. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Arab allies"@en . . . . . "the Roman\u2013Persian Wars"@en . . . . . . . . . "Julian's Persian expedition"@en . "Sasanian victory" . . "*Collapse of Roman hegemony over theNear East" . "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0445\u0456\u0434 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430 \u0424\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0456\u044F \u041A\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0456\u044F \u042E\u043B\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0430 (\u042E\u043B\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430) \u2014 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E-\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0442, \u0449\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0441\u044F \u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043D\u0456 \u2014 \u043B\u0438\u043F\u043D\u0456 363 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0457 \u0456 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0457 \u041C\u0435\u0441\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0456\u0457, \u0456\u043D\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u044E \u044F\u043A \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u044C \u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A \u0443 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432 \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0456\u0457."@uk . . . "Podosaces"@en . "\u062D\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062C\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . "Moderate"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Campagna sasanide di Giuliano"@it . . . . . "Merena"@en . . "\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062D\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062C\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0622\u062E\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u062C\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0646\u060C \u0628\u062F\u0623\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 363. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062D\u0631\u0628\u064B\u0627 \u0639\u062F\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0636\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064A\u062D\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A. \u062D\u0634\u062F \u062C\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u062C\u064A\u0634\u064B\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0647\u062F\u0641\u064F\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0637\u064A\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062C\u0644 \u062A\u0636\u0644\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062A\u0646\u0641\u064A\u0630 \u0647\u062C\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062A\u0643\u0646\u064A\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0629\u060C \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0643\u062A\u064A\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u0644\u064A\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0645\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642 \u062F\u062C\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u064A \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062B\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060C \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u062C\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062C\u064A\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633\u064A \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062E\u0645\u060C \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062A \u062F\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062A\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060C \u0648\u062F\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0635\u0646\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u062D\u064A\u062B \u062D\u064F\u0634\u062F\u062A \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062F\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627."@ar . . . "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434 \u042E\u043B\u0438\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u041E\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430"@ru . . . . "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0445\u0456\u0434 \u042E\u043B\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430"@uk . . . "Narseus"@en . . "1,150 ships" . . . . . "Julianus' Perzische veldtocht of de Romeins-Perzische Oorlog van 363 was de laatste veldtocht van de Romeinse keizer Julianus. Deze begon in maart 363. Het was een agressieve oorlog tegen het Perzische Rijk van de Sassaniden, onder de Sassanidische sjah Sjapoer II. Er wordt verondersteld dat Sjapoer een invasie verwachtte langs de Tigrisvallei. Julianus stuurde een detachement soldaten naar zijn bondgenoot van Armeni\u00EB om zich aan te sluiten bij diens leger en de route langs de Tigris te bezetten. Ondertussen ging hij met zijn hoofdleger snel naar de Eufraatvallei, waar hij slechts verspreide weerstand ontmoette, en hij bereikte de muren van de Perzische hoofdstad Ctesiphon, waar hij een Perzisch leger versloeg in de Slag bij Ctesiphon (363). Julianus kon de stad echter niet innemen en hij"@nl . . . . . . "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434 \u0424\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044F \u041A\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u044F \u042E\u043B\u0438\u0430\u043D\u0430 (\u042E\u043B\u0438\u0430\u043D\u0430 II) \u2014 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u043E-\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0442, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u043E\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432 363 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u041C\u0435\u0441\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0432 \u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u0441\u043A \u0432 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438."@ru . . . "Roman Empire" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Julianus' Perzische Veldtocht"@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La campagna sasanide di Giuliano fu l'ultima operazione militare delle guerre romano sasanidi (224-363) voluta e comandata dell'imperatore romano Giuliano nel 363, allo scopo di conquistare il regno dei Sasanidi, all'epoca governato dal Re dei Re Sapore II. Dopo essere giunto fino alla capitale sasanide di Ctesifonte e avervi sconfitto l'esercito nemico, Giuliano fu costretto a ritirarsi, ma mor\u00EC prima di tornare in territorio romano e il suo successore, Gioviano dovette comprare la salvezza dell'esercito romano a caro prezzo, sia economico che politico. Ammiano Marcellino, storico che conobbe Giuliano, costituisce la fonte primaria della campagna: i capitoli dal XXIII al XXV delle sue Res gestae raccontano in maniera dettagliata l'invasione."