\uACFC \uC774\uB3D9)\uC744 \uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uACE0 \uC0C1\uACF5\uC5C5 \uAC19\uC740 \uC815\uC8FC\uBBFC\uACFC \uAC19\uC740 \uC0DD\uC0B0\uBC29\uC2DD\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C0\uBA70, \uC815\uC8FC\uBBFC\uACFC \uC0C1\uD638\uC791\uC6A9\uD558\uC5EC \uC0DD\uACC4\uB97C \uC787\uB294\uB2E4\uB294 \uC810\uC5D0\uC11C \uC774\uB4E4\uC744 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD558\uB294 \uAC83\uC740 \uC815\uD655\uD558\uC9C0 \uBABB\uD558\uB2E4. \uC774\uB7F0 \uBBFC\uC871\uC740 \uC720\uB791\uBBFC\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . "Povos n\u00F4madas da Europa"@pt . . "1085580663"^^ . . . . . . . "\uADFC\uB300 \uC774\uD6C4 \uC720\uB7FD \uB300\uB959\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC\uC744 \uAC70\uC758 \uCC3E\uC544\uBCFC \uC218 \uC5C6\uC73C\uBA70, \uBD81\uC720\uB7FD \uCD5C\uBD81\uB2E8\uC758 \uC0AC\uBBF8\uC778\uB4E4\uC774\uB098 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC758 \uB124\uB124\uCE20\uC778 \uC815\uB3C4\uAC00 \uADF8\uB098\uB9C8\uB3C4 \uC644\uC804\uD55C \uC720\uBAA9\uC774 \uC544\uB2CC \uBC18\uC720\uBAA9 \uC0DD\uD65C\uC744 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC \uACE0\uC911\uC138\uC5D0\uB294 \uB3D9\uBC29\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC00\uB824\uC628 \uC720\uB77C\uC2DC\uC544 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC\uB4E4\uC774 \uB3D9\uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uCD08\uC6D0\uC9C0\uB300\uB97C \uC9C0\uBC30\uD588\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC5ED\uC0AC\uC801\uC73C\uB85C, \uC801\uC5B4\uB3C4 \uC911\uC138 \uCD08\uAE30\uAE4C\uC9C0\uB294 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC\uB4E4\uC774 \uC720\uB7FD \uAC01\uC9C0\uC5D0 \uB110\uB9AC \uD37C\uC838 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uADF8 \uC911\uC2EC\uC9C0\uB294 \uB3D9\uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC774\uD6C4 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC\uC758 \uD65C\uB3D9 \uC601\uC5ED\uC740 \uC810\uC810 \uC904\uC5B4\uB4E4\uC5C8\uC73C\uB098, \uADFC\uC138\uAE4C\uC9C0\uB3C4 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544 \uCC28\uB974\uAD6D\uC758 \uC9C0\uBC30\uB97C \uBC1B\uB358 \uCE7C\uBBF8\uD06C\uC778 \uB4F1\uC758 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC\uC871\uC774 \uC874\uC7AC\uD588\uB2E4. \uB54C\uB54C\uB85C \uC9D1\uC2DC \uB4F1\uC744 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD80\uB974\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uC0DD\uC0B0\uBC29\uC2DD\uC73C\uB85C\uC11C\uC758 \uC720\uBAA9(\uAC00\uCD95 \uBC29\uBAA9\uACFC \uC774\uB3D9)\uC744 \uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uACE0 \uC0C1\uACF5\uC5C5 \uAC19\uC740 \uC815\uC8FC\uBBFC\uACFC \uAC19\uC740 \uC0DD\uC0B0\uBC29\uC2DD\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C0\uBA70, \uC815\uC8FC\uBBFC\uACFC \uC0C1\uD638\uC791\uC6A9\uD558\uC5EC \uC0DD\uACC4\uB97C \uC787\uB294\uB2E4\uB294 \uC810\uC5D0\uC11C \uC774\uB4E4\uC744 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD558\uB294 \uAC83\uC740 \uC815\uD655\uD558\uC9C0 \uBABB\uD558\uB2E4. \uC774\uB7F0 \uBBFC\uC871\uC740 \uC720\uB791\uBBFC\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uC720\uBAA9\uBBFC"@ko . . . . "2180"^^ . . "A pr\u00E1tica do nomadismo raramente foi praticada na Europa no per\u00EDodo moderno, sendo restrito \u00E0s margens do continente, notadamente pelos povos do \u00C1rtico, como, tradicionalmente, os Lap\u00F5es no norte da Escandin\u00E1via ou os Nenetses na regi\u00E3o da Nen\u00E9tsia. Nos tempos antigos e medievais, os n\u00F4madas eurasi\u00E1ticos dominavam as \u00E1reas da estepe oriental da Europa, sendo predominantes os Citas, Hunos, \u00C1varos, Arianos, Pechenegues, Cumanos ou Calmucos na regi\u00E3o russa da Calm\u00FAquia."@pt . "7873117"^^ .