. . . . . . . . . . . . . . "11719390"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Italio en la unua mondmilito"@eo . "1121873929"^^ . . . . . "La partecipazione dell'Italia alla prima guerra mondiale ebbe inizio il 24 maggio 1915, circa dieci mesi dopo l'avvio del conflitto, durante i quali il paese conobbe grandi mutamenti politici, con la rottura degli equilibri giolittiani e l'affermazione di un quadro politico rivolto a mire espansionistiche, legate al fervore patriottico e a ideali risorgimentali. Inizialmente il Regno d'Italia si mantenne neutrale e parallelamente alcuni esponenti del governo iniziarono trattative diplomatiche con entrambe le forze in campo, che si conclusero con la sigla di un patto segreto con le potenze della Triplice intesa."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "This article is about Italian military operations in World War I. Although a member of the Triple Alliance, Italy did not join the Central Powers \u2013 Germany and Austria-Hungary \u2013 when the war started with Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. In fact, the two Central Powers had taken the offensive while the Triple Alliance was supposed to be a defensive alliance. Moreover the Triple Alliance recognized that both Italy and Austria-Hungary were interested in the Balkans and required both to consult each other before changing the status quo and to provide compensation for whatever advantage in that area: Austria-Hungary did consult Germany but not Italy before issuing the ultimatum to Serbia, and refused any compensation before the end of the war. Almost a year after the war's commencement, after secret parallel negotiations with both sides (with the Allies in which Italy negotiated for territory if victorious, and with the Central Powers to gain territory if neutral) Italy entered the war on the side of the Allied Powers. Italy began to fight against Austria-Hungary along the northern border, including high up in the now-Italian Alps with very cold winters and along the Isonzo river. The Italian army repeatedly attacked and, despite winning a majority of the battles, suffered heavy losses and made little progress as the mountainous terrain favoured the defender. Italy was then forced to retreat in 1917 by a German-Austrian counteroffensive at the Battle of Caporetto after Russia left the war, allowing the Central Powers to move reinforcements to the Italian Front from the Eastern Front. The offensive of the Central Powers was stopped by Italy at the Battle of Monte Grappa in November 1917 and the Battle of the Piave River in May 1918. Italy took part in the Second Battle of the Marne and the subsequent Hundred Days Offensive in the Western Front. On 24 October 1918 the Italians, despite being outnumbered, breached the Austrian line in Vittorio Veneto and caused the collapse of the centuries-old Habsburg Empire. Italy recovered the territory lost after the fighting at Caporetto in November the previous year and moved into Trento and South Tyrol. Fighting ended on 4 November 1918. Italian armed forces were also involved in the African theatre, the Balkan theatre, the Middle Eastern theatre and then took part in the Occupation of Constantinople. At the end of World War I, Italy was recognized with a permanent seat in the League of Nations' executive council along with Britain, France and Japan. Roy Pryce summarized the bitter experience: The government's hope was that the war would be the culmination of Italy's struggle for national independence. Her new allies promised her the \"natural frontiers\" which she had so long sought-the Trentino and Trieste-and something more. At the end of hostilities she did indeed extend her territory, but she came away from the peace conference dissatisfied with her reward for three and a half years' bitter warfare, having lost half a million of her noblest youth, with her economy impoverished and internal divisions more bitter than ever. That strife could not be resolved within the framework of the old parliamentary regime. The war that was to have been the climax of the Risorgimento produced the Fascist dictatorship. Something, somewhere, had gone wrong."