"278"^^ . "291"^^ . . "297"^^ . . . "278"^^ . . . "294"^^ . "275"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "62"^^ . "63"^^ . "193"^^ . "1970"^^ . "61"^^ . . "1971"^^ . . "240"^^ . . . "5"^^ . "57"^^ . . "54"^^ . "1980"^^ . . "201"^^ . . . "1978"^^ . "1979"^^ . "50"^^ . "250"^^ . . "2022-08-07"^^ . "15"^^ . "49"^^ . . "229"^^ . "211"^^ . . "Michail Gorbatjov"@sv . "47"^^ . . . "44"^^ . . . "42"^^ . "--11-24"^^ . "20"^^ . "43"^^ . "213"^^ . "224"^^ . "40"^^ . "236"^^ . . "38"^^ . "238"^^ . "37"^^ . "28"^^ . . "35"^^ . "233"^^ . "32"^^ . "222"^^ . "235"^^ . "Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 \u2013 30 August 2022) was a Soviet politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 and additionally as head of state beginning in 1988, as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990 and the only President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically, Gorbachev initially adhered to Marxism\u2013Leninism but moved towards social democracy by the early 1990s."@en . "33"^^ . "31"^^ . "30"^^ . "Mi\u0125ail Sergejevi\u0109 GORBA\u0108OV (ruse \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, [m\u02B2\u026Ax\u0250\u02C8il s\u02B2\u026Ar\u02C8\u0261\u02B2ej\u0259v\u02B2\u026At\u0255 \u0261\u0259rb\u0250\u02C8t\u0255of], foje erare nomata Gorba\u0109ev en la okcidentaj amas-komunikiloj; naski\u011Dis la 2-an de marto 1931 \u2014 mortis la 30-an de a\u016Dgusto 2022) estis rusa, kaj iama sovetia, politikisto kaj partia gvidanto. Li okupis diversajn partiajn postenojn dum 1966\u20131978 en la KPSU en la Stavropola regiono de Rusio. En la jaro 1978 Gorba\u0109ov fari\u011Dis unu el la gvidantoj de la KPSU; komence ties sekretario kaj de marto 1985 \u011Dis a\u016Dgusto de 1991 ties \u011Denerala sekretario. En 1989 li estis elektita prezidanto de la Prezidio de la Supera Soveto de USSR kaj en 1990 la unua kaj sola Prezidento de USSR, \u011Dis 1991, kiam pu\u0109antoj rabis lin kaj lian familion dum feriado en Krimeo. La kontra\u016Dpu\u0109a enpotencigo de Jelcin signifis la finon de la Unio. Gorba\u0109ov estas la iniciatinto de la perestrojko (la\u016Dvorte \u2013 transformado de la socio) kaj glasnost (\"vo\u0109ebleco\"), kies logika postsekvo estis la disfalo de la komunisma sistemo kaj de USSR. Do estas \u0109efe danke al li, ke rusianoj hodia\u016D rajtas havi pasportojn kaj voja\u011Di al eksterlando. Anka\u016D danke al li, la Malvarma milito fini\u011Dis komence de la 90-aj jaroj. En 1996 li partoprenis prezidentan baloton, sed ricevis nur 0,51% de la vo\u0109oj. La 16-an de februaro 2011, li forte kritikas la Kremlon, \u0109ar tiu malpermesis al li krei novan socialdemokratian partion en Rusio. Rimarkoj pri kiuj li anka\u016D raportas en la filmo dedi\u0109ita al li: Mi\u0125ail Gorba\u0109ov, Simplaj Konfidoj. Dum lastaj vivojaroj li plurfoje alvokis al restarigo de dialogo inter Rusio kaj okcidentaj landoj. Li plurfoje kritikis prezidanton Vladimir Putin pro lia a\u016Dtoritata regmaniero, sed samtempe agnoskis ke li estas la plej populara rusia politikisto kaj havas amasan popolan subtenon. En 2014 li bonvenigis revenon de Krimeo al Rusio, pro kio al li estis malpermesita eniro al Ukrainio. Ekde 2020 li konstante trovi\u011Dis en la Centra Klinika Hospitalo sub observado de kuracistoj, regule trapasis kaj aliajn medicinajn procedurojn. La 30-an de a\u016Dgusto 2022 li forpasis post longa malsano kaj la\u016De al sia deziro estos sepultita apud sia edzino en la Novodevi\u0109e-tombejo en Moskvo. Vladimir Putin esprimis profundajn kondolencojn pri lia forpaso. \u011Cenerala Sekretario de Unui\u011Dintaj Nacioj Ant\u00F3nio Guterres diris ke Mi\u0125ail Gorba\u0109ov faris pli ol iu ajn por fini la Malvarman militon. Eksa Usona Sekretario de \u015Ctato Henry Kissinger diris ke Gorba\u0109ov faris grandegan laboron, sed ne sukcesis efektivigi \u0109iujn siajn planojn. Usona prezidanto Joe Biden nomis lin homo, kiu ne timis riski sian karieron por krei alian estontecon kaj kontribuis al esti\u011Do de pli sekura mondo."@eo . "31"^^ . . "Bhattacharya"@en . "35"^^ . "36"^^ . "22"^^ . "1999"^^ . "23"^^ . "221"^^ . "20"^^ . "21"^^ . "223"^^ . "18"^^ . "236"^^ . "219"^^ . "19"^^ . "16"^^ . "Bhattacharya"@en . . "196"^^ . "14"^^ . "--08-21"^^ . . "15"^^ . . "10"^^ . "193"^^ . "195"^^ . "6"^^ . "7"^^ . . "4"^^ . "5"^^ . "63"^^ . "1"^^ . . "64"^^ . . "181"^^ . "124"^^ . "Chernenko"@en . . . . "123"^^ . "178"^^ . . "190"^^ . . . . "116"^^ . . . "115"^^ . . "80"^^ . . . "166"^^ . "108"^^ . "109"^^ . "107"^^ . "1985"^^ . "161"^^ . "105"^^ . "Vladimir Ivashko"@en . . "100"^^ . "Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 Maret 1931 \u2013 30 Agustus 2022) adalah seorang politikus Rusia dan Uni Soviet yang menjadi pemimpin Uni Soviet kedelapan dan terakhir. Ia menjabat sebagai Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Uni Soviet sejak tahun 1985 hingga 1991. Sebagai Kepala Negara Uni Soviet dari 1988 sampai 1991, ia memegang jabatan Ketua Presidium Majelis Agung Uni Soviet dari 1988 sampai 1989, Ketua Majelis Agung Uni Soviet dari 1989 sampai 1990, dan satu-satunya Presiden Uni Soviet dari 1990 hingga pengunduran dirinya pada tahun 1991. Gorbachev pada awalnya menganut ideologi Marxisme\u2013Leninisme sebelum berubah haluan ke demokrasi sosial pada awal 1990-an."@in . ""@en . "157"^^ . . . "97"^^ . "95"^^ . "150"^^ . "94"^^ . "149"^^ . . "92"^^ . . . . "145"^^ . "2001"^^ . "144"^^ . "145"^^ . "104"^^ . . "87"^^ . "106"^^ . "159"^^ . "157"^^ . "80"^^ . "78"^^ . . "74"^^ . "131"^^ . "181"^^ . "130"^^ . "182"^^ . "73"^^ . . . "71"^^ . "68"^^ . "142"^^ . "143"^^ . "138"^^ . "138"^^ . "126"^^ . "65"^^ . "139"^^ . "1990-03-15"^^ . "188"^^ . "119"^^ . . "1990-03-15"^^ . . "125"^^ . "138"^^ . "140"^^ . "121"^^ . "177"^^ . "100"^^ . "101"^^ . "172"^^ . "170"^^ . . . . "86"^^ . "96"^^ . "99"^^ . "169"^^ . "167"^^ . . "165"^^ . . . . . . "158"^^ . "161"^^ . . "159"^^ . "160"^^ . . "159"^^ . . "86"^^ . . . . "164"^^ . "Mija\u00EDl Sergu\u00E9yevich Gorbachov\u200B (en ruso: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, Mija\u00EDl Serg\u00E9evich Gorbachov; St\u00E1vropol, RSFS de Rusia, Uni\u00F3n Sovi\u00E9tica; 2 de marzo de 1931 - Mosc\u00FA, 30 de agosto de 2022)\u200B fue un abogado y pol\u00EDtico ruso.\u200B Se desempe\u00F1\u00F3 como secretario general del Comit\u00E9 Central del Partido Comunista de la Uni\u00F3n Sovi\u00E9tica desde 1985 hasta 1991 y jefe de Estado de la Uni\u00F3n Sovi\u00E9tica de 1988 a 1991. Recibi\u00F3 el Premio Nobel de la Paz en 1990. Fue el l\u00EDder de la Uni\u00F3n de Socialdem\u00F3cratas,\u200B un partido formado despu\u00E9s de la disoluci\u00F3n oficial del Partido Socialdem\u00F3crata de Rusia en 2007."@es . "81"^^ . "165"^^ . . . "81"^^ . . "92"^^ . "94"^^ . "151"^^ . . . "95"^^ . "93"^^ . "89"^^ . . "174"^^ . . . "68"^^ . "142"^^ . . . "Michail Gorbatsjov"@nl . "138"^^ . . "183"^^ . "119"^^ . . . "Mikha\u00EFl Sergue\u00EFevitch Gorbatchev ou Gorbatchov (en russe : \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, /m\u02B2\u026Ax\u0250\u02C8il s\u02B2\u026Ar\u02C8\u0261\u02B2ej\u026Av\u02B2\u026At\u0255 \u0261\u0259rb\u0250\u02C8t\u0255\u0275f/ ), n\u00E9 le 2 mars 1931 \u00E0 Privolno\u00EFe (dans l'actuel kra\u00EF de Stavropol) et mort le 30 ao\u00FBt 2022 \u00E0 Moscou, est un homme d'\u00C9tat sovi\u00E9tique puis russe. Mikha\u00EFl Gorbatchev fonde ensuite deux partis de centre gauche, qui ne rencontrent aucun succ\u00E8s. Il meurt \u00E0 91 ans, sans jamais avoir retrouv\u00E9 de mandat ou fonction de premier plan et en pleine invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie."@fr . "76"^^ . "78"^^ . . "77"^^ . "185"^^ . "78"^^ . "187"^^ . "133"^^ . . "124"^^ . "130"^^ . "74"^^ . "Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize"@en . "128"^^ . "129"^^ . "191"^^ . "75"^^ . "73"^^ . . "192"^^ . . "255"^^ . "193"^^ . "53"^^ . "252"^^ . . "194"^^ . "253"^^ . "48"^^ . "51"^^ . . "249"^^ . "7"^^ . "199"^^ . . "246"^^ . "62"^^ . "244"^^ . . "56"^^ . "206"^^ . . "58"^^ . "57"^^ . "15"^^ . . "59"^^ . "38"^^ . "36"^^ . . "239"^^ . "209"^^ . "237"^^ . "19"^^ . "32"^^ . "235"^^ . "34"^^ . . "23"^^ . "35"^^ . "233"^^ . "230"^^ . "24"^^ . "44"^^ . "46"^^ . "45"^^ . "25"^^ . "231"^^ . "46"^^ . "Taubman"@en . "218"^^ . . "28"^^ . "40"^^ . . "29"^^ . . "43"^^ . "31"^^ . . "20"^^ . "32"^^ . "220"^^ . "23"^^ . . "221"^^ . . "17"^^ . "18"^^ . "19"^^ . "217"^^ . "214"^^ . . "215"^^ . "41"^^ . "30"^^ . "40"^^ . "212"^^ . "234"^^ . "31"^^ . "43"^^ . "213"^^ . "24"^^ . "44"^^ . "210"^^ . . . "45"^^ . "237"^^ . "Taubman"@en . "46"^^ . "208"^^ . "26"^^ . . "7"^^ . "205"^^ . "52"^^ . "1"^^ . "Iar-cheannaire an Aontais Sh\u00F3iv\u00E9adaigh ab ea M\u00EDchail Gorbaitseov n\u00F3 Mikhail Gorbachev (R\u00FAisis: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432), a bh\u00ED i gceannas ar an APSS idir 1985 agus 1991 (2 M\u00E1rta 1931 i b, an R\u00FAis - 30 L\u00FAnasa 2022 i Mosc\u00F3)."@ga . . . . "248"^^ . "13"^^ . "12"^^ . "15"^^ . . "8"^^ . "60"^^ . "10"^^ . "254"^^ . "11"^^ . . "Galeotti"@en . . . . "Michail Sergejewitsch Gorbatschow (russisch \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432 , wiss. Transliteration Michail Sergeevi\u010D Gorba\u010D\u0451v; * 2. M\u00E4rz 1931 in Priwolnoje; \u2020 30. August 2022 in Moskau) war ein sowjetischer Politiker. Er war von M\u00E4rz 1985 bis August 1991 Generalsekret\u00E4r des Zentralkomitees der Kommunistischen Partei der Sowjetunion (KPdSU) und von M\u00E4rz 1990 bis Dezember 1991 letzter Staatspr\u00E4sident der Sowjetunion. Neue Akzente in der sowjetischen Politik setzte er mit Glasnost (\u201AOffenheit\u2018), einem Bekenntnis zur Meinungsfreiheit, und Perestroika (\u201AUmbau\u2018), insbesondere mit der Abschaffung der Planwirtschaft. In Abr\u00FCstungsverhandlungen mit den USA leitete er das Ende des Kalten Krieges ein. Er erhielt 1990 den Friedensnobelpreis."@de . "1997"^^ . . "1998"^^ . . . . . "Valentin Pavlov"@en . . . . "2003"^^ . "\u2013 Gorbachev, 2017"@en . "2017"^^ . "2013"^^ . "323326"^^ . . "Recipient of the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award"@en . . . . . "2017"^^ . "2013"^^ . . . . . . . . . "1993"^^ . . "Steele"@en . . "1996"^^ . "1997"^^ . "1998"^^ . . . "--03-11"^^ . . "1990"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "right"@en . . . "Bunce"@en . . . . . . . . "134135"^^ . . "Michail Sergejevi\u010D Gorba\u010Dov (n\u011Bkdy nespr\u00E1vn\u011B Gorba\u010Dev), rusky , (2. b\u0159ezna 1931 , Stavropolsk\u00FD kraj \u2013 30. srpna 2022 Moskva, Rusko) byl rusk\u00FD a sov\u011Btsk\u00FD komunistick\u00FD politik, kter\u00FD byl v letech 1985\u20131991 a tedy v\u016Fdcem Sov\u011Btsk\u00E9ho svazu. Byl propag\u00E1torem politiky p\u0159estavby (perestrojky) a glasnosti, tedy zm\u011Bn a otev\u0159enosti, kter\u00E9 m\u011Bly v\u00E9st k lep\u0161\u00EDmu fungov\u00E1n\u00ED sov\u011Btsk\u00E9ho syst\u00E9mu, jeho ur\u010Dit\u00E9 demokratizaci a ukon\u010Den\u00ED studen\u00E9 v\u00E1lky. Tyto zm\u011Bny nakonec vedly ke konci vl\u00E1dy Komunistick\u00E9 strany Sov\u011Btsk\u00E9ho svazu (KSSS) a k rozpadu Sov\u011Btsk\u00E9ho svazu a v\u00FDchodn\u00EDho bloku. Dne 15. \u0159\u00EDjna 1990 obdr\u017Eel Nobelovu cenu za m\u00EDr a v roce 1992 mu bylo ud\u011Bleno ocen\u011Bn\u00ED Ronald Reagan Freedom Award."@cs . . . . . . . . . "1931-03-02"^^ . . "Mikha\u00EFl Gorbatchev"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Galeotti"@en . . . . "1990"^^ . "1986"^^ . . "118121"^^ . . . . "1997"^^ . "Galeotti"@en . "1998"^^ . . "1992"^^ . . "1993"^^ . . . . "84143"^^ . . . . . . "Michail Sergeevi\u010D Gorba\u010D\u00EBv, spesso traslitterato anche come Mikhail Gorbachev o Gorbaciov (in russo: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432? , [m\u02B2ixa\u02C8il\u02E0 s\u02B2i\u1D4Ar\u02C8g\u02B2ej\u026Av\u02B2i\u02A8 g\u0259rb\u028C\u02C8\u02A8of]; Privol'noe, 2 marzo 1931 \u2013 Mosca, 30 agosto 2022), \u00E8 stato un politico sovietico, dal 1991 russo. Penultimo segretario generale del Partito Comunista dell'Unione Sovietica dal 1985 al 1991, fu propugnatore dei processi di riforma legati alla perestrojka e alla glasnost', e protagonista nella catena di eventi che portarono alla dissoluzione dell'URSS e alla riunificazione della Germania. Artefice, con la sua politica, della fine della guerra fredda, fu insignito nel 1989 della Medaglia Otto Hahn per la Pace e, nel 1990, del Nobel per la pace."