@it . . . . . . "Sasanian victory"@en . . . "Mamersides"@en . "Unknown, but probably fewer"@en . . . "*Resultant Sasanian annexation ofArsacid Armenia" . . "37498649"^^ . . "Emperor Julian"@en . . . "Armenia" . . . . . . "Mesopotamia, Western Iran and Armenia"@en . . "Unknown, but probably fewer" . "Julian's Persian expedition was the last military undertaking of the Roman emperor Julian which began in March 363. It was a war against the Sasanian Empire which was ruled by Shapur II. Aiming for the Sasanian winter capital Ctesiphon, Julian assembled a large army. In order to mislead the opponent and carry out a pincer attack, he sent a detachment to join with his ally Arshak II of Arsacid Armenia and to take the Tigris route from the north. Meanwhile, his main army and a large fleet advanced rapidly down the Euphrates relatively unopposed; destroying several well-fortified cities. The ships then reached the walls of Ctesiphon, where a large force was assembled to defend it. The Romans won a victory outside the city, but the northern army failed to arrive, and the fortified capital seemed impregnable. Thus, Julian did not attempt to besiege the city and instead burned the Roman fleet of supplies and marched into Persia's interior. Shapur II's army, however, still avoided a full-scale battle and used a scorched earth strategy; as a result, Julian's army soon faced supply problems and had to retreat to the north. Shapur II's army appeared at this point and began to ceaselessly harass the Romans' flight by skirmishing. Julian died of wounds from one of these skirmishes and his successor, Jovian, agreed on humiliating terms in order to save the remnants of his demoralized and exhausted army from complete annihilation. The Treaty of 363 transferred multiple regions and frontier fortresses that included Nisibis and Singara. As well as this, Rome renounced its alliance with Armenia, giving Shapur II de facto authority to invade and annex it."@en . "Victor"@en . . "*Death of Julian" . . "Julian's Persian expedition"@en . "1116851291"^^ . . . "Nohodares"@en . . . "*95,000 Romans" . . . . . . . "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434 \u0424\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044F \u041A\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u044F \u042E\u043B\u0438\u0430\u043D\u0430 (\u042E\u043B\u0438\u0430\u043D\u0430 II) \u2014 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u043E-\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0442, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u043E\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432 363 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u041C\u0435\u0441\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0432 \u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u0441\u043A \u0432 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438."@ru . "Sasanian Empire" . . . . "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0445\u0456\u0434 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430 \u0424\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0456\u044F \u041A\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0456\u044F \u042E\u043B\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0430 (\u042E\u043B\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430) \u2014 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E-\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0442, \u0449\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0441\u044F \u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043D\u0456 \u2014 \u043B\u0438\u043F\u043D\u0456 363 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0457 \u0456 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0457 \u041C\u0435\u0441\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0456\u0457, \u0456\u043D\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u044E \u044F\u043A \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u044C \u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A \u0443 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432 \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0456\u0457."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "(Perso-Roman Peace Treaty of 363)" . . . . . . . . . . . . "Julian's Persian expedition was the last military undertaking of the Roman emperor Julian which began in March 363. It was a war against the Sasanian Empire which was ruled by Shapur II. Aiming for the Sasanian winter capital Ctesiphon, Julian assembled a large army. In order to mislead the opponent and carry out a pincer attack, he sent a detachment to join with his ally Arshak II of Arsacid Armenia and to take the Tigris route from the north. Meanwhile, his main army and a large fleet advanced rapidly down the Euphrates relatively unopposed; destroying several well-fortified cities. The ships then reached the walls of Ctesiphon, where a large force was assembled to defend it."@en . . . "Sasanian annexation of five regions & fifteen major fortresses from the Roman Empire in addition to the consequent annexation of Armenia."@en . . . . . . "La campagna sasanide di Giuliano fu l'ultima operazione militare delle guerre romano sasanidi (224-363) voluta e comandata dell'imperatore romano Giuliano nel 363, allo scopo di conquistare il regno dei Sasanidi, all'epoca governato dal Re dei Re Sapore II. Dopo essere giunto fino alla capitale sasanide di Ctesifonte e avervi sconfitto l'esercito nemico, Giuliano fu costretto a ritirarsi, ma mor\u00EC prima di tornare in territorio romano e il suo successore, Gioviano dovette comprare la salvezza dell'esercito romano a caro prezzo, sia economico che politico."@it . . . "120,000 men" . "\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062D\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062C\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0622\u062E\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u062C\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0646\u060C \u0628\u062F\u0623\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 363. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062D\u0631\u0628\u064B\u0627 \u0639\u062F\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0636\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064A\u062D\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A. \u062D\u0634\u062F \u062C\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u062C\u064A\u0634\u064B\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0647\u062F\u0641\u064F\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0637\u064A\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062C\u0644 \u062A\u0636\u0644\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062A\u0646\u0641\u064A\u0630 \u0647\u062C\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062A\u0643\u0646\u064A\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0629\u060C \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0643\u062A\u064A\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u0644\u064A\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0645\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642 \u062F\u062C\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u064A \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062B\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060C \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u062C\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062C\u064A\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633\u064A \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062E\u0645\u060C \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062A \u062F\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062A\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060C \u0648\u062F\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0635\u0646\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u062D\u064A\u062B \u062D\u064F\u0634\u062F\u062A \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062F\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u062D\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064B\u0627 \u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C \u0637\u064A\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0646\u060C \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u062F\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u064A\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060C \u0644\u0645 \u064A\u062D\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062C\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062D\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0636\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060C \u0623\u062D\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062F\u0627\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062F \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062C\u064A\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064A\u062A\u062C\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0627\u062A\u064A\u062C\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629. \u0646\u062A\u064A\u062C\u0629\u064B \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060C \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062C\u0647 \u062C\u064A\u0634 \u062C\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062F\u0627\u062F \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0627\u062C\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u064A \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062D\u0644\u0629\u060C \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062C\u064A\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0648\u0628\u062F\u0623 \u0628\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0634\u0627\u062A. \u062A\u0648\u0641\u064A \u062C\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062A\u0623\u062B\u0631\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u062C\u0631\u0627\u062D\u0647 \u0641\u064A \u0625\u062D\u062F\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0634\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062E\u0644\u064A\u0641\u062A\u0647\u060C \u062C\u0648\u0641\u064A\u0627\u0646\u060C \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0647\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062C\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064A\u0627 \u062C\u064A\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0628\u0637 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0646\u0642\u0644\u062A \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062F\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 363 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064A \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062A\u0639\u062F\u062F\u0629 \u0648\u062D\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u062D\u062F\u0648\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0635\u064A\u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064A\u0646\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0627\u060C \u0648\u062A\u062E\u0644\u062A \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0645\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u062A \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062D\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u063A\u0632\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u064A\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064A\u0647\u0627."@ar . . . . . . . . "Emperor Jovian"@en . . . . . . "Julianus' Perzische veldtocht of de Romeins-Perzische Oorlog van 363 was de laatste veldtocht van de Romeinse keizer Julianus. Deze begon in maart 363. Het was een agressieve oorlog tegen het Perzische Rijk van de Sassaniden, onder de Sassanidische sjah Sjapoer II. Er wordt verondersteld dat Sjapoer een invasie verwachtte langs de Tigrisvallei. Julianus stuurde een detachement soldaten naar zijn bondgenoot van Armeni\u00EB om zich aan te sluiten bij diens leger en de route langs de Tigris te bezetten. Ondertussen ging hij met zijn hoofdleger snel naar de Eufraatvallei, waar hij slechts verspreide weerstand ontmoette, en hij bereikte de muren van de Perzische hoofdstad Ctesiphon, waar hij een Perzisch leger versloeg in de Slag bij Ctesiphon (363). Julianus kon de stad echter niet innemen en hij werd al snel besluiteloos. Hij werd misleid door Perzische spionnen om zijn vloot in brand te steken en om een nadelige route te nemen voor de terugtocht. Tijdens deze terugtocht werd zijn leger voortdurend aangevallen door de Sassaniden en zo kwam zijn leger tot stilstand. In een van de schermutselingen raakte Julianus dodelijk gewond waardoor zijn opvolger Jovianus alleen achterbleef met het leger, gevangen in Perzisch gebied. De nieuwe keizer werd in het licht van de \"verpletterende militaire nederlaag\" die de Romeinen hadden geleden gedwongen om de vernederende voorwaarden die hem opgelegd werden te aanvaarden om zo de rest van het leger en zichzelf te redden van de totale vernietiging. Het voor de Romeinen schandelijke verdrag droeg de heerschappij over de belangrijke steden en forten Nisibis en Singara over aan de Perzen, en stopte de alliantie met Armeni\u00EB, wat Sjapoer eigenlijk de mogelijkheid gaf om Armeni\u00EB binnen te vallen en het te annexeren. Zo werd Arsaces II van Armeni\u00EB achtergelaten zonder enige militaire of diplomatische hulp. Hij werd gevangengenomen door Sjapoer in 368; hij pleegde in 369 of 370 in gevangenschap zelfmoord."@nl . . . "38225"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "120000"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "*95,000 Romans\n*25,000 Armenians\n1,150 ships"@en . . "Julian's Persian expedition"@en . "*Death of Julian\n*Collapse of Roman hegemony over the Near East\n*Resultant Sasanian annexation of Arsacid Armenia"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "March\u2013July 363 AD"@en . "Heavy"@en . . "Heavy" . . . . . . . "Arab allies" . . . . . . "*25,000 Armenians" . . . .