@en . . . "Italia durante la Primera Guerra Mundial"@es . . "La partopreno de Italio al la Unua Mondmilito komenci\u011Dis la 24-an de majo, 1915, \u0109irka\u016D dek monatojn post la komenco de la konflikto, dum kiu la lando spertis gravajn politikajn \u015Dan\u011Dojn, kun la rompado de la Giolitti-aj ekvilibroj kaj la \u015Dan\u011Do de la politika kadro kiu tiam i\u011Dis ekspansiisma, ligita al naciisma fervoro de la tiel nomata \"Itala nacia relevi\u011Do\". Komence la Regno de Italio restis ne\u016Dtrala kaj samtempe iuj membroj de la registaro komencis diplomatiajn intertraktadojn kun amba\u016D fortoj sur la kampo, kiuj fini\u011Dis per la subskribo de sekreta pakto kun la potencoj de la Triopa Entento. Dum \u0109i tiu longa periodo de intertraktado la publika opinio ludis fundamentan decidan rolon, kaj la elekto eniri a\u016D ne eniri la militon estis kondi\u0109igita de la decidoj de la popularaj amasoj, dividitaj inter intervenistoj kaj ne\u016Dtralistoj. \u0108e la fino de la intertraktadoj la Regno de Italio eksi\u011Dis de la Triopa alianco kaj deklaris militon kontra\u016D A\u016Dstrio-Hungario la 23an de majo 1915, komencante la militoperacojn de la sekva tago; Italio poste deklaris militon al la Otomana Imperio la 21an de a\u016Dgusto 1915, al la Regno de Bulgario la 19an de oktobro 1915 kaj al la Germana Imperiestra Regno la 27an de a\u016Dgusto 1916. La eniro de Italio en la militon malfermis longan fronton en la Orientaj Alpoj, etendi\u011Dante de la limo kun Svislando okcidente \u011Dis la bordoj de la Adriatiko en la oriento: \u0109i tie, la fortoj de la itala Re\u011Da Armeo subtenis sian \u0109efan milit-enga\u011Di\u011Don kontra\u016D la unuoj de la Imperia Re\u011Da A\u016Dstro-Hungara Armeo, kun bataloj koncentritaj en la sektoro de la Dolomitoj, la altebena\u0135o de Asiago kaj \u0109efe en la Karsto la\u016D la bordoj de la rivero Isonzo. Samtempe kun la militaj operacoj, la milito anka\u016D havis profundan influon sur la industria disvolvi\u011Do de la lando kaj iniciatis grandajn \u015Dan\u011Dojn en la socia kaj politika sfero. La enlanda fronto ludis fundamentan rolon por subteni la militan penadon: granda parto de civila kaj industria vivo estis tute real\u011Dustigita al la ekonomiaj kaj sociaj bezonoj, kiujn la fronto trudis, kaj aperis la militigo de industrio, la subpremo de sindikataj rajtoj favore al milita produktado, porciumado de varoj por la lo\u011Dantaro, la eniro de virinoj en la mondon de la laboro kaj multaj aliaj sociaj, politikaj kaj kulturaj novigoj. La milito trudis popolan penon neniam anta\u016De viditan; grandegaj homamasoj estis mobilizitaj sur la enlanda fronto same kiel sur la batalfronto, kie soldatoj devis adapti\u011Di al la severa vivo de la tran\u0109eoj, materiala senigo kaj la konstanta mortminaco, kiuj devigis la bataladon alfronti grandegajn kolektivajn psikologiajn konsekvencojn, kaj individua, ekde batalne\u016Drozo \u011Dis reintegri\u011Do en la socion \u011Dis la naski\u011Do de veteranaj asocioj. Post longa serio de nekonkludeblaj bataloj, la venko de la a\u016Dstro-germanoj en la Batalo de Caporetto en oktobro-novembro 1917 ka\u016Dzis, ke la fronto retiri\u011Dis al la bordoj de la rivero Piave, kie firmi\u011Dis la itala rezistado; nur la decida kontra\u016Dofensivo de Vittorio Veneto kaj la fina malvenko de la a\u016Dstri-hungaraj trupoj sankciis la subskribon de la armistico de Villa Giusti la 3an de novembro 1918 kaj la fino de malamikecoj, kiuj kostis al la itala popolo \u0109irka\u016D 650 000 falintojn kaj unu milionon da vunditoj. La subskribo de la finaj packontraktoj kondukis al malakcepto de la kondi\u0109oj anta\u016De establitaj en la Londona Pakto kaj serio de disputoj pri starigo de la nordaj landlimoj de la lando, ka\u016Dzante gravan internan politikan krizon, kiu rezultis en la tiel nomata \"Impresa di Fiume\", al kiu aldoni\u011Dis la ekonomiaj kaj sociaj renversi\u011Doj de la ru\u011Da dujara periodo; tiuj faktoroj tiam starigis la fundamentojn por la posta apero de la fa\u015Disma re\u011Dimo."@eo . . "Italia nella prima guerra mondiale"@it . . . . . . . . . . "\u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u044F \u0432 \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456 \u2014 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0457 \u0432 \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456, \u044F\u043A \u0441\u043E\u044E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0410\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438. \u0414\u043E 1915 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u043C \u0437 \u041D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0447\u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E-\u0423\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0449\u0438\u043D\u043E\u044E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0443 \u0422\u0440\u043E\u0457\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0441\u043E\u044E\u0437\u0456. \u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0457 \u043E\u0431\u0456\u0446\u044F\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0438\u0437\u043A\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0439, \u0449\u043E \u0432\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0434\u043E \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0439 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E-\u0423\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0435: \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0422\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0456\u043D\u043E-\u0410\u043B\u044C\u0442\u043E-\u0410\u0434\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435, \u0422\u0440\u0456\u0454\u0441\u0442, \u041F\u0456\u0432\u0434\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0422\u0456\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C, \u0406\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0456\u044E \u0442\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043B\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044E. 23 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044F \u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u044F \u043E\u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0441\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0443 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E-\u0423\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0449\u0438\u043D\u0456. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438, \u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u00AB\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043E\u044E\u00BB \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0436\u0446\u0456\u0432, \u043E\u0441\u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0431\u0456\u0446\u044F\u043D\u043E\u043A \u0437 \u0431\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u0410\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0456, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0435 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0454\u044E \u0437 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043D \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u043E \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043C\u0443 \u041C\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043D\u0456."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La historia de Italia durante la Primera Guerra Mundial comenz\u00F3 con el pa\u00EDs neutral en la \u00ABGran Guerra\u00BB.\u200B Entr\u00F3 en ella en mayo de 1915,\u200B con el objetivo de completar la uni\u00F3n de los territorios de poblaci\u00F3n mayoritariamente italiana y de conseguir fronteras de m\u00E1s f\u00E1cil defensa.\u200B Hab\u00EDa negociado con los dos bandos, pero las conversaciones con los Imperios centrales fracasaron debido a lo exiguo de los territorios que estos le ofrecieron a Italia y por el desacuerdo sobre cu\u00E1ndo los obtendr\u00EDa.\u200B La inicial acometida italiana de 1915 contra las defensas austroh\u00FAngaras en el r\u00EDo Isonzo fracas\u00F3.\u200B En el frente austro-italiano, se libraron doce batallas en el frente del r\u00EDo Isonzo, que concluyeron con un fracaso de las ofensivas italianas en octubre de 1917.\u200B En mayo y junio de 1916, los austroh\u00FAngaros atacaron a los italianos en el Trentino, pero tambi\u00E9n sin conseguir avanzar.\u200B En octubre de 1917, el Ej\u00E9rcito italiano qued\u00F3 temporalmente desbaratado por las graves derrotas de Caporetto y del Isonzo.\u200B Para sostener al pa\u00EDs, los Aliados le enviaron un cuerpo expedicionario.\u200B El descalabro de Caporetto supuso un punto de inflexi\u00F3n para Italia: la guerra ofensiva que se hab\u00EDa sostenido de 1915 hasta entonces se transform\u00F3 en defensiva.\u200B En el conjunto de los Aliados, la derrota de Caporetto y la consecuente pasividad militar durante caso un a\u00F1o hizo del pa\u00EDs un miembro secundario, dominado por los m\u00E1s poderosos.\u200B En v\u00EDsperas del final de la guerra, en octubre de 1918, Italia emprendi\u00F3 una nueva ofensiva contra los austriacos, que ser\u00EDa una victoria definitiva: la batalla de Vittorio Veneto.