@it . . . . . . . "Branson"@en . . "\u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0301\u0439\u043B\u043E \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0456\u0301\u0439\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u043E\u0301\u0432 (\u0440\u043E\u0441. \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432; 2 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043D\u044F 1931, , \u041C\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043E\u043D, \u041F\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0432\u043A\u0430\u0437\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0439, \u0421\u0420\u0421\u0420 \u2014 30 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u043F\u043D\u044F 2022, \u041C\u043E\u0441\u043A\u0432\u0430, \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0456\u044F) \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044F\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439, \u0433\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0434\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0456\u044F\u0447, \u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u0426\u041A \u041A\u041F\u0420\u0421 (1985\u201391); \u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u041F\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0421\u0420\u0421\u0420(1988\u20141989); \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0421\u0420\u0421\u0420 (1989\u20141990). \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430 \u0454\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u041F\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0421\u0420\u0421\u0420 (1990\u20141991). \u041C\u0430\u0432 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u044F\u0434 \u043D\u0430\u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434 \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u044C. \u041D\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043E\u043C\u0456\u0448\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043D\u0438\u0445 \u2014 \u041D\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0456\u044F \u043C\u0438\u0440\u0443 (1990)."@uk . . . . "\u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432 (2 \u043C\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1931, \u041F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435, \u041C\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043E\u043D, \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E-\u041A\u0430\u0432\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0439, \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u2014 30 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 2022, \u041C\u043E\u0441\u043A\u0432\u0430, \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044F) \u2014 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439, \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439, \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C. \u041F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044C \u0426\u041A \u041A\u041F\u0421\u0421 (1985\u20141991). \u041F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u041F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C \u041F\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043C\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0421\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 (1988\u20141989), \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043C \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0421\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 (1989\u20141990). \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 (1990\u20141991). \u041E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432-\u0424\u043E\u043D\u0434\u0430. \u0421 1993 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u043E \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043C \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u00AB\u041D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u044F \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430\u00BB \u0438 \u0447\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043B 10 % \u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u041A\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445 \u043E\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u041B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0430 (1971, 1973, 1981), \u043E\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0421\u0432\u044F\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0410\u043D\u0434\u0440\u0435\u044F \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E (2011) \u0438 \u041D\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430 (1990). \u0412 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u044B \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F \u041A\u041F\u0421\u0421 \u0432 \u0421\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0421\u043E\u044E\u0437\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u043E\u0448\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044C\u0451\u0437\u043D\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043F\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0438\u044F\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044C \u043C\u0438\u0440 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u044B\u0442\u0438\u0439: \u043C\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043F\u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u043A\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u044B (\u00AB\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0439\u043A\u0430\u00BB); \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u00AB\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043C\u044B\u0448\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u00BB, \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0434\u044B \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044B\u0431\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0432; \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0432 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u044B\u043D\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438 \u0445\u043E\u0437\u044F\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F; \u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0447\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0425\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B; \u0432\u044B\u0432\u043E\u0434 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u0441\u043A \u0438\u0437 \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0430 (1989); \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0430\u0434 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0431\u043B\u043E\u043A\u0430."@ru . . . . . . "Mikha\u00EFl Sergu\u00E9ievitx Gorbatxov rus: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432 AFI / m\u02B2\u026Ax\u0250\u02C8il s\u02B2\u026Ar\u02C8\u0261\u02B2ej\u026Av\u02B2\u026At\u0255 \u0261\u0259rb\u0250\u02C8t\u0255\u0275f / ( ? i en rus) va ser un pol\u00EDtic rus destacat com a vuit\u00E8 i darrer l\u00EDder de la Uni\u00F3 Sovi\u00E8tica, va exercir com a secretari general del Partit Comunista de la Uni\u00F3 Sovi\u00E8tica (PCUS) entre 1985 i 1991, president del Soviet Suprem del 1988 al 1989 i president de la Uni\u00F3 Sovi\u00E8tica entre 1990 i 1991. Ideol\u00F2gicament, Gorbatxov va adherir-se inicialment al marxisme-leninisme, tot i que a principis de la d\u00E8cada de 1990 havia avan\u00E7at cap a la socialdemocr\u00E0cia. Les seves pol\u00EDtiques reformistes condu\u00EFren a la fi de la guerra freda i per aix\u00F2, el 1990 va ser guardonat amb el Premi Nobel de la Pau. D'origen mixt rus i ucra\u00EFn\u00E8s, Gorbatxov va n\u00E9ixer a Priv\u00F3lnoie (Stavropol Krai) en el si d'una fam\u00EDlia camperola pobra. Sota el govern de Joseph Stalin, en la seva joventut va treballar en una granja col\u00B7lectiva abans de formar part del Partit Comunista, que llavors governava la Uni\u00F3 Sovi\u00E8tica com un estat de partit \u00FAnic, segons la doctrina marxista-leninista. Mentre estudiava a la Universitat Estatal de Moscou, es va casar amb la seva companya d'estudis Raisa Titarenko el 1953 abans de llicenciar-se en dret el 1955. Es va traslladar a St\u00E0vropol, on va treballar per a l'organitzaci\u00F3 juvenil del Komsomol i, despr\u00E9s de la mort de Stalin, es va convertir en un gran defensor de la desestalinitzaci\u00F3 del l\u00EDder sovi\u00E8tic Nikita Khrusxov. Va ser nomenat primer secretari del partit del Comit\u00E8 regional de Stavropol el 1970, c\u00E0rrec en el qual va supervisar la construcci\u00F3 del Gran Canal de Stavropol. El 1978 va tornar a Moscou per convertir-se en secretari del Comit\u00E8 Central del partit i el 1979 es va unir al Politbur\u00F3 de govern. Al cap de tres anys de la mort del l\u00EDder sovi\u00E8tic Leonid Br\u00E9jnev, despr\u00E9s dels breus r\u00E8gims de Iuri Andr\u00F3pov i Konstant\u00EDn Txernenko, el Politbur\u00F3 va escollir Gorbatxov el 1985 com a secretari general, el cap de govern de facto. Tot i que es va comprometre a preservar l'estat sovi\u00E8tic i els seus ideals socialistes, Gorbatxov va creure que calia una reforma important, sobretot despr\u00E9s de l'Accident de Txern\u00F2bil de 1986. Va promoure els entre Pakistan i Afganistan i es va retirar de la guerra afganosovi\u00E8tica, i va iniciar cimeres amb el president dels Estats Units, Ronald Reagan, per limitar les armes nuclears i posar fi a la guerra freda. A nivell nacional, la seva pol\u00EDtica de gl\u00E0snost (\"obertura\") permetia una major llibertat d'expressi\u00F3 i de premsa, mentre que la seva perestroika (\"reestructuraci\u00F3\") intentava descentralitzar la presa de decisions econ\u00F2miques per millorar l'efici\u00E8ncia. Les seves mesures de democratitzaci\u00F3 van soscavar l'estat de partit \u00FAnic. Gorbatxov es va negar a intervenir militarment quan diversos pa\u00EFsos del Bloc de l'Est van abandonar el govern marxista-leninista el 1989-90. Internament, el creixent sentiment nacionalista va amena\u00E7ar amb trencar la Uni\u00F3 Sovi\u00E8tica, cosa que va fer que els l\u00EDders marxistes-leninistes iniciessin el fallit cop d'estat d'agost contra Gorbatxov el 1991. Arran d'aquest fet, la Uni\u00F3 Sovi\u00E8tica es va dissoldre contra els desitjos de Gorbatxov, i va dimitir. Despr\u00E9s de deixar el c\u00E0rrec, va fundar la Fundaci\u00F3 Gorbatxov, es va convertir en una veu cr\u00EDtica contra els presidents russos Bor\u00EDs Ieltsin i Vlad\u00EDmir Putin, i va fer campanya pel moviment socialdem\u00F2crata de R\u00FAssia. Considerat \u00E0mpliament com una de les figures m\u00E9s significatives de la segona meitat del segle xx, Gorbatxov continua sent objecte de controv\u00E8rsia. Va rebre nombrosos premis, incl\u00F2s el Premi Nobel de la Pau. Va ser \u00E0mpliament elogiat pel seu paper fonamental a l'hora de posar fi a la Guerra Freda, reduir els abusos dels drets humans a la Uni\u00F3 Sovi\u00E8tica i tolerar la caiguda de les administracions marxistes-leninistes a l'Europa de l'Est i la reunificaci\u00F3 alemanya. Per contra, sovint \u00E9s criticat a R\u00FAssia per no aturar el col\u00B7lapse sovi\u00E8tic, un esdeveniment que va provocar un declivi en la influ\u00E8ncia mundial de R\u00FAssia i va precipitar una crisi econ\u00F2mica."