"The Mount Lebanon Emirate at its greatest extent under Fakhr al-Din II, circa 1630"@en . . . . . . "Mit dem Untergang des Mamlukenreichs in \u00C4gypten und Syrien kam auch der Libanon 1517 unter die Herrschaft der Osmanen, behielt allerdings als Emirat einen halbautonomen Status."@de . "\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062C\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062E\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060C \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0647\u062F \u062A\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u061B \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0632\u064A \u0633\u0644\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u062F \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064A\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062A\u0639\u062F\u062F\u0629 \u063A\u064A\u0631\u0647: \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0641\u060C \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062C\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0648\u0632\u060C \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646. \u062A\u0623\u0633\u064E\u0651\u0633\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0650\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1516\u060C \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064A\u0631 \u0641\u062E\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062F \u0627\u062A\u062E\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u064B \u0644\u062D\u064F\u0643\u0645\u0650\u0647\u060C \u0648\u0645\u064E\u0642\u0631\u064B\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0650\u0633\u064E\u0643\u064E\u0646\u0650\u0647\u060C \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u062C\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064A\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u061B \u0644\u0650\u064A\u062E\u062A\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u062F\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u0638\u0644\u062A \u062F\u064A\u0631\u064F \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631\u0650 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u064B \u0644\u0644\u062D\u064F\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u064E\u0639\u0650\u062F \u0628\u0634\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634\u061B \u0644\u064A\u062C\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064A\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062F\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062A\u0647."@ar . . . . . . "\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062C\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062E\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060C \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0647\u062F \u062A\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u061B \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0632\u064A \u0633\u0644\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u062F \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064A\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062A\u0639\u062F\u062F\u0629 \u063A\u064A\u0631\u0647: \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0641\u060C \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062C\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0648\u0632\u060C \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646. \u062A\u0623\u0633\u064E\u0651\u0633\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0650\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1516\u060C \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064A\u0631 \u0641\u062E\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062F \u0627\u062A\u062E\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u064B \u0644\u062D\u064F\u0643\u0645\u0650\u0647\u060C \u0648\u0645\u064E\u0642\u0631\u064B\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0650\u0633\u064E\u0643\u064E\u0646\u0650\u0647\u060C \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u062C\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064A\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u061B \u0644\u0650\u064A\u062E\u062A\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u062F\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u0638\u0644\u062A \u062F\u064A\u0631\u064F \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631\u0650 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u064B \u0644\u0644\u062D\u064F\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u064E\u0639\u0650\u062F \u0628\u0634\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634\u061B \u0644\u064A\u062C\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064A\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062F\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062A\u0647."