\u200B Las derrotas militares llevaron a que, pese a contarse entre los vencedores de la guerra, el pa\u00EDs no obtuviese las metas esperadas de la Conferencia de Paz de Par\u00EDs.\u200B La contienda le cost\u00F3 a pa\u00EDs m\u00E1s de un mill\u00F3n cien mil bajas, entre muertos y heridos.\u200B"@es . . . "La historia de Italia durante la Primera Guerra Mundial comenz\u00F3 con el pa\u00EDs neutral en la \u00ABGran Guerra\u00BB.\u200B Entr\u00F3 en ella en mayo de 1915,\u200B con el objetivo de completar la uni\u00F3n de los territorios de poblaci\u00F3n mayoritariamente italiana y de conseguir fronteras de m\u00E1s f\u00E1cil defensa.\u200B Hab\u00EDa negociado con los dos bandos, pero las conversaciones con los Imperios centrales fracasaron debido a lo exiguo de los territorios que estos le ofrecieron a Italia y por el desacuerdo sobre cu\u00E1ndo los obtendr\u00EDa.\u200B La inicial acometida italiana de 1915 contra las defensas austroh\u00FAngaras en el r\u00EDo Isonzo fracas\u00F3.\u200B"@es . . "\u0625\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649"@ar . "Lorsque la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale \u00E9clate en 1914, l'Italie qui jusque-l\u00E0 \u00E9tait alli\u00E9e de la Triple-Alliance (Autriche-Hongrie, Allemagne, Italie) d\u00E9cide de rester neutre avant de s'engager aupr\u00E8s de la Triple-Entente (France, Russie, Royaume-Uni) qui lui consent de nombreuses concessions territoriales en cas de victoire. Les op\u00E9rations italiennes restent limit\u00E9es \u00E0 un front qui les oppose, la plus grande partie de la guerre, \u00E0 l'Autriche-Hongrie. De 1915 \u00E0 1917 l'arm\u00E9e italienne, mal \u00E9quip\u00E9e et mal command\u00E9e, arrive n\u00E9anmoins \u00E0 p\u00E9n\u00E9trer de quelques kilom\u00E8tres en territoire ennemi, les Autrichiens restent en g\u00E9n\u00E9ral sur la d\u00E9fensive. Cependant \u00E0 l'automne 1917 les Italiens subissent une cuisante d\u00E9faite \u00E0 Caporetto avant d'obtenir la victoire \u00E0 Vittorio Veneto en novembre 1918 qui am\u00E8ne l"@fr . . 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"La partopreno de Italio al la Unua Mondmilito komenci\u011Dis la 24-an de majo, 1915, \u0109irka\u016D dek monatojn post la komenco de la konflikto, dum kiu la lando spertis gravajn politikajn \u015Dan\u011Dojn, kun la rompado de la Giolitti-aj ekvilibroj kaj la \u015Dan\u011Do de la politika kadro kiu tiam i\u011Dis ekspansiisma, ligita al naciisma fervoro de la tiel nomata \"Itala nacia relevi\u011Do\". Komence la Regno de Italio restis ne\u016Dtrala kaj samtempe iuj membroj de la registaro komencis diplomatiajn intertraktadojn kun amba\u016D fortoj sur la kampo, kiuj fini\u011Dis per la subskribo de sekreta pakto kun la potencoj de la Triopa Entento."@eo . . . . . . . . . "Italie dans la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale"@fr . . . . . 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"Military history of Italy during World War I"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "24332"^^ . "Lorsque la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale \u00E9clate en 1914, l'Italie qui jusque-l\u00E0 \u00E9tait alli\u00E9e de la Triple-Alliance (Autriche-Hongrie, Allemagne, Italie) d\u00E9cide de rester neutre avant de s'engager aupr\u00E8s de la Triple-Entente (France, Russie, Royaume-Uni) qui lui consent de nombreuses concessions territoriales en cas de victoire. Les op\u00E9rations italiennes restent limit\u00E9es \u00E0 un front qui les oppose, la plus grande partie de la guerre, \u00E0 l'Autriche-Hongrie. De 1915 \u00E0 1917 l'arm\u00E9e italienne, mal \u00E9quip\u00E9e et mal command\u00E9e, arrive n\u00E9anmoins \u00E0 p\u00E9n\u00E9trer de quelques kilom\u00E8tres en territoire ennemi, les Autrichiens restent en g\u00E9n\u00E9ral sur la d\u00E9fensive. Cependant \u00E0 l'automne 1917 les Italiens subissent une cuisante d\u00E9faite \u00E0 Caporetto avant d'obtenir la victoire \u00E0 Vittorio Veneto en novembre 1918 qui am\u00E8ne l'Empire austro-hongrois \u00E0 demander l'armistice qui met fin au conflit."