@ca . . . . "Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 Maret 1931 \u2013 30 Agustus 2022) adalah seorang politikus Rusia dan Uni Soviet yang menjadi pemimpin Uni Soviet kedelapan dan terakhir. Ia menjabat sebagai Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Uni Soviet sejak tahun 1985 hingga 1991. Sebagai Kepala Negara Uni Soviet dari 1988 sampai 1991, ia memegang jabatan Ketua Presidium Majelis Agung Uni Soviet dari 1988 sampai 1989, Ketua Majelis Agung Uni Soviet dari 1989 sampai 1990, dan satu-satunya Presiden Uni Soviet dari 1990 hingga pengunduran dirinya pada tahun 1991. Gorbachev pada awalnya menganut ideologi Marxisme\u2013Leninisme sebelum berubah haluan ke demokrasi sosial pada awal 1990-an. Gorbachev terlahir pada sebuah keluarga petani miskin berlatar belakang Rusia dan Ukraina di Privolnoye, RSFS Rusia. Tumbuh pada masa kepemimpinan Josef Stalin, Gorbachev mengoperasikan pemanen kombinasi di lahan pertanian kolektif pada masa mudanya sebelum bergabung dengan Partai Komunis, yang saat itu memerintah Uni Soviet. Ketika menempuh studi di Universitas Negeri Moskwa, Gorbachev menikah dengan rekan mahasiswinya, Raisa Titarenko, pada tahun 1953 sebelum menerima gelar sarjana hukumnya pada tahun 1955. Berpindah ke Stavropol, Gorbachev bekerja di organisasi pemuda Komsomol dan, setelah kematian Stalin, menjadi pendukung keras reformasi de-Stalinisasi oleh Pemimpin Soviet Nikita Khrushchev. Pada tahun 1970, ia ditunjuk menjadi Sekretaris Pertama Partai di Komite Regional Stavropol. Pada saat menjabat jabatan tersebut, Gorbachev mengawasi pembangunan Kanal Besar Stavropol. Gorbachev kembali ke Moskwa untuk menjadi Sekretaris Komite Pusat Partai pada tahun 1978 dan bergabung dengan Politbiro pada tahun 1979. Tiga tahun setelah kematian Leonid Brezhnev, yang diikuti dengan masa jabatan singkat Yuri Andropov dan Konstantin Chernenko, Politbiro pada tahun 1985 memilih Gorbachev menjadi Sekretaris Jenderal Partai, pemimpin de facto Uni Soviet. Meskipun Gorbachev berkomitmen untuk mempertahankan keberlangsungan negara Soviet dan cita-cita Marxis-Leninisnya, Gorbachev yakin bahwa reformasi yang signifikan diperlukan, terutama setelah Bencana Chernobyl 1986. Ia menarik pasukan dari Perang Soviet\u2013Afganistan dan mulai melakukan pertemuan tingkat tinggi dengan Presiden Amerika Serikat Ronald Reagan untuk membahas pembatasan senjata nuklir dan menyelesaikan Perang Dingin. Ia memulai kebijakan glasnost ('keterbukaan') untuk peningkatan kebebasan berbicara dan kebebasan pers serta kebijakan perestroika ('restrukturisasi') untuk mendesentralisasikan pembuatan keputusan ekonomi demi meningkatkan efisiensi. Langkah-langkah demokratisasinya dan pembentukan Kongres Perwakilan Rakyat terpilih membuat Uni Soviet bukan lagi sebuah negara bersistem satu partai. Gorbachev juga menolak mengintervensi secara militer negara-negara Blok Timur yang meninggalkan pemerintahan komunisnya pada tahun 1989\u20131990. Di dalam negeri, sentimen nasionalis berkembang dan mengancam pembubaran Uni Soviet yang menyebabkan kaum Marxis\u2013Leninis garis keras melancarkan Kudeta Agustus yang gagal kepada Gorbachev pada tahun 1991. Setelah itu, Uni Soviet dibubarkan\u2014bertentangan dengan keinginan Gorbachev\u2014dan ia mengundurkan diri dari jabatannya. Setelah meninggalkan jabatannya, Gorbachev mendirikan Yayasan Gorbachev, menjadi kritik vokal bagi Presiden Rusia Boris Yeltsin dan Vladimir Putin, serta menyerukan gerakan demokratis sosial di Rusia. Gorbachev dianggap secara luas sebagai salah satu tokoh paling penting pada paruh kedua abad ke-20. Seorang penerima berbagai penghargaan, termasuk Penghargaan Nobel Perdamaian, Gorbachev dipuji secara luas atas peran pentingnya dalam mengakhiri Perang Dingin, memperkenalkan kebebasan politik baru di Uni Soviet, serta menoleransi kejatuhan administrasi Marxis\u2013Leninis di Eropa Timur, Eropa Tengah, dan reunifikasi Jerman. Sebaliknya, ia sering dicemooh di Rusia akibat mempermudah jalannya kejatuhan Uni Soviet, peristiwa yang menyebabkan berkurangnya pengaruh Rusia di mata internasional dan memicu terjadinya krisis ekonomi Rusia."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Michail Sergeevi\u010D Gorba\u010D\u00EBv, spesso traslitterato anche come Mikhail Gorbachev o Gorbaciov (in russo: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432? , [m\u02B2ixa\u02C8il\u02E0 s\u02B2i\u1D4Ar\u02C8g\u02B2ej\u026Av\u02B2i\u02A8 g\u0259rb\u028C\u02C8\u02A8of]; Privol'noe, 2 marzo 1931 \u2013 Mosca, 30 agosto 2022), \u00E8 stato un politico sovietico, dal 1991 russo."@it . . . . . . . . "411413"^^ . . "\u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447"@ru . . . . . . . . . "Branson"@en . . "right"@en . "215630"^^ . . . . "20979"^^ . . . . . . . "\u2014 Gorbachev biographer William Taubman, 2017"@en . . . . . . . . "person/mikhail-s-gorbachev"@en . . . "4552"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Mi\u0125ail Gorba\u0109ov"@eo . . . "no"@en . . "7102"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uBBF8\uD558\uC77C \uC138\uB974\uAC8C\uC608\uBE44\uCE58 \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD08\uD504(\uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC5B4: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, US: /-t\u0283\u0254\u02D0f, -t\u0283\u025Bf/; , \uBB38\uD654\uC5B4: \uBBF8\uD558\uC77C \uC384\uB974\uAC8C\uC608\uBE44\uCE58 \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD78\uBE0C, \uC601\uC5B4: Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, 1931\uB144 3\uC6D4 2\uC77C~2022\uB144 8\uC6D4 30\uC77C)\uB294 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC778\uC774\uC790 \uC18C\uBE44\uC5D0\uD2B8 \uC5F0\uBC29\uC758 \uC815\uCE58\uC778\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uC18C\uB828 8, 9\uB300\uC640 \uB9C8\uC9C0\uB9C9 11\uB300 \uC18C\uB828 \uC9C0\uB3C4\uC790\uC600\uC73C\uBA70, 1985\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1991\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC18C\uB828 \uACF5\uC0B0\uB2F9 \uC11C\uAE30\uC7A5, 1988\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1991\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC18C\uB828 \uCD5C\uACE0 \uC18C\uBE44\uC5D0\uD2B8 \uC0C1\uC784\uC704\uC6D0\uD68C\uC758 \uC758\uC7A5\uC744, 1989\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1990\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uCD5C\uACE0 \uC18C\uBE44\uC5D0\uD2B8\uC758 \uC758\uC7A5\uC744 \uC9C0\uB0C8\uB2E4. \uAD8C\uB825\uC744 \uBC15\uD0C8\uB2F9\uD55C \uADF8\uB294 1990\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1991\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC0C8\uB85C\uC6B4 \uC9C1\uC704\uC778 \uC18C\uB828 \uB300\uD1B5\uB839\uC744 \uB9CC\uB4E4\uC5B4 \uBA85\uBAA9\uC0C1\uC73C\uB85C \uC9D1\uAD8C\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD08\uD504\uB294 \uC790\uC2E0\uC758 \uC9D1\uAD8C\uAE30 \uCD08\uAE30\uC5D0 \uB9C8\uB974\uD06C\uC2A4-\uB808\uB2CC\uC8FC\uC758\uB97C \uACE0\uC218\uD588\uC73C\uB098, 1990\uB144\uB300 \uCD08\uBD80\uD130 \uC0AC\uD68C\uBBFC\uC8FC\uC8FC\uC758\uC801\uC778 \uC815\uCC45\uC744 \uD3BC\uCCE4\uB2E4. 2022\uB144 8\uC6D4 30\uC77C \uD5A5\uB144 91\uC138\uC758 \uB098\uC774\uB85C \uC0AC\uB9DD\uD558\uC600\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . "Miller"@en . . . . . . "Miller"@en . . "Mikha\u00EFl Sergu\u00E9ievitx Gorbatxov rus: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432 AFI / m\u02B2\u026Ax\u0250\u02C8il s\u02B2\u026Ar\u02C8\u0261\u02B2ej\u026Av\u02B2\u026At\u0255 \u0261\u0259rb\u0250\u02C8t\u0255\u0275f / ( ? i en rus) va ser un pol\u00EDtic rus destacat com a vuit\u00E8 i darrer l\u00EDder de la Uni\u00F3 Sovi\u00E8tica, va exercir com a secretari general del Partit Comunista de la Uni\u00F3 Sovi\u00E8tica (PCUS) entre 1985 i 1991, president del Soviet Suprem del 1988 al 1989 i president de la Uni\u00F3 Sovi\u00E8tica entre 1990 i 1991."@ca . "Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 \u2013 30 August 2022) was a Soviet politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 and additionally as head of state beginning in 1988, as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990 and the only President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically, Gorbachev initially adhered to Marxism\u2013Leninism but moved towards social democracy by the early 1990s. Gorbachev was born in Privolnoye, Russian SFSR, to a poor peasant family of Russian and Ukrainian heritage. Growing up under the rule of Joseph Stalin, in his youth he operated combine harvesters on a collective farm before joining the Communist Party, which then governed the Soviet Union as a one-party state. Studying at Moscow State University, he married fellow student Raisa Titarenko in 1953 and received his law degree in 1955. Moving to Stavropol, he worked for the Komsomol youth organization and, after Stalin's death, became a keen proponent of the de-Stalinization reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. He was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee in 1970, overseeing construction of the Great Stavropol Canal. In 1978, he returned to Moscow to become a Secretary of the party's Central Committee, and in 1979 joined its governing Politburo. Three years after the death of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev\u2014following the brief tenures of Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko\u2014in 1985 the Politburo elected Gorbachev as general secretary, the de facto leader. Although committed to preserving the Soviet state and its Marxist-Leninist ideals, Gorbachev believed significant reform to be necessary for survival. He withdrew troops from the Soviet\u2013Afghan War and embarked on summits with United States president Ronald Reagan to limit nuclear weapons and end the Cold War. Domestically, his policy of glasnost (\"openness\") allowed for enhanced freedom of speech and press, while his perestroika (\"restructuring\") sought to decentralize economic decision-making to improve its efficiency. His democratization measures and formation of the elected Congress of People's Deputies undermined the one-party state. Gorbachev declined to intervene militarily when various Eastern Bloc countries abandoned Marxist\u2013Leninist governance in 1989\u20131992. Internally, growing nationalist sentiment threatened to break up the Soviet Union, leading Marxist\u2013Leninist hardliners to launch the unsuccessful August Coup against Gorbachev in 1991. In the coup's wake, the Soviet Union dissolved against Gorbachev's wishes. After resigning the presidency, he launched the Gorbachev Foundation, became a vocal critic of Russian presidents Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin, and campaigned for Russia's social-democratic movement. Gorbachev is considered to be one of the most significant figures of the second half of the 20th century. The recipient of a wide range of awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize, he is praised for his role in ending the Cold War, introducing new political and economic freedoms in the Soviet Union, and tolerating both the fall of Marxist\u2013Leninist administrations in eastern and central Europe and the reunification of Germany. In Russia he is often derided for facilitating the dissolution of the Soviet Union\u2014an event which weakened Russia's global influence and precipitated an economic collapse in Russia and associated states."@en . . . "McCauley"@en . . . "2021-04-15"^^ . "Michai\u0142 Gorbaczow"@pl . . . . . . . "\uBBF8\uD558\uC77C \uC138\uB974\uAC8C\uC608\uBE44\uCE58 \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD08\uD504(\uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC5B4: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, US: /-t\u0283\u0254\u02D0f, -t\u0283\u025Bf/; , \uBB38\uD654\uC5B4: \uBBF8\uD558\uC77C \uC384\uB974\uAC8C\uC608\uBE44\uCE58 \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD78\uBE0C, \uC601\uC5B4: Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, 1931\uB144 3\uC6D4 2\uC77C~2022\uB144 8\uC6D4 30\uC77C)\uB294 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC778\uC774\uC790 \uC18C\uBE44\uC5D0\uD2B8 \uC5F0\uBC29\uC758 \uC815\uCE58\uC778\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uC18C\uB828 8, 9\uB300\uC640 \uB9C8\uC9C0\uB9C9 11\uB300 \uC18C\uB828 \uC9C0\uB3C4\uC790\uC600\uC73C\uBA70, 1985\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1991\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC18C\uB828 \uACF5\uC0B0\uB2F9 \uC11C\uAE30\uC7A5, 1988\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1991\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC18C\uB828 \uCD5C\uACE0 \uC18C\uBE44\uC5D0\uD2B8 \uC0C1\uC784\uC704\uC6D0\uD68C\uC758 \uC758\uC7A5\uC744, 1989\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1990\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uCD5C\uACE0 \uC18C\uBE44\uC5D0\uD2B8\uC758 \uC758\uC7A5\uC744 \uC9C0\uB0C8\uB2E4. \uAD8C\uB825\uC744 \uBC15\uD0C8\uB2F9\uD55C \uADF8\uB294 1990\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1991\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC0C8\uB85C\uC6B4 \uC9C1\uC704\uC778 \uC18C\uB828 \uB300\uD1B5\uB839\uC744 \uB9CC\uB4E4\uC5B4 \uBA85\uBAA9\uC0C1\uC73C\uB85C \uC9D1\uAD8C\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD08\uD504\uB294 \uC790\uC2E0\uC758 \uC9D1\uAD8C\uAE30 \uCD08\uAE30\uC5D0 \uB9C8\uB974\uD06C\uC2A4-\uB808\uB2CC\uC8FC\uC758\uB97C \uACE0\uC218\uD588\uC73C\uB098, 1990\uB144\uB300 \uCD08\uBD80\uD130 \uC0AC\uD68C\uBBFC\uC8FC\uC8FC\uC758\uC801\uC778 \uC815\uCC45\uC744 \uD3BC\uCCE4\uB2E4. \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD08\uD504\uB294 1931\uB144 3\uC6D4 2\uC77C \uC2A4\uD0C0\uBE0C\uB85C\uD3F4 \uC758 \uAC00\uB09C\uD55C \uC6B0\uD06C\uB77C\uC774\uB098\uACC4 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544 \uAC00\uC815\uC5D0\uC11C \uD0DC\uC5B4\uB0AC\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uC774\uC624\uC2DC\uD504 \uC2A4\uD0C8\uB9B0\uC758 \uC9D1\uAD8C\uAE30 \uB3D9\uC548 \uC131\uC7A5\uD558\uC600\uACE0, \uC18C\uB828 \uACF5\uC0B0\uB2F9\uC5D0 \uAC00\uC785\uD558\uAE30 \uC804 \uC9D1\uB2E8 \uB18D\uC7A5\uC5D0\uC11C \uCF64\uBC14\uC778\uC744 \uB2E4\uB8E8\uB294 \uC77C\uC744 \uD558\uC600\uC73C\uBA70, \uADF8\uAC00 \uACF5\uC0B0\uB2F9\uC5D0 \uAC00\uC785\uD560 \uB2F9\uC2DC \uACF5\uC0B0\uB2F9 \uB0B4\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uB9C8\uB974\uD06C\uC2A4-\uB808\uB2CC\uC8FC\uC758 \uAD50\uB9AC\uC758 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC778 \uD574\uC11D\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uC77C\uB2F9\uC81C\uB85C \uAD6D\uAC00\uB97C \uD1B5\uCE58\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD08\uD504\uAC00 \uBAA8\uC2A4\uD06C\uBC14 \uAD6D\uB9BD \uB300\uD559\uAD50\uC5D0\uC11C \uACF5\uBD80\uD558\uB294 \uB3D9\uC548 1953\uB144 \uB3D9\uB8CC \uD559\uC0DD\uC774\uC5C8\uB358 \uC640 \uACB0\uD63C\uD588\uACE0, 1955\uB144\uC5D0\uB294 \uBC95\uD559 \uD559\uC704\uB97C \uBC1B\uC558\uB2E4. \uADF8\uAC00 \uCF64\uC18C\uBAB0\uC5D0\uC11C \uC77C\uD558\uB2E4\uAC00 \uC2A4\uD0C0\uBE0C\uB85C\uD3F4\uC5D0\uC11C \uC77C\uD560 \uB54C, \uC2A4\uD0C8\uB9B0\uC774 \uC0AC\uB9DD\uD55C \uD6C4, \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD08\uD504\uB294 \uB2C8\uD0A4\uD0C0 \uD750\uB8E8\uC1FC\uD504\uC758 \uD0C8\uC2A4\uD0C8\uB9B0\uD654 \uC815\uCC45\uC5D0 \uC5F4\uB82C\uD55C \uC9C0\uC9C0\uC790\uAC00 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 1970\uB144 \uC2A4\uD0C0\uBE0C\uB85C\uD3F4 \uC81C1\uC11C\uAE30\uAC00 \uB418\uC5B4 \uAC74\uC124\uC744 \uAC10\uB3C5\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. 