@ar . "Domains of Fakhr al-Din in Ottoman Syria, at Zenith.png"@en . "The Emirate of Mount Lebanon (Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0645\u064E\u0627\u0631\u064E\u0629 \u062C\u064E\u0628\u064E\u0644 \u0644\u064F\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064E\u0627\u0646) was a part of Mount Lebanon that enjoyed variable degrees of partial autonomy under the stable suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire between the mid-16th and the early-19th century. The town of Baakleen was the seat of local power during the Ma'an period until Fakhr-al-Din II chose to live in Deir el Qamar due to a water shortage in Baakleen. Deir el Qamar remained the seat until Bashir Shihab II ascended to the throne and moved its court to the Beiteddine palace. Beiteddine remains the capital of the Chouf District today. Fakhr-al-Din II, the most prominent Druze tribal leader at the end of the 16th century, was given leeway by the Ottomans to subdue other provincial leaderships in Ottoman Syria on their behalf, and was himself subdued in the end, to make way for a firmer control by the Ottoman central administration over the Syrian eyalets.In Lebanese nationalist narratives, he is celebrated as establishing a sort of Druzes\u2013Maronite condominium that is often portrayed as the embryo of Lebanese statehood and national identity. Historians and intellectuals such as Salibi and Beydoun have questioned many of these assumptions, suggesting a more balanced and less ideological approach to this period. The Maan and Shihab government of different parts of Mount Lebanon, between 1667 and 1841, was an Ottoman iltizam, or tax farm, rather than a dynastic principality, and the multazims were never reigning princes. The relations between the Porte and the Shihab emirs revolved around the payment of taxes, and the official legitimation of their position as multazims. Such was the precariousness of their position that over the more than three centuries of the two dynasties (1516\u20131840) only two significantly strong leaders emerged, Fakhr-Al-Din I (1516\u20131544) and his grandson Fakhr al-Din II (1591\u20131635). Bashir Shihab II (1788\u20131840) was also an important prince but he was viewed as a tyrant at the period rather than a leader. That led to the 1840 revolution against Bashir and his Egyptian allies. Although Lebanese nationalist historiographies tended to portray the Emirate as a sort of historical precursor of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate established in 1861, later historians and intellectuals such as Kamal Salibi and Ahmad Beydoun have shed light on the inconsistencies of nationalist narratives, and explained how the devolution of functions to local rulers was nothing exceptional in the framework of indirect administration in Ottoman Syria. Partisan narratives gave different names to this entity (including \"Shuf Emirate\", \"Emirate of Jabal Druze\", \"Emirate of Mount Lebanon\", as well as \"Ma'an Emirate\"), whose boundaries were not well defined, mostly because of its rather vague juridical and administrative status."@en . . "Emirato di Monte Libano"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0625\u0650\u0645\u064E\u0627\u0631\u064E\u0629 \u062C\u064E\u0628\u064E\u0644 \u0644\u064F\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064E\u0627\u0646"@en . . . . "the Mount Lebanon Emirate"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Vassal of the Ottoman Empire"@en . . . "Emirate of Mount Lebanon"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mount Lebanon Emirate"@en . . "L\u2019\u00E9mirat du Mont-Liban est le nom attribu\u00E9 \u00E0 une s\u00E9quence de l'histoire du mont Liban et de ses p\u00E9riph\u00E9ries, constitu\u00E9s en une entit\u00E9 politique relativement autonome de l'Empire ottoman et aux fronti\u00E8res changeantes. L'\u00E9mirat n'a jamais form\u00E9 une province ottomane au sens propre du terme, puisqu'il est partag\u00E9 entre les pachaliks de Damas, de Tripoli puis \u00E9galement de Sa\u00EFda. Il se caract\u00E9rise cependant par une administration ottomane indirecte qui s'y exerce via le pouvoir de familles locales ainsi que par une symbiose des deux principales communaut\u00E9s du Mont-Liban, les druzes et les maronites."@fr . . . . . . . "1840"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1120479550"^^ . . . "L\u2019\u00E9mirat du Mont-Liban est le nom attribu\u00E9 \u00E0 une s\u00E9quence de l'histoire du mont Liban et de ses p\u00E9riph\u00E9ries, constitu\u00E9s en une entit\u00E9 politique relativement autonome de l'Empire ottoman et aux fronti\u00E8res changeantes. L'\u00E9mirat n'a jamais form\u00E9 une province ottomane au sens propre du terme, puisqu'il est partag\u00E9 entre les pachaliks de Damas, de Tripoli puis \u00E9galement de Sa\u00EFda. Il se caract\u00E9rise cependant par une administration ottomane indirecte qui s'y exerce via le pouvoir de familles locales ainsi que par une symbiose des deux principales communaut\u00E9s du Mont-Liban, les druzes et les maronites. Form\u00E9 \u00E0 partir du XVIe si\u00E8cle, gouvern\u00E9 par la dynastie des (en), puis des Chehab, l\u2019\u00E9mirat dispara\u00EEt vers la fin du XIXe si\u00E8cle peu apr\u00E8s la fin du r\u00E8gne de l\u2019\u00E9mir Bachir Chehab II. Il en \u00E9mergera successivement deux entit\u00E9s politiques ottomanes, le double Ca\u00EFmacanat et la Mutassarifiyya, elles-m\u00EAmes \u00E0 la base de la cr\u00E9ation du Liban moderne, d'abord sous mandat fran\u00E7ais (Grand Liban), puis r\u00E9publique ind\u00E9pendante \u00E0 partir de 1943."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mamluk Sultanate Mamluk Sultanate"@en . "Mount Lebanon Emirate"@en . . . "28291"^^ . . . . . . . "L'Emirato del Monte Libano (in arabo: \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062C\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u200E) fu una parte del Monte Libano che godeva di gradi variabili di parziale autonomia sotto la stabile sovranit\u00E0 dell'Impero ottomano tra la met\u00E0 del XVI e l'inizio del XIX secolo. Sebbene le storiografie nazionaliste libanesi tendessero a ritrarre l'Emirato come una sorta di precursore storico del Mutasarrifato di Monte Libano fondato nel 1861, gli storici e gli intellettuali successivi come Kamal Salibi e Ahmad Beydoun hanno fatto luce sulle incongruenze delle narrazioni nazionaliste e spiegato come la devoluzione delle funzioni ai governanti locali non era niente di eccezionale nel quadro dell'amministrazione indiretta nella Siria ottomana. Le narrazioni