@fr . . . "La partecipazione dell'Italia alla prima guerra mondiale ebbe inizio il 24 maggio 1915, circa dieci mesi dopo l'avvio del conflitto, durante i quali il paese conobbe grandi mutamenti politici, con la rottura degli equilibri giolittiani e l'affermazione di un quadro politico rivolto a mire espansionistiche, legate al fervore patriottico e a ideali risorgimentali. Inizialmente il Regno d'Italia si mantenne neutrale e parallelamente alcuni esponenti del governo iniziarono trattative diplomatiche con entrambe le forze in campo, che si conclusero con la sigla di un patto segreto con le potenze della Triplice intesa. Durante questo lungo periodo di trattative l'opinione pubblica gioc\u00F2 un ruolo decisionale fondamentale e la scelta o meno di entrare in guerra fu condizionata dalle decisioni delle masse popolari, divise tra interventisti e neutralisti. A conclusione delle trattative, il Regno d'Italia abbandon\u00F2 lo schieramento della Triplice alleanza e dichiar\u00F2 guerra all'Austria-Ungheria il 23 maggio 1915, avviando le operazioni belliche a partire dal giorno seguente; l'Italia dichiar\u00F2 poi guerra all'Impero ottomano il 21 agosto 1915, al Regno di Bulgaria il 19 ottobre 1915 e all'Impero tedesco il 27 agosto 1916. L'entrata in guerra dell'Italia apr\u00EC un lungo fronte sulle Alpi Orientali, esteso dal confine con la Svizzera a ovest fino alle rive del mare Adriatico a est: qui, le forze del Regio Esercito sostennero il loro principale sforzo bellico contro le unit\u00E0 dell'Imperial regio Esercito austro-ungarico, con combattimenti concentrati nel settore delle Dolomiti, dell'Altopiano di Asiago e soprattutto nel Carso lungo le rive del fiume Isonzo. Contemporaneamente alle operazioni belliche, la guerra ebbe anche una profonda influenza sullo sviluppo industriale del paese, oltre ad avviare grandi cambiamenti in ambito sociale e politico. Il fronte interno gioc\u00F2 un ruolo fondamentale per il sostegno dello sforzo bellico: gran parte della vita civile e industriale fu completamente riadattata alle esigenze economiche e sociali che il fronte imponeva e comparvero la militarizzazione dell'industria, la soppressione dei diritti sindacali a favore della produzione di guerra, i razionamenti per la popolazione, l'entrata della donna nel mondo del lavoro e moltissime altre innovazioni sociali, politiche e culturali. La guerra impose uno sforzo popolare mai visto prima; enormi masse di uomini furono mobilitate sul fronte interno cos\u00EC come sul fronte di battaglia, dove i soldati dovettero adattarsi alla dura vita di trincea, alle privazioni materiali e alla costante minaccia della morte, che impose ai combattenti la necessit\u00E0 di dover affrontare enormi conseguenze psicologiche collettive ed individuali, che andavano dalla nevrosi da combattimento, al reinserimento nella societ\u00E0, fino alla nascita delle associazioni dei reduci. Dopo una lunga serie di inconcludenti battaglie, la vittoria degli austro-tedeschi nella battaglia di Caporetto dell'ottobre-novembre 1917 fece arretrare il fronte fino alle rive del fiume Piave, dove la resistenza italiana si consolid\u00F2; solo la decisiva controffensiva di Vittorio Veneto e la rotta delle forze austro-ungariche sanc\u00EC la stipula dell'armistizio di Villa Giusti il 3 novembre 1918 e la fine delle ostilit\u00E0, che costarono al popolo italiano circa 650.000 caduti e un milione di feriti. La firma dei trattati di pace finali port\u00F2 a un rigetto delle condizioni a suo tempo fissate nel Patto di Londra e a una serie di contese sulla fissazione dei confini orientali del paese, innescando una grave crisi politica interna sfociata nella cosiddetta \"Impresa di Fiume\", cui si sommarono i rivolgimenti economici e sociali del biennio rosso; questi fattori gettarono poi le basi per il successivo avvento del regime fascista."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "This article is about Italian military operations in World War I. Although a member of the Triple Alliance, Italy did not join the Central Powers \u2013 Germany and Austria-Hungary \u2013 when the war started with Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. In fact, the two Central Powers had taken the offensive while the Triple Alliance was supposed to be a defensive alliance. Moreover the Triple Alliance recognized that both Italy and Austria-Hungary were interested in the Balkans and required both to consult each other before changing the status quo and to provide compensation for whatever advantage in that area: Austria-Hungary did consult Germany but not Italy before issuing the ultimatum to Serbia, and refused any compensation before the end of the war."@en . . . . "\u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u044F \u0432 \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456"@uk . . . . 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