1978\uB144 \uBAA8\uC2A4\uD06C\uBC14\uC5D0\uC11C \uC911\uC559\uC704\uC6D0\uD68C\uC758 \uC11C\uAE30\uAC00 \uB41C \uD6C4, 1979\uB144 \uC911\uC559\uC704\uC6D0\uD68C \uC815\uCE58\uAD6D\uC5D0 \uD569\uB958\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC18C\uB828\uC758 \uC9C0\uB3C4\uC790 \uB808\uC624\uB2C8\uD2B8 \uBE0C\uB808\uC988\uB124\uD504\uAC00 \uC0AC\uB9DD\uD55C \uD6C4, 3\uB144 \uAC04 \uC774\uC5B4\uC84C\uB358 \uC720\uB9AC \uC548\uB4DC\uB85C\uD3EC\uD504\uC640 \uCF58\uC2A4\uD0C4\uD2F4 \uCCB4\uB974\uB128\uCF54\uC758 \uC9D1\uAD8C\uAE30\uB97C \uC9C0\uB098 \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD08\uD504\uB294 1985\uB144 \uC815\uCE58\uAD6D\uC5D0\uAC8C \uC0AC\uC2E4\uC0C1 \uC815\uBD80\uC218\uBC18\uC778 \uCD1D\uC11C\uAE30\uB85C \uC784\uBA85\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD08\uD504\uB294 \uC9D1\uAD8C\uD55C \uC774\uD6C4, \uC18C\uB828\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uAD6D\uAC00 \uC790\uCCB4\uC640 \uC0AC\uD68C\uC8FC\uC758 \uC774\uB150\uC744 \uC720\uC9C0\uD558\uB294 \uB370\uC5D0 \uC804\uB150\uD588\uC9C0\uB9CC, 1986\uB144 \uCCB4\uB974\uB178\uBE4C \uC6D0\uC790\uB825 \uBC1C\uC804\uC18C \uC0AC\uACE0 \uC774\uD6C4 \uC0C1\uB2F9\uD55C \uAC1C\uD601\uC774 \uD544\uC694\uD558\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC0DD\uAC01\uD558\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uC6B0\uC120 \uC18C\uB828\u2013\uC544\uD504\uAC00\uB2C8\uC2A4\uD0C4 \uC804\uC7C1\uC5D0\uC11C \uACF5\uC2DD\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uCCA0\uC218\uD558\uC600\uC73C\uBA70, \uC774\uD6C4 \uB85C\uB110\uB4DC \uB808\uC774\uAC74 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uB300\uD1B5\uB839\uACFC \uC815\uC0C1\uD68C\uB2F4\uC744 \uD1B5\uD574 \uD575\uBB34\uAE30\uB97C \uC81C\uD55C\uD558\uC5EC \uB0C9\uC804\uC744 \uC885\uC2DD\uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4. \uAD6D\uB0B4\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uADF8\uC758 \uAE00\uB77C\uC2A4\uB178\uC2A4\uD2B8(\"\uAC1C\uBC29\") \uB4F1\uACFC \uAC19\uC740 \uC815\uCC45\uC740 \uC5B8\uB860\uACFC \uC5B8\uB860\uC758 \uC790\uC720, \uD45C\uD604\uC758 \uC790\uC720\uB97C \uAC15\uD654\uD588\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uBC18\uB300\uB85C \uD398\uB808\uC2A4\uD2B8\uB85C\uC774\uCE74(\"\uAD6C\uC870\uC870\uC815\")\uACFC \uAC19\uC740 \uC815\uCC45\uB4E4\uC740 \uD6A8\uC728\uC131\uC744 \uC704\uD574 \uACBD\uC81C\uC801 \uC758\uC0AC \uACB0\uC815\uC744 \uBD84\uC0B0\uC2DC\uD0A4\uB824\uACE0 \uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uADF8\uC758 \uBBFC\uC8FC\uC801\uC778 \uC815\uCE58\uC640 \uC120\uCD9C\uB41C \uC18C\uB828 \uC778\uBBFC\uB300\uD45C\uB300\uD68C\uC758 \uAD6C\uC131\uC740 \uC18C\uB828\uC758 \uC77C\uB2F9\uC81C\uB97C \uC545\uD654\uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4. \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD08\uD504\uB294 1989\uB144\uACFC 1990\uB144 \uB9CE\uC740 \uB3D9\uAD6C\uAD8C \uAD6D\uAC00\uB4E4\uC758 \uACF5\uC0B0\uC8FC\uC758 \uC815\uAD8C\uC774 \uBB34\uB108\uC84C\uC744 \uB54C, \uAD70\uC0AC\uC801 \uAC1C\uC785\uC744 \uAC70\uBD80\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uB0B4\uBD80\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uACE0\uC870\uB418\uB358 \uBBFC\uC871\uC8FC\uC758\uB294 \uC18C\uB828\uC758 \uBD84\uC5F4\uC744 \uC554\uC2DC\uD588\uACE0, \uB9C8\uB974\uD06C\uC2A4-\uB808\uB2CC\uC8FC\uC758 \uAC15\uACBD\uD30C\uB294 1991\uB144 \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD08\uD504\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C 8\uC6D4 \uCFE0\uB370\uD0C0\uB97C \uC77C\uC73C\uCF30\uC9C0\uB9CC \uC2E4\uD328\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC774\uD6C4 \uC18C\uB828\uC740 \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD08\uD504\uC758 \uC758\uC0AC\uB85C \uD574\uCCB4\uB418\uC5C8\uACE0, \uC0AC\uC784\uD55C \uD6C4 \uC744 \uC138\uC6CC \uBCF4\uB9AC\uC2A4 \uC610\uCE5C\uACFC \uBE14\uB77C\uB514\uBBF8\uB974 \uD478\uD2F4\uC758 \uC911\uC2EC\uC801\uC778 \uBE44\uD310\uAC00\uAC00 \uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70, \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC758 \uC0AC\uD68C\uBBFC\uC8FC\uC8FC\uC758 \uC6B4\uB3D9\uC744 \uC704\uD55C \uCEA0\uD398\uC778\uC744 \uBC8C\uC600\uB2E4. 20\uC138\uAE30 \uD6C4\uBC18 \uAC00\uC7A5 \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uC778\uBB3C\uB85C \uB110\uB9AC \uC5EC\uACA8\uC9C0\uB294 \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD08\uD504\uB294 \uC544\uC9C1\uAE4C\uC9C0\uB3C4 \uB17C\uB780\uC758 \uB300\uC0C1\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uB0C9\uC804 \uC885\uC2DD, \uC18C\uB828\uC5D0\uC11C \uC815\uCE58\uC801 \uC790\uC720\uD654\uB97C \uB3C4\uC785\uD558\uACE0 \uB3C5\uC77C\uC758 \uD1B5\uC77C\uACFC \uB3D9\uAD6C\uAD8C\uC758 \uACF5\uC0B0\uC8FC\uC758 \uC815\uAD8C\uC758 \uBAB0\uB77D\uC744 \uC6A9\uC778\uD558\uB294 \uB370\uC5D0 \uC911\uCD94\uC801\uC778 \uC5ED\uD560\uC744 \uD55C \uAC83\uC5D0 \uB178\uBCA8 \uD3C9\uD654\uC0C1\uC744 \uBC1B\uACE0 \uCC2C\uC0AC\uB97C \uBC1B\uC558\uB2E4. \uBC18\uBA74, \uADF8\uB294 \uC885\uC885 \uC18C\uB828\uC758 \uD574\uCCB4\uB97C \uAC00\uC18D\uD654\uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4\uB294 \uC774\uC720\uB85C \uBE44\uD310\uC744 \uBC1B\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD558\uB294\uB370, \uADF8\uB97C \uBE44\uD310\uD558\uB294 \uC0AC\uB78C\uB4E4\uC740 \uB300\uBD80\uBD84 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC758 \uC138\uACC4\uC801 \uC601\uD5A5\uB825\uC744 \uAC10\uC18C\uC2DC\uD0A4\uACE0 \uACBD\uC81C \uBD95\uAD34\uB97C \uCD09\uBC1C\uC2DC\uD0A8 \uAC83\uC5D0 \uBD84\uB178\uD55C \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC778\uB4E4\uC774\uB2E4. 2022\uB144 8\uC6D4 30\uC77C \uD5A5\uB144 91\uC138\uC758 \uB098\uC774\uB85C \uC0AC\uB9DD\uD558\uC600\uB2E4."@ko . . . "Michail Gorba\u010D\u00EBv"@it . . . . . "\u039C\u03B9\u03C7\u03B1\u03AE\u03BB \u0393\u03BA\u03BF\u03C1\u03BC\u03C0\u03B1\u03C4\u03C3\u03CC\u03C6"@el . . . . "collapsed"@en . . . . "Michai\u0142 Siergiejewicz Gorbaczow (ros. \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432; ur. 2 marca 1931 we wsi Priwolnoje, zm. 30 sierpnia 2022 w Moskwie) \u2013 radziecki i rosyjski polityk. Sekretarz Generalny Komitetu Centralnego Komunistycznej Partii Zwi\u0105zku Radzieckiego (1985\u20131991) oraz przewodnicz\u0105cy Prezydium Rady Najwy\u017Cszej ZSRR (1988\u20131990). Pierwszy i jedyny prezydent ZSRR (1990\u20131991). Cz\u0142owiek Roku tygodnika \u201ETime\u201D w 1987 i 1989, laureat Pokojowej Nagrody Nobla w 1990."@pl . . . . "\u7C73\u54C8\u4F0A\u5C14\u00B7\u6208\u5C14\u5DF4\u4E54\u592B"@zh . . . . . . . . . . "1985-03-11"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Tarschys"@en . . . . . "M\u00EDchail Gorbaitseov"@ga . . . "2021-10-31"^^ . . . . . . . . "Mija\u00EDl Gorbachov"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Tarschys"@en . . . . . . . . . "McCauley"@en . . "1989-05-25"^^ . . "1989-05-25"^^ . "McCauley"@en . . . . . . . . . . "\uBBF8\uD558\uC77C \uACE0\uB974\uBC14\uCD08\uD504"@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "yes"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Medvedev"@en . . . "1988-10-01"^^ . "175"^^ . "230"^^ . . . . . "83142"^^ . . "Moscow State University"@en . . "Gorbachev succeeded in destroying what was left of totalitarianism in the Soviet Union; he brought freedom of speech, of assembly, and of conscience to people who had never known it, except perhaps for a few chaotic months in 1917. By introducing free elections and creating parliamentary institutions, he laid the groundwork for democracy. It is more the fault of the raw material he worked with than of his own real shortcomings and mistakes that Russian democracy will take much longer to build than he thought."@en . . . . . . . "182"^^ . . . . . "left"@en . "179"^^ . . "\u7C73\u54C8\u4F0A\u5C14\u00B7\u8C22\u5C14\u76D6\u8036\u7EF4\u5947\u00B7\u6208\u5C14\u5DF4\u4E54\u592B\uFF08\u4FC4\u8BED\uFF1A\u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432\uFF0C\u7F85\u99AC\u5316\uFF1AMikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov\uFF0C\u4FC4\u8A9E\u767C\u97F3\uFF1A[m\u02B2\u026Ax\u0250\u02C8il s\u02B2\u026Ar\u02C8\u0261\u02B2ej\u026Av\u02B2\u026At\u0255 \u0261\u0259rb\u0250\u02C8t\u0255\u0275f] \uFF08\uFF09\uFF1B1931\u5E743\u67082\u65E5\uFF0D2022\u5E748\u670830\u65E5\uFF09\uFF0C\u82CF\u8054\u4E0E\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u653F\u6CBB\u4EBA\u7269\uFF0C\u793E\u4F1A\u6C11\u4E3B\u4EBA\u58EB\u8054\u76DF\u4E3B\u5E2D\uFF0C\u8BFA\u8D1D\u5C14\u548C\u5E73\u5956\u5F97\u4E3B\uFF0C1985\u5E74\u51FA\u4EFB\u82CF\u8054\u5171\u4EA7\u515A\u4E2D\u592E\u59D4\u5458\u4F1A\u603B\u4E66\u8BB0\uFF0C\u6210\u4E3A\u82CF\u8054\u6700\u9AD8\u9886\u5BFC\u4EBA\uFF0C1990\u81F31991\u5E74\u95F4\u5F53\u9009\u552F\u4E00\u4E00\u4EFB\u82CF\u8054\u603B\u7EDF\uFF0C\u4E5F\u662F\u552F\u4E00\u4E00\u4F4D\u5728\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547D\u540E\u51FA\u751F\u548C\u5728\u4EFB\u671F\u5167\u8FAD\u8077\u4E0B\u53F0\u7684\u82CF\u8054\u6700\u9AD8\u9886\u5BFC\u4EBA\uFF0C\u9886\u5BFC\u82CF\u8054\u671F\u95F4\u82CF\u8054\u56E0\u4E3A\u591A\u79CD\u56E0\u7D20\u89E3\u4F53\u3002 \u5118\u7BA1\u81F4\u529B\u65BC\u7DAD\u8B77\u8607\u7DAD\u57C3\u570B\u5BB6\u53CA\u5176\u793E\u6703\u4E3B\u7FA9\u7406\u60F3\uFF0C\u6208\u5C14\u5DF4\u4E54\u592B\u8A8D\u70BA\u6709\u5FC5\u8981\u9032\u884C\u91CD\u5927\u6539\u9769\uFF0C\u5C24\u5176\u662F\u5728\u5207\u723E\u8AFE\u8C9D\u723E\u4E8B\u4EF6\u4E4B\u5F8C\u3002\u4ED6\u9000\u51FA\u4E86\u8607\u963F\u6230\u722D\uFF0C\u4E26\u958B\u59CB\u8207\u7F8E\u570B\u7E3D\u7D71\u91CC\u6839\u8209\u884C\u5CF0\u6703\uFF0C\u4EE5\u9650\u5236\u6838\u6B66\u5668\u4E26\u7D50\u675F\u51B7\u6230\u3002\u5728\u570B\u5167\uFF0C\u4ED6\u7684\u516C\u958B\u653F\u7B56\u5141\u8A31\u589E\u5F37\u8A00\u8AD6\u548C\u65B0\u805E\u81EA\u7531\uFF0C\u800C\u4ED6\u7684\u6539\u9769\u8A66\u5716\u4E0D\u8B93\u7D93\u6FDF\u6C7A\u7B56\u6B0A\u904E\u65BC\u96C6\u4E2D\u4EE5\u63D0\u9AD8\u6548\u7387\u3002\u4ED6\u7684\u6C11\u4E3B\u5316\u63AA\u65BD\u548C\u9078\u8209\u7522\u751F\u7684\u4EBA\u6C11\u4EE3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u7834\u58DE\u4E86\u8607\u806F\u7684\u4E00\u9EE8\u5236\uFF0C1989\u5E74\u81F31990\u5E74\uFF0C\u7576\u534E\u6C99\u6761\u7EA6\u7EC4\u7EC7\u7684\u5404\u500B\u570B\u5BB6\u653E\u68C4\u99AC\u514B\u601D\u5217\u5BE7\u4E3B\u7FA9\u6642\uFF0C\u6208\u5C14\u5DF4\u4E54\u592B\u62D2\u7D55\u5C0D\u9019\u4E9B\u570B\u5BB6\u8ECD\u4E8B\u5E72\u9810\u3002\u5728\u5167\u90E8\uFF0C\u65E5\u76CA\u589E\u9577\u7684\u6C11\u65CF\u4E3B\u7FA9\u4F7F\u5F97\u8607\u806F\u9762\u81E8\u5206\u88C2\uFF0C\u5C0E\u81F4\u8607\u806F\u5167\u90E8\u7684\u5F37\u786C\u6D3E\u65BC1991\u5E74\u767C\u52D5\u4E86\u91DD\u5C0D\u6208\u5C14\u5DF4\u4E54\u592B\u7684\u516B\u4E00\u4E5D\u4E8B\u4EF6\u3002\u5728\u6B64\u4E4B\u5F8C\uFF0C\u8607\u806F\u4E0D\u9867\u6208\u5C14\u5DF4\u4E54\u592B\u7684\u610F\u9858\u800C\u89E3\u9AD4\uFF0C\u4ED6\u4E5F\u6B63\u5F0F\u5BA3\u4F48\u8FAD\u8077\u4E86\u3002\u5378\u4EFB\u5F8C\uFF0C\u4ED6\u6210\u7ACB\u6208\u5C14\u5DF4\u4E54\u592B\u57FA\u91D1\u6703\uFF0C\u6210\u70BA\u4FC4\u7F85\u65AF\u9996\u4EFB\u7E3D\u7D71\u8449\u5229\u6B3D\u548C\u666E\u4EAC\u7684\u76F4\u8A00\u4E0D\u8AF1\u7684\u6279\u8A55\u8005\uFF0C\u4E26\u53C3\u8207\u4FC4\u7F85\u65AF\u7684\u7AF6\u9078\u6D3B\u52D5\u3002 \u6208\u5C14\u5DF4\u4E54\u592B\u88AB\u5EE3\u6CDB\u8A8D\u70BA\u662F20\u4E16\u7D00\u4E0B\u534A\u8449\u6700\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u4EBA\u7269\u4E4B\u4E00\uFF0C\u4E5F\u662F\u4E00\u4F4D\u6709\u722D\u8B70\u7684\u653F\u6CBB\u4EBA\u7269\u3002\u4F5C\u70BA\u5305\u62EC\u8BFA\u8D1D\u5C14\u548C\u5E73\u5956\u5728\u5167\u7684\u5404\u7A2E\u734E\u9805\u7684\u7372\u5F97\u8005\uFF0C\u4ED6\u56E0\u5728\u7D50\u675F\u51B7\u6230\u3001\u5728\u8607\u806F\u5F15\u5165\u65B0\u7684\u653F\u6CBB\u81EA\u7531\u4EE5\u53CA\u5BB9\u5FCD\u6771\u65B9\u99AC\u514B\u601D\u5217\u5BE7\u4E3B\u7FA9\u653F\u5E9C\u5012\u53F0\u65B9\u9762\u767C\u63EE\u4E86\u95DC\u9375\u4F5C\u7528\u800C\u5EE3\u53D7\u8B9A\u8B7D\u548C\u4E2D\u6B50\u4EE5\u53CA\u5FB7\u570B\u7684\u7D71\u4E00\u3002\u76F8\u53CD\uFF0C\u4ED6\u5728\u4FC4\u7F85\u65AF\u7D93\u5E38\u56E0\u52A0\u901F\u8607\u806F\u89E3\u9AD4\u800C\u53D7\u5230\u5632\u7B11\uFF0C\u9019\u4E00\u4E8B\u4EF6\u5C0E\u81F4\u4FC4\u7F85\u65AF\u5168\u7403\u5F71\u97FF\u529B\u4E0B\u964D\u4E26\u5F15\u767C\u7D93\u6FDF\u5D29\u6F70\u3002 \u6208\u5C14\u5DF4\u4E54\u592B\u5728\u5176\u603B\u4E66\u8BB0\u4EFB\u5185\u63A8\u884C\u958B\u653E\u653F\u7B56\uFF0C1987\u5E74\u548C1989\u5E74\u4E24\u5EA6\u5F53\u9009\u7F8E\u56FD\u6642\u4EE3\u5E74\u5EA6\u98A8\u96F2\u4EBA\u7269\uFF0C1990\u5E74\u83B7\u5F97\u8BFA\u8D1D\u5C14\u548C\u5E73\u5956\uFF0C\u4F46\u5176\u83B7\u5956\u4E5F\u56E0\u5404\u79CD\u56E0\u7D20\u5B58\u5728\u4E00\u5B9A\u4E89\u8BAE\u3002 2022\u5E748\u670830\u65E5\u665A\u4E0A\uFF0C\u6208\u5C14\u5DF4\u4E54\u592B\u56E0\u957F\u671F\u91CD\u75C5\u533B\u6CBB\u65E0\u6548\uFF0C\u4E8E\u83AB\u65AF\u79D1\u7684\u53BB\u4E16\uFF0C\u4EAB\u5E7491\u5C81\u3002"@zh . . . . "602605"^^ . . . . . . . "Mikha\u00EFl Sergue\u00EFevitch Gorbatchev ou Gorbatchov (en russe : \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, /m\u02B2\u026Ax\u0250\u02C8il s\u02B2\u026Ar\u02C8\u0261\u02B2ej\u026Av\u02B2\u026At\u0255 \u0261\u0259rb\u0250\u02C8t\u0255\u0275f/ ), n\u00E9 le 2 mars 1931 \u00E0 Privolno\u00EFe (dans l'actuel kra\u00EF de Stavropol) et mort le 30 ao\u00FBt 2022 \u00E0 Moscou, est un homme d'\u00C9tat sovi\u00E9tique puis russe. Membre du Parti communiste de l'Union sovi\u00E9tique \u00E0 partir du d\u00E9but des ann\u00E9es 1950, il dirige l'Union des r\u00E9publiques socialistes sovi\u00E9tiques (URSS) entre 1985 et 1991. R\u00E9solument r\u00E9formateur, il s'engage \u00E0 l'ext\u00E9rieur vers la fin de la guerre froide et lance sur le plan int\u00E9rieur la lib\u00E9ralisation \u00E9conomique, culturelle et politique, connue sous les noms de perestro\u00EFka et de glasnost. Impuissant \u00E0 ma\u00EEtriser les \u00E9volutions qu'il a lui-m\u00EAme enclench\u00E9es, il doit faire face au putsch de Moscou et d\u00E9missionne \u00E0 la fin de l\u2019ann\u00E9e 1991, ce qui marque le point final de la dislocation de l'URSS, deux ans apr\u00E8s la chute des r\u00E9gimes communistes en Europe. Il n'a pas de successeur, mais son rival Boris Eltsine devient pr\u00E9sident de la f\u00E9d\u00E9ration de Russie. Appr\u00E9ci\u00E9 dans le monde occidental, il re\u00E7oit le prix Nobel de la paix en 1990, mais est tr\u00E8s peu populaire en Russie, o\u00F9 beaucoup lui reprochent les conditions de la dislocation de l\u2019URSS. Candidat \u00E0 l\u2019\u00E9lection pr\u00E9sidentielle russe de 1996, il arrive en septi\u00E8me position avec 0,5 % des voix. Des \u00E9tudes r\u00E9alis\u00E9es ult\u00E9rieurement confirment son impopularit\u00E9 dans le pays. Mikha\u00EFl Gorbatchev fonde ensuite deux partis de centre gauche, qui ne rencontrent aucun succ\u00E8s. Il meurt \u00E0 91 ans, sans jamais avoir retrouv\u00E9 de mandat ou fonction de premier plan et en pleine invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie."@fr . . . . . . . "237"^^ . . . "1"^^ . . "Michail Gorba\u010Dov"@cs . . "Category: Mikhail Gorbachev"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "204"^^ . . "192"^^ . . "196"^^ . . . "220"^^ . . . "25"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "651654"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "7"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "111"^^ . "105"^^ . "98"^^ . . . . "120"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "119"^^ . . "117"^^ . "115"^^ . . . . "--12-25"^^ . "Mikhail Sergeevitch Gorbatchov ou Gorbachev; em russo: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, GLC, (Stavropol, 2 de mar\u00E7o de 1931 \u2013 Moscou, 30 de agosto de 2022) foi um estadista e pol\u00EDtico russo. Oitavo e \u00FAltimo l\u00EDder da Uni\u00E3o Sovi\u00E9tica, foi Secret\u00E1rio-Geral do Partido Comunista da Uni\u00E3o Sovi\u00E9tica (PCUS) de 1985 a 1991. Foi chefe de Estado do pa\u00EDs de 1988 a 1991, na posi\u00E7\u00E3o de Presidente do Presidium do Soviete Supremo de 1988 a 1989, Presidente do Soviete Supremo de 1989 a 1990 e Presidente da Uni\u00E3o Sovi\u00E9tica de 1990 a 1991. Ideologicamente, sua identifica\u00E7\u00E3o inicial era com os ideais marxistas-leninistas, tendo, entretanto, no in\u00EDcio da d\u00E9cada de 1990, se inclinado \u00E0 social-democracia. De origens russas e ucranianas, Gorbatchov nasceu em Privolnoye, Krai de Stavropol em uma fam\u00EDlia pobre, de camponeses. Nascido e criado durante o governo de Josef Stalin, operava colheitadeiras em uma fazenda coletiva durante sua juventude, antes de filiar-se ao Partido Comunista, que, \u00E0 \u00E9poca, governava a Uni\u00E3o Sovi\u00E9tica sob um regime unipartid\u00E1rio de orienta\u00E7\u00E3o marxista-leninista. Durante seus estudos na Universidade Estatal de Moscou, casou-se com sua colega de faculdade Ra\u00EDssa Titarenko em 1953, dois anos antes de graduar-se em direito. Ao mudar-se para Stavropol, trabalhou para a Komsomol, organiza\u00E7\u00E3o juvenil do PCUS e, ap\u00F3s a morte de Stalin, tornou-se um forte apoiador das reformas desestalinizadoras do l\u00EDder sovi\u00E9tico Nikita Khrushchov. Foi nomeado Primeiro Secret\u00E1rio do Comit\u00EA Regional de Stavropol do PCUS em 1970, posi\u00E7\u00E3o na qual supervisionou a constru\u00E7\u00E3o do Grande Canal de Stavropol. Em 1978, retornou a Moscou para tornar-se Secret\u00E1rio do Comit\u00EA Central do PCUS e, em 1979, entrou para o Politburo. Ap\u00F3s os tr\u00EAs anos que se seguiram desde a morte do l\u00EDder sovi\u00E9tico Leonid Brezhnev, ap\u00F3s os breves governos de Yuri Andropov e Konstantin Chernenko, o Politburo elegeu Gorbatchov Secret\u00E1rio-Geral, tornando-o chefe de governo de facto, em 1985. Apesar de seu compromisso de preservar o estado sovi\u00E9tico e seus ideais socialistas, Gorbatchov acreditava que reformas pol\u00EDticas significativas eram necess\u00E1rias, especialmente ap\u00F3s o acidente nuclear de Chernobyl de 1986. Ordenou a retirada sovi\u00E9tica da Guerra do Afeganist\u00E3o e participou de diversos encontros com o presidente dos Estados Unidos Ronald Reagan para limitar a prolifera\u00E7\u00E3o de armas nucleares e acabar com a Guerra Fria. No que diz respeito \u00E0 pol\u00EDtica interna, implementou a glasnost (\"transpar\u00EAncia\"), pol\u00EDtica que aumentava as liberdades de express\u00E3o e imprensa, e a perestroika (\"reestrutura\u00E7\u00E3o\"), pol\u00EDtica que objetivava descentralizar a tomada de decis\u00F5es no \u00E2mbito econ\u00F4mico, com o prop\u00F3sito de aumentar a efici\u00EAncia econ\u00F4mica. Suas medidas democratizantes e a forma\u00E7\u00E3o do Congresso dos Deputados do Povo enfraqueceram o sistema estatal unipartid\u00E1rio. Gorbatchov recusou-se a intervir militarmente nos v\u00E1rios pa\u00EDses do Bloco do Leste que abandonaram suas orienta\u00E7\u00F5es marxistas-leninistas nos anos de 1989 e 1990. Um sentimento nacionalista crescente amea\u00E7ava o colapso da Uni\u00E3o Sovi\u00E9tica, levando partid\u00E1rios marxistas-leninistas a tentarem um golpe de Estado contra o governo de Gorbatchov em agosto de 1991. Subsequentemente, houve a dissolu\u00E7\u00E3o da Uni\u00E3o Sovi\u00E9tica contra os desejos de Gorbatchov, levando-o a renunciar em dezembro. Ap\u00F3s deixar o cargo, criou a Funda\u00E7\u00E3o Gorbatchov, tornou-se cr\u00EDtico dos governos dos presidentes russos Boris Yeltsin e Vladimir Putin, e fez campanha pelo movimento social-democrata russo. Considerado uma das figuras mais importantes da segunda metade do s\u00E9culo XX, Gorbatchov continua uma figura controversa. Galardoado com um grande n\u00FAmero de pr\u00E9mios, incluindo o Pr\u00EAmio Nobel da Paz, foi amplamente elogiado por seu papel pelo fim da Guerra Fria, pela redu\u00E7\u00E3o dos abusos de direitos humanos na Uni\u00E3o Sovi\u00E9tica e por sua toler\u00E2ncia tanto \u00E0 queda dos governos socialistas do leste europeu quanto \u00E0 reunifica\u00E7\u00E3o da Alemanha. Por outro lado, na R\u00FAssia, \u00E9 constantemente escarnecido por n\u00E3o ter impedido o colapso sovi\u00E9tico, evento que resultou em um decl\u00EDnio da influ\u00EAncia russa no mundo e precedeu uma crise econ\u00F4mica."@pt . . "5963"^^ . . . . . . "Tuminez"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Russian"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mikhail Gorbachev"@in . . . . "5662"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mikhail Sergeevitch Gorbatchov ou Gorbachev; em russo: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, GLC, (Stavropol, 2 de mar\u00E7o de 1931 \u2013 Moscou, 30 de agosto de 2022) foi um estadista e pol\u00EDtico russo. Oitavo e \u00FAltimo l\u00EDder da Uni\u00E3o Sovi\u00E9tica, foi Secret\u00E1rio-Geral do Partido Comunista da Uni\u00E3o Sovi\u00E9tica (PCUS) de 1985 a 1991. Foi chefe de Estado do pa\u00EDs de 1988 a 1991, na posi\u00E7\u00E3o de Presidente do Presidium do Soviete Supremo de 1988 a 1989, Presidente do Soviete Supremo de 1989 a 1990 e Presidente da Uni\u00E3o Sovi\u00E9tica de 1990 a 1991. Ideologicamente, sua identifica\u00E7\u00E3o inicial era com os ideais marxistas-leninistas, tendo, entretanto, no in\u00EDcio da d\u00E9cada de 1990, se inclinado \u00E0 social-democracia."@pt . . . . . . "Gorbachev Signature.svg" . . . "Michail Sergejewitsch Gorbatschow"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mikhail Gorbachev"@en . . . . . . . . "Leader of the Soviet Union"@en . . . . . . . . . "Soviet"@en . "Articles related to Mikhail Gorbachev"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ivan Silayev"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Russia can succeed only through democracy. Russia is ready for political competition, a real multiparty system, fair elections and regular rotation of government. This should define the role and responsibility of the president."@en . . . "--12-25"^^ . "died"@en . . . . . "23273"^^ . . . . "5689"^^ . . . . "Tuminez"@en . . "Mikhail Gorbatxov"@eu . . "1990"^^ . "1988"^^ . . . . "1985"^^ . . . ""@en . . . . "1992"^^ . . . . . . . . "Mikhail Gorbatchov"@pt . . . "\u30DF\u30CF\u30A4\u30EB\u30FB\u30BB\u30EB\u30B2\u30FC\u30A8\u30F4\u30A3\u30C1\u30FB\u30B4\u30EB\u30D0\u30C1\u30E7\u30D5\uFF08\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u8A9E: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432\u3001\u30E9\u30C6\u30F3\u6587\u5B57\u8868\u8A18\uFF1AMikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev\u3001 \u30011931\u5E743\u67082\u65E5 - 2022\u5E748\u670830\u65E5\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30BD\u30D3\u30A8\u30C8\u9023\u90A6\u53CA\u3073\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u306E\u653F\u6CBB\u5BB6\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30BD\u30D3\u30A8\u30C8\u9023\u90A6\u306E\u6700\u5F8C\u306E\u6700\u9AD8\u6307\u5C0E\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308A\u30011985\u5E74\u304B\u30891991\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u30BD\u30D3\u30A8\u30C8\u9023\u90A6\u5171\u7523\u515A\u66F8\u8A18\u9577\u3092\u52D9\u3081\u305F\u30021988\u5E74\u304B\u30891991\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u540C\u56FD\u306E\u56FD\u5BB6\u5143\u9996\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308A\u30011988\u5E74\u304B\u30891989\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u30BD\u30D3\u30A8\u30C8\u9023\u90A6\u6700\u9AD8\u4F1A\u8B70\u5E79\u90E8\u4F1A\u8B70\u9577\u30011989\u5E74\u304B\u30891990\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u30BD\u30D3\u30A8\u30C8\u9023\u90A6\u6700\u9AD8\u4F1A\u8B70\u8B70\u9577\u30011990\u5E74\u304B\u30891991\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u30BD\u30D3\u30A8\u30C8\u9023\u90A6\u5927\u7D71\u9818\u3092\u52D9\u3081\u305F\u3002\u30B4\u30EB\u30D0\u30C1\u30E7\u30D5\u306F\u3001\u601D\u60F3\u7684\u306B\u306F\u5F53\u521D\u30DE\u30EB\u30AF\u30B9\u30FB\u30EC\u30FC\u30CB\u30F3\u4E3B\u7FA9\u3092\u4FE1\u5949\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305F\u304C\u30011990\u5E74\u4EE3\u521D\u982D\u306B\u306F\u793E\u4F1A\u6C11\u4E3B\u4E3B\u7FA9\u306B\u79FB\u884C\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . "\u2014 Gorbachev's letter requesting membership of the Communist Party, 1950"@en . . . . . "yes"@en . . . "Mikhail Sergeievitx Gorbatxov (errusieraz: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, Mikhail Sergeievitx Gorbatxov, /m\u02B2\u026Ax\u0250\u02C8il s\u02B2\u026Ar\u02C8\u0261\u02B2ej\u026Av\u02B2\u026At\u0361\u0255 \u0261\u0259rb\u0250\u02C8t\u0361\u0255of/ ahoskatua; Privolnoie, Stavropol kraia, 1931ko martxoaren 2a - Mosku, 2022ko abuztuaren 30a) sobietar politikaria, 1985-1991 bitartean Sobietar Batasuneko agintari nagusia izan zen. Aldaketa eta erreforma handiak bultzatu zituen, Gerra Hotzaren eta SESBaren amaiera ekarri zutenak. 