partigiane hanno dato nomi diversi a questa entit\u00E0 (tra cui \"Emirato di Shuf\", \"Emirato del Jabal druso\", \"Emirato del Monte Libano\", nonch\u00E9 \"Emirato di Ma'an\"), i cui confini non erano ben definiti, principalmente a causa del suo status giuridico e amministrativo piuttosto vago. La citt\u00E0 di Baakline era la sede del potere locale durante il periodo Ma'an fino a quando Fakhr-al-Din II scelse di vivere a Deir el Qamar a causa della mancanza d'acqua a Baakline. Deir el Qamar rimase la sede fino a quando Bashir Shihab II sal\u00EC al trono e trasfer\u00EC la sua corte al palazzo Beiteddine. Beiteddine rimane oggi la capitale del distretto dello Sfuf. A Fakhr-al-Din II, il pi\u00F9 importante leader tribale druso alla fine del XVI secolo, fu concesso dagli ottomani di sottomettere altre capi provinciali nella Siria ottomana per loro conto, ma alla fine fu egli stesso sottomesso per un controllo pi\u00F9 saldo da parte dell'amministrazione centrale ottomana sugli eyalet siriani. Nelle narrazioni nazionaliste libanesi, \u00E8 celebrato come l'istituzione di una sorta di condominio druso-maronita che \u00E8 spesso ritratto come l'embrione dello stato e dell'identit\u00E0 nazionale libanese. Storici e intellettuali come Salibi e Beydoun hanno messo in dubbio molti di questi presupposti, suggerendo un approccio pi\u00F9 equilibrato e meno ideologico a questo periodo. Il governo Maan e Shihab di diverse parti del Monte Libano, tra il 1667 e il 1841, era un iltizam ottomano, piuttosto che un principato dinastico, e i multazim non furono mai principi regnanti. Le relazioni tra la Porta e gli emiri Shihab ruotavano attorno al pagamento delle tasse e alla legittimazione ufficiale della loro posizione di multazim. Tale fu la precariet\u00E0 della loro posizione che nel corso degli oltre tre secoli delle due dinastie (1516-1840) emersero solo due leader significativamente forti, Fakhr-Al-Din I (1516-1544) e suo nipote Fakhr al-Din II (1591\u20131635). Anche Bashir Shihab II (1788-1840) fu un importante principe, ma all'epoca era considerato un tiranno piuttosto che un capo. Ci\u00F2 port\u00F2 alla rivoluzione del 1840 contro Bashir e i suoi alleati egiziani."@it . . "Emirate of Mount Lebanon"@en . . . . "\u0625\u0650\u0645\u064E\u0627\u0631\u064E\u0629 \u062C\u064E\u0628\u064E\u0644 \u0644\u064F\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064E\u0627\u0646 (Arabic)"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u042D\u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0442 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u041B\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D \u2014 \u044D\u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0433\u043E\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u044E\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u041B\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u0441 1516 \u043F\u043E 1840 \u0433\u043E\u0434."@ru . . "L'Emirato del Monte Libano (in arabo: \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062C\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u200E) fu una parte del Monte Libano che godeva di gradi variabili di parziale autonomia sotto la stabile sovranit\u00E0 dell'Impero ottomano tra la met\u00E0 del XVI e l'inizio del XIX secolo. Le narrazioni partigiane hanno dato nomi diversi a questa entit\u00E0 (tra cui \"Emirato di Shuf\", \"Emirato del Jabal druso\", \"Emirato del Monte Libano\", nonch\u00E9 \"Emirato di Ma'an\"), i cui confini non erano ben definiti, principalmente a causa del suo status giuridico e amministrativo piuttosto vago."@it . "the Mount Lebanon Emirate"@en . . . "Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon"@en . . . . . . "\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062C\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646"@ar . . . . . . . . "The Emirate of Mount Lebanon (Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0645\u064E\u0627\u0631\u064E\u0629 \u062C\u064E\u0628\u064E\u0644 \u0644\u064F\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064E\u0627\u0646) was a part of Mount Lebanon that enjoyed variable degrees of partial autonomy under the stable suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire between the mid-16th and the early-19th century. The town of Baakleen was the seat of local power during the Ma'an period until Fakhr-al-Din II chose to live in Deir el Qamar due to a water shortage in Baakleen. Deir el Qamar remained the seat until Bashir Shihab II ascended to the throne and moved its court to the Beiteddine palace. Beiteddine remains the capital of the Chouf District today."@en . . "\u042D\u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0442 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u041B\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D \u2014 \u044D\u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0433\u043E\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u044E\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u041B\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u0441 1516 \u043F\u043E 1840 \u0433\u043E\u0434."@ru . . . . . . . . . . "\u00C9mirat du Mont-Liban"@fr . . . . . "Emirat Libanonberg"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0413\u043E\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u041B\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D (\u044D\u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442)"@ru . . "Mount Lebanon Emirate"@en . "Mit dem Untergang des Mamlukenreichs in \u00C4gypten und Syrien kam auch der Libanon 1517 unter die Herrschaft der Osmanen, behielt allerdings als Emirat einen halbautonomen Status."@de . . . . . "1516"^^ . . . . . . . . "31676028"^^ . . .