1990ean, Bakearen Nobel Saria jaso zuen."@eu . "Privolnoye, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union"@en . . "217220"^^ . . . "yes"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1970"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "no"@en . "Gathmann"@en . . "2022-08-30"^^ . . . . . . . . . "Gathmann"@en . . . "Mikha\u00EFl Gorbatxov"@ca . "2017"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Doder"@en . . "834"^^ . . . "2003"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "no"@en . "1931-03-02"^^ . . "2022-08-30"^^ . . "\u30DF\u30CF\u30A4\u30EB\u30FB\u30B4\u30EB\u30D0\u30C1\u30E7\u30D5"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "2022-08-30"^^ . "5155"^^ . . . . . . "1124048419"^^ . "\u0645\u064A\u062E\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0644 \u0633\u064A\u0631\u063A\u064A\u0641\u064A\u062A\u0634 \u063A\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062A\u0634\u0648\u0641 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432) (\u0648\u0644\u062F 2 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1931 -30 \u0623\u063A\u0633\u0637\u0633 2022)\u061B \u0634\u063A\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u062D\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064A\u064A\u062A\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A 1990 \u06481991 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064A\u0648\u0639\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064A\u062A\u064A \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A 1985 \u06481991. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064A\u062F\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0648\u064A\u0643\u0627. \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062F \u0631\u064A\u063A\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062F\u0629 \u0648\u062D\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990. \u0622\u062A\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0648\u064A\u0643\u0627 \u062B\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A 26 \u062F\u064A\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1991 \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u062D\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064A\u062A\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0635\u0641\u062D\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0628\u0639\u062F \u062A\u0648\u0642\u064A\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0633 \u064A\u0644\u062A\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064A\u0629 \u062D\u0644 \u0627\u062A\u062D\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064A\u062A\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064A\u0629."@ar . "no"@en . . . . . "Michail Sergejevitj Gorbatjov (ryska: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, \u2009(info)), f\u00F6dd 2 mars 1931 i n\u00E4ra Stavropol, Stavropol kraj, Ryska SFSR, Sovjetunionen (i nuvarande Ryssland), d\u00F6d 30 augusti 2022 i Moskva, var en rysk jurist och politiker. Han var Sovjetunionens ledare 1985\u20131991 samt dess f\u00F6rsta och enda verkst\u00E4llande president. Gorbatjov erh\u00F6ll Nobels fredspris 1990. Gorbatjov inledde en period av ny sovjetisk politik, k\u00E4nnetecknad av glasnost (\u00F6ppenhet, offentlighet) och perestrojka (ekonomiska reformer). Det \u00F6ppnare diskussionsklimatet efter k\u00E4rnkraftsolyckan i Tjernobyl bidrog till en v\u00E4xande politisk opposition. Gorbatjovs styre till\u00E4t Warszawapaktsl\u00E4nder att uttr\u00E4da ur pakten efter Berlinmurens fall, och till slut br\u00F6ts \u00E4ven Sovjetunionen sj\u00E4lvt upp i 15 sj\u00E4lvst\u00E4ndiga stater. Gorbatjov s\u00E5gs i v\u00E4stv\u00E4rlden ofta som en demokratins f\u00F6rk\u00E4mpe, medan hans roll f\u00F6r Sovjetsystemets uppl\u00F6sning ledde till utbredd kritik i Ryssland."@sv . . . . . . . . "Michail Sergejevitj Gorbatjov (ryska: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, \u2009(info)), f\u00F6dd 2 mars 1931 i n\u00E4ra Stavropol, Stavropol kraj, Ryska SFSR, Sovjetunionen (i nuvarande Ryssland), d\u00F6d 30 augusti 2022 i Moskva, var en rysk jurist och politiker. Han var Sovjetunionens ledare 1985\u20131991 samt dess f\u00F6rsta och enda verkst\u00E4llande president. Gorbatjov erh\u00F6ll Nobels fredspris 1990."@sv . . "\u0645\u064A\u062E\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0644 \u063A\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062A\u0634\u0648\u0641"@ar . . . "Mi\u0125ail Sergejevi\u0109 GORBA\u0108OV (ruse \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, [m\u02B2\u026Ax\u0250\u02C8il s\u02B2\u026Ar\u02C8\u0261\u02B2ej\u0259v\u02B2\u026At\u0255 \u0261\u0259rb\u0250\u02C8t\u0255of], foje erare nomata Gorba\u0109ev en la okcidentaj amas-komunikiloj; naski\u011Dis la 2-an de marto 1931 \u2014 mortis la 30-an de a\u016Dgusto 2022) estis rusa, kaj iama sovetia, politikisto kaj partia gvidanto. Li okupis diversajn partiajn postenojn dum 1966\u20131978 en la KPSU en la Stavropola regiono de Rusio. En la jaro 1978 Gorba\u0109ov fari\u011Dis unu el la gvidantoj de la KPSU; komence ties sekretario kaj de marto 1985 \u011Dis a\u016Dgusto de 1991 ties \u011Denerala sekretario. En 1989 li estis elektita prezidanto de la Prezidio de la Supera Soveto de USSR kaj en 1990 la unua kaj sola Prezidento de USSR, \u011Dis 1991, kiam pu\u0109antoj rabis lin kaj lian familion dum feriado en Krimeo. La kontra\u016Dpu\u0109a enpotencigo de Jelcin signifis la finon"@eo . . . "no"@en . "\u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432 (2 \u043C\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1931, \u041F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435, \u041C\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043E\u043D, \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E-\u041A\u0430\u0432\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0439, \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u2014 30 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 2022, \u041C\u043E\u0441\u043A\u0432\u0430, \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044F) \u2014 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439, \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439, \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C. \u041A\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445 \u043E\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u041B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0430 (1971, 1973, 1981), \u043E\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0421\u0432\u044F\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0410\u043D\u0434\u0440\u0435\u044F \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E (2011) \u0438 \u041D\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430 (1990)."@ru . . "826"^^ . "Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow"@en . . . . . . . . . "307309"^^ . . . "\u039F \u039C\u03B9\u03C7\u03B1\u03AE\u03BB \u03A3\u03B5\u03C1\u03B3\u03BA\u03AD\u03B3\u03B9\u03B5\u03B2\u03B9\u03C4\u03C2 \u0393\u03BA\u03BF\u03C1\u03BC\u03C0\u03B1\u03C4\u03C3\u03CC\u03C6 (\u03C1\u03C9\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432\u200E, \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03AC \u03C3\u03CD\u03BC\u03C6\u03C9\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF \u0394\u03A6\u0391 [m\u02B2\u026Ax\u0250\u02C8il s\u02B2\u026Ar\u02C8\u0261\u02B2ej\u026Av\u02B2\u026At\u0361\u0255 \u0261\u0259rb\u0250\u02C8t\u0361\u0255of]\u00B7 2 \u039C\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 1931 - 30 \u0391\u03C5\u03B3\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 2022) \u03AE\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03A1\u03CE\u03C3\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03C1\u03CE\u03B7\u03BD \u03B7\u03B3\u03AD\u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A3\u03BF\u03B2\u03B9\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u0388\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF 1985 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C7\u03C1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF 1991. \u039F\u03B9 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C0\u03AC\u03B8\u03B5\u03B9\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03C1\u03C1\u03CD\u03B8\u03BC\u03B9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03B2\u03BF\u03AE\u03B8\u03B7\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03BD\u03B1 \u03AD\u03C1\u03B8\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C8\u03C5\u03C7\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03AD\u03BC\u03BF\u03C5, \u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03AC \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03AF\u03C9\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03C5\u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039A\u03BF\u03BC\u03BC\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u039A\u03CC\u03BC\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 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\u03A7\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03C3\u03C4\u03C3\u03CC\u03C6. \u0394\u03B9\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BA\u03B5 \u0393\u03C1\u03B1\u03BC\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03AD\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C6\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u0395\u03C0\u03B9\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03C0\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C5\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF 1970, \u03CC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03C0\u03AD\u03B2\u03BB\u03B5\u03C8\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C5\u03AE \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039C\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5 \u039A\u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C5\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B7\u03C2. \u03A4\u03BF 1974 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BA\u03CC\u03BC\u03B9\u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u039C\u03CC\u03C3\u03C7\u03B1 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B3\u03AF\u03BD\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BF \u03A0\u03C1\u03CE\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2 \u0393\u03C1\u03B1\u03BC\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03AD\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0391\u03BD\u03C9\u03C4\u03AC\u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03A3\u03BF\u03B2\u03B9\u03AD\u03C4 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF 1979 \u03AD\u03B3\u03B9\u03BD\u03B5 \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03C8\u03AE\u03C6\u03B9\u03BF \u03BC\u03AD\u03BB\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03B3\u03C1\u03B1\u03C6\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03CC\u03BC\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2. \u039C\u03AD\u03C3\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C4\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C7\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF \u03B8\u03AC\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03A3\u03BF\u03B2\u03B9\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03B7\u03B3\u03AD\u03C4\u03B7 \u039B\u03B5\u03BF\u03BD\u03AF\u03BD\u03C4 \u039C\u03C0\u03C1\u03AD\u03B6\u03BD\u03B9\u03B5\u03C6 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B1 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"455356"^^ . "720"^^ . . "Gorbachev in 1987"@en . . . . . . . . . "\u30DF\u30CF\u30A4\u30EB\u30FB\u30BB\u30EB\u30B2\u30FC\u30A8\u30F4\u30A3\u30C1\u30FB\u30B4\u30EB\u30D0\u30C1\u30E7\u30D5\uFF08\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u8A9E: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432\u3001\u30E9\u30C6\u30F3\u6587\u5B57\u8868\u8A18\uFF1AMikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev\u3001 \u30011931\u5E743\u67082\u65E5 - 2022\u5E748\u670830\u65E5\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30BD\u30D3\u30A8\u30C8\u9023\u90A6\u53CA\u3073\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u306E\u653F\u6CBB\u5BB6\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30BD\u30D3\u30A8\u30C8\u9023\u90A6\u306E\u6700\u5F8C\u306E\u6700\u9AD8\u6307\u5C0E\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308A\u30011985\u5E74\u304B\u30891991\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u30BD\u30D3\u30A8\u30C8\u9023\u90A6\u5171\u7523\u515A\u66F8\u8A18\u9577\u3092\u52D9\u3081\u305F\u30021988\u5E74\u304B\u30891991\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u540C\u56FD\u306E\u56FD\u5BB6\u5143\u9996\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308A\u30011988\u5E74\u304B\u30891989\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u30BD\u30D3\u30A8\u30C8\u9023\u90A6\u6700\u9AD8\u4F1A\u8B70\u5E79\u90E8\u4F1A\u8B70\u9577\u30011989\u5E74\u304B\u30891990\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u30BD\u30D3\u30A8\u30C8\u9023\u90A6\u6700\u9AD8\u4F1A\u8B70\u8B70\u9577\u30011990\u5E74\u304B\u30891991\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u30BD\u30D3\u30A8\u30C8\u9023\u90A6\u5927\u7D71\u9818\u3092\u52D9\u3081\u305F\u3002\u30B4\u30EB\u30D0\u30C1\u30E7\u30D5\u306F\u3001\u601D\u60F3\u7684\u306B\u306F\u5F53\u521D\u30DE\u30EB\u30AF\u30B9\u30FB\u30EC\u30FC\u30CB\u30F3\u4E3B\u7FA9\u3092\u4FE1\u5949\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305F\u304C\u30011990\u5E74\u4EE3\u521D\u982D\u306B\u306F\u793E\u4F1A\u6C11\u4E3B\u4E3B\u7FA9\u306B\u79FB\u884C\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . "Mija\u00EDl Sergu\u00E9yevich Gorbachov\u200B (en ruso: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, Mija\u00EDl Serg\u00E9evich Gorbachov; St\u00E1vropol, RSFS de Rusia, Uni\u00F3n Sovi\u00E9tica; 2 de marzo de 1931 - Mosc\u00FA, 30 de agosto de 2022)\u200B fue un abogado y pol\u00EDtico ruso.\u200B Se desempe\u00F1\u00F3 como secretario general del Comit\u00E9 Central del Partido Comunista de la Uni\u00F3n Sovi\u00E9tica desde 1985 hasta 1991 y jefe de Estado de la Uni\u00F3n Sovi\u00E9tica de 1988 a 1991. Recibi\u00F3 el Premio Nobel de la Paz en 1990. Fue el l\u00EDder de la Uni\u00F3n de Socialdem\u00F3cratas,\u200B un partido formado despu\u00E9s de la disoluci\u00F3n oficial del Partido Socialdem\u00F3crata de Rusia en 2007."@es . . "Doder"@en . . . "Nikolai Ryzhkov"@en . "yes"@en . . . . . . . "\u0645\u064A\u062E\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0644 \u0633\u064A\u0631\u063A\u064A\u0641\u064A\u062A\u0634 \u063A\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062A\u0634\u0648\u0641 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432) (\u0648\u0644\u062F 2 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1931 -30 \u0623\u063A\u0633\u0637\u0633 2022)\u061B \u0634\u063A\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u062D\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064A\u064A\u062A\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A 1990 \u06481991 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064A\u0648\u0639\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064A\u062A\u064A \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A 1985 \u06481991. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064A\u062F\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0648\u064A\u0643\u0627. \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062F \u0631\u064A\u063A\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062F\u0629 \u0648\u062D\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990. \u0622\u062A\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0648\u064A\u0643\u0627 \u062B\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A 26 \u062F\u064A\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1991 \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u062D\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064A\u062A\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0635\u0641\u062D\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0628\u0639\u062F \u062A\u0648\u0642\u064A\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0633 \u064A\u0644\u062A\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064A\u0629 \u062D\u0644 \u0627\u062A\u062D\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064A\u062A\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064A\u0629. \u063A\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062A\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0643\u0631\u0627\u064A \u0633\u062A\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629-\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0641\u064A \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0642\u062A\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u063A\u0644\u0627\u064B \u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629. \u062A\u062E\u0631\u062C \u0645\u0646 \u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1955 \u0628\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646. \u0628\u064A\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062D\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064A\u0648\u0639\u064A \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062F\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064B \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064A 1970 \u062A\u0645 \u062A\u0639\u064A\u064A\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0643\u0631\u062A\u064A\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062D\u0632\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064A\u0645 \u0633\u062A\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060C \u0639\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0643\u0631\u062A\u064A\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064A\u062A\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064A 1974. \u0648\u0639\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064B \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1979. \u0641\u064A \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 3 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0645\u0648\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633 \u0644\u064A\u0648\u0646\u064A\u062F \u0628\u0631\u064A\u062C\u0646\u064A\u0641 \u062A\u0628\u0639\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062C\u064A\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062A\u0631\u062A\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628\u060C \u0631\u0634\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A \u063A\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062A\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u064A\u062A\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064A\u062A\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1985. \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062A\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064A\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062D\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062E\u0631 \u0643\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062F \u0642\u0627\u062F\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u062C\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062C\u064A\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u063A\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u064B \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064D. \u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062A \u063A\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062A\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u063A\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0633\u062A \u0648\u0628\u064A\u0631\u064A\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0648\u064A\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u062A\u062D\u0636\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0627\u062A\u064A\u062C\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064A\u062A\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u062F\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062F\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062F \u0623\u0644\u063A\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0631\u064A \u0644\u0644\u062D\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064A\u0648\u0639\u064A \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0628\u062F\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u062F \u0623\u062F\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u062D\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064A\u062A\u064A. \u062A\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062D\u0647 \u0641\u064A 1989. \u0648\u062C\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990 \u0648\u062C\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u064A \u0641\u064A 1992 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u062E\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0645\u062A\u0639\u062F\u062F\u0629. \u0641\u064A \u0633\u0628\u062A\u0645\u0628\u0631 2008\u060C \u063A\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062A\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u062D\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064A\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u060C \u0648\u0641\u064A \u0645\u0627\u064A\u0648 2009 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0634\u064A\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u0648\u062B \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u062D\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u063A\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062A\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0644\u062B\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062D\u0632\u0628 \u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A\u060C \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062F\u0623 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2001 \u0648 \u0641\u064A 2007"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Even before he left office, Gorbachev had become a kind of social democrat\u2014believing in, as he later put it, equality of opportunity, publicly supported education and medical care, a guaranteed minimum of social welfare, and a \"socially oriented market economy\"\u2014all within a democratic political framework. Exactly when this transformation occurred is hard to say, but surely by 1989 or 1990 it had taken place."@en . . "664"^^ . . "645"^^ . . . . . "\u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0301\u0439\u043B\u043E \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0456\u0301\u0439\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u043E\u0301\u0432 (\u0440\u043E\u0441. \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432; 2 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043D\u044F 1931, , \u041C\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043E\u043D, \u041F\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0432\u043A\u0430\u0437\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0439, \u0421\u0420\u0421\u0420 \u2014 30 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u043F\u043D\u044F 2022, \u041C\u043E\u0441\u043A\u0432\u0430, \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0456\u044F) \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044F\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439, \u0433\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0434\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0456\u044F\u0447, \u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u0426\u041A \u041A\u041F\u0420\u0421 (1985\u201391); \u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u041F\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0421\u0420\u0421\u0420(1988\u20141989); \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0421\u0420\u0421\u0420 (1989\u20141990). \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430 \u0454\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u041F\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0421\u0420\u0421\u0420 (1990\u20141991). \u041C\u0430\u0432 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u044F\u0434 \u043D\u0430\u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434 \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u044C. \u041D\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043E\u043C\u0456\u0448\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043D\u0438\u0445 \u2014 \u041D\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0456\u044F \u043C\u0438\u0440\u0443 (1990)."@uk . . . "631"^^ . . "630"^^ . "628"^^ . "629"^^ . "625"^^ . "627"^^ . . "Michail Sergejevitsj Gorbatsjov (Russisch: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432) ( (Krasnogvardejski), 2 maart 1931 \u2013 Moskou, 30 augustus 2022) was van 1985 tot 1991 secretaris-generaal van de Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie (CPSU) en van 1990 tot 1991 president van de Sovjet-Unie (USSR). Zijn poging om de communistische partij te hervormen leidde uiteindelijk niet alleen tot het einde van de Koude Oorlog (waarvoor hij op 10 december 1990 de Nobelprijs voor de Vrede ontving), maar onbedoeld ook tot het einde van de politieke almacht van de partij en daarmee tot het uiteenvallen van de Sovjet-Unie."@nl . . "633"^^ . . "\u7C73\u54C8\u4F0A\u5C14\u00B7\u8C22\u5C14\u76D6\u8036\u7EF4\u5947\u00B7\u6208\u5C14\u5DF4\u4E54\u592B\uFF08\u4FC4\u8BED\uFF1A\u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432\uFF0C\u7F85\u99AC\u5316\uFF1AMikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov\uFF0C\u4FC4\u8A9E\u767C\u97F3\uFF1A[m\u02B2\u026Ax\u0250\u02C8il s\u02B2\u026Ar\u02C8\u0261\u02B2ej\u026Av\u02B2\u026At\u0255 \u0261\u0259rb\u0250\u02C8t\u0255\u0275f] \uFF08\uFF09\uFF1B1931\u5E743\u67082\u65E5\uFF0D2022\u5E748\u670830\u65E5\uFF09\uFF0C\u82CF\u8054\u4E0E\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u653F\u6CBB\u4EBA\u7269\uFF0C\u793E\u4F1A\u6C11\u4E3B\u4EBA\u58EB\u8054\u76DF\u4E3B\u5E2D\uFF0C\u8BFA\u8D1D\u5C14\u548C\u5E73\u5956\u5F97\u4E3B\uFF0C1985\u5E74\u51FA\u4EFB\u82CF\u8054\u5171\u4EA7\u515A\u4E2D\u592E\u59D4\u5458\u4F1A\u603B\u4E66\u8BB0\uFF0C\u6210\u4E3A\u82CF\u8054\u6700\u9AD8\u9886\u5BFC\u4EBA\uFF0C1990\u81F31991\u5E74\u95F4\u5F53\u9009\u552F\u4E00\u4E00\u4EFB\u82CF\u8054\u603B\u7EDF\uFF0C\u4E5F\u662F\u552F\u4E00\u4E00\u4F4D\u5728\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547D\u540E\u51FA\u751F\u548C\u5728\u4EFB\u671F\u5167\u8FAD\u8077\u4E0B\u53F0\u7684\u82CF\u8054\u6700\u9AD8\u9886\u5BFC\u4EBA\uFF0C\u9886\u5BFC\u82CF\u8054\u671F\u95F4\u82CF\u8054\u56E0\u4E3A\u591A\u79CD\u56E0\u7D20\u89E3\u4F53\u3002 \u6208\u5C14\u5DF4\u4E54\u592B\u88AB\u5EE3\u6CDB\u8A8D\u70BA\u662F20\u4E16\u7D00\u4E0B\u534A\u8449\u6700\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u4EBA\u7269\u4E4B\u4E00\uFF0C\u4E5F\u662F\u4E00\u4F4D\u6709\u722D\u8B70\u7684\u653F\u6CBB\u4EBA\u7269\u3002\u4F5C\u70BA\u5305\u62EC\u8BFA\u8D1D\u5C14\u548C\u5E73\u5956\u5728\u5167\u7684\u5404\u7A2E\u734E\u9805\u7684\u7372\u5F97\u8005\uFF0C\u4ED6\u56E0\u5728\u7D50\u675F\u51B7\u6230\u3001\u5728\u8607\u806F\u5F15\u5165\u65B0\u7684\u653F\u6CBB\u81EA\u7531\u4EE5\u53CA\u5BB9\u5FCD\u6771\u65B9\u99AC\u514B\u601D\u5217\u5BE7\u4E3B\u7FA9\u653F\u5E9C\u5012\u53F0\u65B9\u9762\u767C\u63EE\u4E86\u95DC\u9375\u4F5C\u7528\u800C\u5EE3\u53D7\u8B9A\u8B7D\u548C\u4E2D\u6B50\u4EE5\u53CA\u5FB7\u570B\u7684\u7D71\u4E00\u3002\u76F8\u53CD\uFF0C\u4ED6\u5728\u4FC4\u7F85\u65AF\u7D93\u5E38\u56E0\u52A0\u901F\u8607\u806F\u89E3\u9AD4\u800C\u53D7\u5230\u5632\u7B11\uFF0C\u9019\u4E00\u4E8B\u4EF6\u5C0E\u81F4\u4FC4\u7F85\u65AF\u5168\u7403\u5F71\u97FF\u529B\u4E0B\u964D\u4E26\u5F15\u767C\u7D93\u6FDF\u5D29\u6F70\u3002 \u6208\u5C14\u5DF4\u4E54\u592B\u5728\u5176\u603B\u4E66\u8BB0\u4EFB\u5185\u63A8\u884C\u958B\u653E\u653F\u7B56\uFF0C1987\u5E74\u548C1989\u5E74\u4E24\u5EA6\u5F53\u9009\u7F8E\u56FD\u6642\u4EE3\u5E74\u5EA6\u98A8\u96F2\u4EBA\u7269\uFF0C1990\u5E74\u83B7\u5F97\u8BFA\u8D1D\u5C14\u548C\u5E73\u5956\uFF0C\u4F46\u5176\u83B7\u5956\u4E5F\u56E0\u5404\u79CD\u56E0\u7D20\u5B58\u5728\u4E00\u5B9A\u4E89\u8BAE\u3002 2022\u5E748\u670830\u65E5\u665A\u4E0A\uFF0C\u6208\u5C14\u5DF4\u4E54\u592B\u56E0\u957F\u671F\u91CD\u75C5\u533B\u6CBB\u65E0\u6548\uFF0C\u4E8E\u83AB\u65AF\u79D1\u7684\u53BB\u4E16\uFF0C\u4EAB\u5E7491\u5C81\u3002"@zh . . . . "610"^^ . "611"^^ . "621"^^ . . "622"^^ . "596"^^ . "--08-24"^^ . "593"^^ . "595"^^ . . "595"^^ . . "607"^^ . "I would consider it a high honour to be a member of the highly advanced, genuinely revolutionary Communist Party of Bolsheviks. I promise to be faithful to the great cause of Lenin and Stalin, to devote my entire life to the party's struggle for Communism."@en . "580"^^ . . "579"^^ . ""@en . "577"^^ . . . "Michail Sergejevitsj Gorbatsjov (Russisch: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432) ( (Krasnogvardejski), 2 maart 1931 \u2013 Moskou, 30 augustus 2022) was van 1985 tot 1991 secretaris-generaal van de Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie (CPSU) en van 1990 tot 1991 president van de Sovjet-Unie (USSR). Zijn poging om de communistische partij te hervormen leidde uiteindelijk niet alleen tot het einde van de Koude Oorlog (waarvoor hij op 10 december 1990 de Nobelprijs voor de Vrede ontving), maar onbedoeld ook tot het einde van de politieke almacht van de partij en daarmee tot het uiteenvallen van de Sovjet-Unie."@nl . . "519"^^ . "572"^^ . . "575"^^ . . . . "550"^^ . . . . "Mikhail Sergeievitx Gorbatxov (errusieraz: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432, Mikhail Sergeievitx Gorbatxov, /m\u02B2\u026Ax\u0250\u02C8il s\u02B2\u026Ar\u02C8\u0261\u02B2ej\u026Av\u02B2\u026At\u0361\u0255 \u0261\u0259rb\u0250\u02C8t\u0361\u0255of/ ahoskatua; Privolnoie, Stavropol kraia, 1931ko martxoaren 2a - Mosku, 2022ko abuztuaren 30a) sobietar politikaria, 1985-1991 bitartean Sobietar Batasuneko agintari nagusia izan zen. Aldaketa eta erreforma handiak bultzatu zituen, Gerra Hotzaren eta SESBaren amaiera ekarri zutenak. 1990ean, Bakearen Nobel Saria jaso zuen."@eu . . "534"^^ . "ru"@en . "533"^^ . "529"^^ . . "540"^^ . . . . "513"^^ . "513"^^ . . . . "Office established;"@en . "Anatoly Lukyanov"@en . . . ""@en . "521"^^ . . . "318"^^ . "500"^^ . "258"^^ . "108113"^^ . . . "509"^^ . . "508"^^ . "----"@en . "267"^^ . "Moscow, Russia"@en . "511"^^ . "507"^^ . . "302"^^ . . . "484"^^ . "301"^^ . . "481"^^ . . "494"^^ . "475"^^ . . "290"^^ . . "284"^^ . . . . . "286"^^ . . . "282"^^ . . . . . . . . . "281"^^ . "478"^^ . . . . . "no"@en . . "452"^^ . "270"^^ . "305"^^ . "268"^^ . . . "450"^^ . "503"^^ . "Michai\u0142 Siergiejewicz Gorbaczow (ros. \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432; ur. 2 marca 1931 we wsi Priwolnoje, zm. 30 sierpnia 2022 w Moskwie) \u2013 radziecki i rosyjski polityk. Sekretarz Generalny Komitetu Centralnego Komunistycznej Partii Zwi\u0105zku Radzieckiego (1985\u20131991) oraz przewodnicz\u0105cy Prezydium Rady Najwy\u017Cszej ZSRR (1988\u20131990). Pierwszy i jedyny prezydent ZSRR (1990\u20131991). Cz\u0142owiek Roku tygodnika \u201ETime\u201D w 1987 i 1989, laureat Pokojowej Nagrody Nobla w 1990."@pl . . "504"^^ . . "Iar-cheannaire an Aontais Sh\u00F3iv\u00E9adaigh ab ea M\u00EDchail Gorbaitseov n\u00F3 Mikhail Gorbachev (R\u00FAisis: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432), a bh\u00ED i gceannas ar an APSS idir 1985 agus 1991 (2 M\u00E1rta 1931 i b, an R\u00FAis - 30 L\u00FAnasa 2022 i Mosc\u00F3). Th\u00E1inig Gorbachev chun cinn in 1985 mar cheannaire ar an Aontas S\u00F3iv\u00E9adach agus bh\u00ED na polasaithe nua Gleasnast (oscailteacht n\u00F3 r\u00E9ch\u00FAiseachas) agus perestroika (athstrucht\u00FAr\u00FA) \u00E1 gcur i bhfeidhm aige. Ba \u00E9 Gorbachev an ceannaire deireanach ar an Aontas S\u00F3iv\u00E9adach. Chuir s\u00E9 deireadh leis an gChogadh Fuar i ndiaidh tr\u00E9imhse d\u00E9tente agus bhog s\u00E9 ar aghaidh \u00F3n cheannasa\u00EDocht thraidisi\u00FAnta Shoiv\u00E9adach ar na 'st\u00E1it ar adhastar' in Oirthear na hEorpa."@ga . "510"^^ . "258"^^ . . . "256"^^ . "257"^^ . "436"^^ . . . "387"^^ . . . "390"^^ . "434"^^ . "435"^^ . "444"^^ . . . . "371"^^ . "442"^^ . . . . "364"^^ . . . "401"^^ . "416"^^ . . "431"^^ . "428"^^ . "429"^^ . . . "352"^^ . . . . . "356"^^ . "422"^^ . "Michail Sergejevi\u010D Gorba\u010Dov (n\u011Bkdy nespr\u00E1vn\u011B Gorba\u010Dev), rusky , (2. b\u0159ezna 1931 , Stavropolsk\u00FD kraj \u2013 30. srpna 2022 Moskva, Rusko) byl rusk\u00FD a sov\u011Btsk\u00FD komunistick\u00FD politik, kter\u00FD byl v letech 1985\u20131991 a tedy v\u016Fdcem Sov\u011Btsk\u00E9ho svazu. Byl propag\u00E1torem politiky p\u0159estavby (perestrojky) a glasnosti, tedy zm\u011Bn a otev\u0159enosti, kter\u00E9 m\u011Bly v\u00E9st k lep\u0161\u00EDmu fungov\u00E1n\u00ED sov\u011Btsk\u00E9ho syst\u00E9mu, jeho ur\u010Dit\u00E9 demokratizaci a ukon\u010Den\u00ED studen\u00E9 v\u00E1lky. Tyto zm\u011Bny nakonec vedly ke konci vl\u00E1dy Komunistick\u00E9 strany Sov\u011Btsk\u00E9ho svazu (KSSS) a k rozpadu Sov\u011Btsk\u00E9ho svazu a v\u00FDchodn\u00EDho bloku."@cs . . "Taubman"@en . . "421"^^ . . . "336"^^ . . "\u039F \u039C\u03B9\u03C7\u03B1\u03AE\u03BB \u03A3\u03B5\u03C1\u03B3\u03BA\u03AD\u03B3\u03B9\u03B5\u03B2\u03B9\u03C4\u03C2 \u0393\u03BA\u03BF\u03C1\u03BC\u03C0\u03B1\u03C4\u03C3\u03CC\u03C6 (\u03C1\u03C9\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC: \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432\u200E, \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03AC \u03C3\u03CD\u03BC\u03C6\u03C9\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF \u0394\u03A6\u0391 [m\u02B2\u026Ax\u0250\u02C8il s\u02B2\u026Ar\u02C8\u0261\u02B2ej\u026Av\u02B2\u026At\u0361\u0255 \u0261\u0259rb\u0250\u02C8t\u0361\u0255of]\u00B7 2 \u039C\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 1931 - 30 \u0391\u03C5\u03B3\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 2022) \u03AE\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03A1\u03CE\u03C3\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03C1\u03CE\u03B7\u03BD \u03B7\u03B3\u03AD\u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A3\u03BF\u03B2\u03B9\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u0388\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF 1985 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C7\u03C1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF 1991. \u039F\u03B9 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C0\u03AC\u03B8\u03B5\u03B9\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03C1\u03C1\u03CD\u03B8\u03BC\u03B9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03B2\u03BF\u03AE\u03B8\u03B7\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03BD\u03B1 \u03AD\u03C1\u03B8\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C8\u03C5\u03C7\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03AD\u03BC\u03BF\u03C5, \u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03AC \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03AF\u03C9\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03C5\u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039A\u03BF\u03BC\u03BC\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u039A\u03CC\u03BC\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A3\u03BF\u03B2\u03B9\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u0388\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2. \u03A4\u03BF 1990 \u03C0\u03AE\u03C1\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF \u0392\u03C1\u03B1\u03B2\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF \u039D\u03CC\u03BC\u03C0\u03B5\u03BB \u03B5\u03B9\u03C1\u03AE\u03BD\u03B7\u03C2. \u039F \u0393\u03BA\u03BF\u03C1\u03BC\u03C0\u03B1\u03C4\u03C3\u03CC\u03C6 \u03AE\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03BF \u03B3\u03B7\u03C1\u03B1\u03B9\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC\u03C2 \u03B3\u03C1\u03B1\u03BC\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03AD\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A3\u03BF\u03B2\u03B9\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u0395\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2."@el . . . "388"^^ . . "385"^^ . "386"^^ . . "397"^^ . "396"^^ . . . . "320"^^ . . . . . . "320"^^ . . . . "369"^^ . . "Gorbachev Signature.svg"@en . . "371"^^ . . . . "342"^^ . "353"^^ . . . "425"^^ . "422"^^ . . "no"@en . "416"^^ . "351"^^ . "340"^^ . "341"^^ . "353"^^ . "412"^^ . "413"^^ . "408"^^ . "346"^^ . "367"^^ . "368"^^ . . "369"^^ . "321"^^ . . . . . "Michail Sergejewitsch Gorbatschow (russisch \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043B \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432 , wiss. Transliteration Michail Sergeevi\u010D Gorba\u010D\u0451v; * 2. M\u00E4rz 1931 in Priwolnoje; \u2020 30. August 2022 in Moskau) war ein sowjetischer Politiker. Er war von M\u00E4rz 1985 bis August 1991 Generalsekret\u00E4r des Zentralkomitees der Kommunistischen Partei der Sowjetunion (KPdSU) und von M\u00E4rz 1990 bis Dezember 1991 letzter Staatspr\u00E4sident der Sowjetunion. Neue Akzente in der sowjetischen Politik setzte er mit Glasnost (\u201AOffenheit\u2018), einem Bekenntnis zur Meinungsfreiheit, und Perestroika (\u201AUmbau\u2018), insbesondere mit der Abschaffung der Planwirtschaft. In Abr\u00FCstungsverhandlungen mit den USA leitete er das Ende des Kalten Krieges ein. Er erhielt 1990 den Friedensnobelpreis."@de . . . . "\u0413\u043E\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u043E\u0432 \u041C\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043B\u043E \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0456\u0439\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0447"@uk . . "None"@en . "1953"^^ . "Mikhail S. Gorbachev"@en . . "319"^^ . . . . "313"^^ .