. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043C\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043B\u044C\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u043C\u0438\u0440\u0435"@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L\u2019esclavage dans le monde musulman d\u00E9crit la condition servile \u00E0 partir du moment et dans l'espace g\u00E9ographique o\u00F9 la religion musulmane est apparue. Sur une p\u00E9riode allant du VIIe au XXe si\u00E8cle, cette condition fut d\u00E9finie par les soci\u00E9t\u00E9s musulmanes conform\u00E9ment aux pr\u00E9ceptes du Coran et des commentaires juridiques qui en ont interpr\u00E9t\u00E9 les sourates. La condition servile existait depuis des mill\u00E9naires avant l'\u00E9mergence de l'islam, mais, avant comme apr\u00E8s, les esclaves provenaient principalement de la traite orientale pratiqu\u00E9e \u00E0 partir de l'Afrique, de l'Europe, du Caucase et du sous-continent indien."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L\u2019esclavage dans le monde musulman d\u00E9crit la condition servile \u00E0 partir du moment et dans l'espace g\u00E9ographique o\u00F9 la religion musulmane est apparue. Sur une p\u00E9riode allant du VIIe au XXe si\u00E8cle, cette condition fut d\u00E9finie par les soci\u00E9t\u00E9s musulmanes conform\u00E9ment aux pr\u00E9ceptes du Coran et des commentaires juridiques qui en ont interpr\u00E9t\u00E9 les sourates. La condition servile existait depuis des mill\u00E9naires avant l'\u00E9mergence de l'islam, mais, avant comme apr\u00E8s, les esclaves provenaient principalement de la traite orientale pratiqu\u00E9e \u00E0 partir de l'Afrique, de l'Europe, du Caucase et du sous-continent indien. Entre le VIe et le IXe si\u00E8cle, et au d\u00E9but de l'histoire islamique, les esclaves du monde musulman furent employ\u00E9s dans l'irrigation, les plantations de canne \u00E0 sucre (similaires \u00E0 celles des Am\u00E9riques modernes), l'exploitation mini\u00E8re et l'\u00E9levage, mais cette pratique diminua apr\u00E8s les r\u00E9voltes de cette p\u00E9riode (comme celle des Zanj de 869\u2013883) et par la suite les esclaves furent surtout utilis\u00E9s en tant que travailleurs domestiques, soldats, gardiens et concubines. Affranchis ou non, les esclaves du monde musulman y ont occup\u00E9 divers r\u00F4les sociaux et \u00E9conomiques, allant du travailleur manuel durement trait\u00E9 \u00E0 l'\u00E9mir investi de hautes responsabilit\u00E9s. De nombreux dirigeants utilisaient des esclaves militaires (servant dans les arm\u00E9es permanentes) et administratifs, \u00E0 tel point que certains esclaves pouvaient parfois acc\u00E9der \u00E0 des postes socialement \u00E9lev\u00E9s, voire prendre le pouvoir."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "A escravatura no mundo mu\u00E7ulmano desenvolveu-se a partir das pr\u00E1ticas escravagistas da Ar\u00E1bia pr\u00E9-isl\u00E2mica, e foi por vezes radicalmente diferente, dependendo de factores s\u00F3cio-pol\u00EDticos, tais como o com\u00E9rcio \u00E1rabe de escravos. Ao longo da hist\u00F3ria isl\u00E2mica, os escravos desempenharam v\u00E1rios pap\u00E9is sociais e econ\u00F3micos, desde poderosos emires a trabalhadores manuais duramente tratados. No in\u00EDcio da hist\u00F3ria mu\u00E7ulmana foram utilizados na agricultura, mas este modo foi abandonado ap\u00F3s o tratamento cruel levar a revoltas destrutivas de escravos, sendo a mais not\u00E1vel a Rebeli\u00E3o Zanj de 869-883. Os escravos eram amplamente empregados na irriga\u00E7\u00E3o, minera\u00E7\u00E3o e cria\u00E7\u00E3o de animais, mas os usos mais comuns eram como soldados, guardas, trabalhadores dom\u00E9sticos, e concubinas. Muitos governadores dependiam de escravos militares, frequentemente em enormes ex\u00E9rcitos permanentes, e escravos na administra\u00E7\u00E3o a tal ponto que os escravos se encontravam por vezes em posi\u00E7\u00E3o de tomar o poder. V\u00E1rias estimativas do n\u00FAmero de escravos detidos ao longo de doze s\u00E9culos no mundo mu\u00E7ulmano s\u00E3o 12,8 milh\u00F5es 11 milh\u00F5es ou 14 milh\u00F5es ; outras estimativas indicam um n\u00FAmero entre 12 e 15 milh\u00F5es de escravos antes do s\u00E9culo XX - estes n\u00FAmeros referindo-se apenas a escravos africanos, que constitu\u00EDam a maior parte do com\u00E9rcio, no qual participavam tamb\u00E9m activamente l\u00EDderes africanos. O Alcor\u00E3o recomenda, embora n\u00E3o comande, a liberta\u00E7\u00E3o dos escravos como forma de expiar os pecados ou simples acto de humanidade, embora o conselho n\u00E3o fosse muito seguido. Bernard Lewis sustenta que, em tempos mais recentes, parece que embora os escravos sofressem frequentemente terr\u00EDveis priva\u00E7\u00F5es desde a captura at\u00E9 \u00E0 sua chegada ao seu destino final, uma vez colocados numa fam\u00EDlia eram razo\u00E1velmente bem tratados e aceites, em certo grau, como membros do grupo familiar. Piores condi\u00E7\u00F5es aguardavam aqueles empregues nas minas, drenagem de p\u00E2ntanos e outros trabalhos esgotantes; nas minas de sal do Saara nenhum escravo teria uma esperan\u00E7a de vida de mais de cinco anos, e viviam e morriam na mis\u00E9ria. O com\u00E9rcio \u00E1rabe de escravos foi mais activo na \u00C1sia Ocidental, Norte de \u00C1frica, e Sudeste de \u00C1frica. No in\u00EDcio do s\u00E9culo XX (ap\u00F3s a Primeira Guerra Mundial), a escravatura foi gradualmente banida e suprimida em terras mu\u00E7ulmanas, em grande parte devido \u00E0 press\u00E3o exercida por na\u00E7\u00F5es ocidentais como a Gr\u00E3-Bretanha e a Fran\u00E7a. Entre os \u00FAltimos Estados a abolir, oficialmente, a escravatura encontram-se a Ar\u00E1bia Saudita e o I\u00E9men, que aboliram a escravatura em 1962 sob press\u00E3o da Gr\u00E3-Bretanha; Om\u00E3 em 1970; e a Maurit\u00E2nia em 1905, 1981, e de novo em Agosto de 2007. Contudo, a escravatura que reivindica a san\u00E7\u00E3o do Isl\u00E3o est\u00E1 actualmente documentada nos pa\u00EDses predominantemente isl\u00E2micos do Sahel e \u00E9 tamb\u00E9m praticada em territ\u00F3rios controlados pelos grupos jiadistas isl\u00E2micos e em pa\u00EDses como a L\u00EDbia e a Maurit\u00E2nia, apesar de ser proibida. O tratamento actual dos trabalhadores estrangeiros na Ar\u00E1bia Saudita \u00E9 extremamente pr\u00F3ximo da escravid\u00E3o; a pr\u00F3pria condi\u00E7\u00E3o das mulheres sauditas \u00E9 comparada \u00E1 escravatura."@pt . . . . . . "47674564"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063A\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u00AB\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0646\u00BB \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u00AB\u0644\u0627 \u062A\u062A\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064A\u0629\u00BB."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Esclavage dans le monde musulman"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"The history of slavery in the Muslim world began with institutions inherited from pre-Islamic Arabia; and the practice of keeping slaves subsequently developed in radically different ways, depending on social-political factors such as the Arab slave trade. Any non-Muslim could be enslaved. Throughout Islamic history, slaves served in various social and economic roles, from powerful emirs to harshly treated manual laborers. Early on in Muslim history slaves provided plantation labor similar to that in the early-modern Americas, but this practice was abandoned after harsh treatment led to destructive slave revolts, the most notable being the Zanj Rebellion of 869\u2013883. Slaves were widely employed in irrigation, mining, and animal husbandry, but most commonly as soldiers, guards, domestic work"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043A\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043E \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043C\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0438\u0441\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0427\u0430\u0434, \u041C\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u041D\u0438\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044F, \u041C\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043D."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "A escravatura no mundo mu\u00E7ulmano desenvolveu-se a partir das pr\u00E1ticas escravagistas da Ar\u00E1bia pr\u00E9-isl\u00E2mica, e foi por vezes radicalmente diferente, dependendo de factores s\u00F3cio-pol\u00EDticos, tais como o com\u00E9rcio \u00E1rabe de escravos. Ao longo da hist\u00F3ria isl\u00E2mica, os escravos desempenharam v\u00E1rios pap\u00E9is sociais e econ\u00F3micos, desde poderosos emires a trabalhadores manuais duramente tratados. No in\u00EDcio da hist\u00F3ria mu\u00E7ulmana foram utilizados na agricultura, mas este modo foi abandonado ap\u00F3s o tratamento cruel levar a revoltas destrutivas de escravos, sendo a mais not\u00E1vel a Rebeli\u00E3o Zanj de 869-883."@pt . . . "The history of slavery in the Muslim world began with institutions inherited from pre-Islamic Arabia; and the practice of keeping slaves subsequently developed in radically different ways, depending on social-political factors such as the Arab slave trade. Any non-Muslim could be enslaved. Throughout Islamic history, slaves served in various social and economic roles, from powerful emirs to harshly treated manual laborers. Early on in Muslim history slaves provided plantation labor similar to that in the early-modern Americas, but this practice was abandoned after harsh treatment led to destructive slave revolts, the most notable being the Zanj Rebellion of 869\u2013883. Slaves were widely employed in irrigation, mining, and animal husbandry, but most commonly as soldiers, guards, domestic workers, concubines (sex slaves). Many rulers relied on military slaves (often in huge standing armies) and on slaves in administration \u2013 to such a degree that the slaves could sometimes seize power. Among black slaves, there were roughly two females to every one male. Two rough estimates by scholars of the numbers of just one group \u2013 black slaves held over twelve centuries in the Muslim world \u2013 are 11.5 millionand 14 million,while other estimates indicate a number between 12 and 15 million African slaves prior to the 20th century. Islam encouraged the manumission of Muslim slaves as a way of expiating sins. Many early converts to Islam, such as Bilal, were former slaves. In theory, slavery in Islamic law does not have a racial or color basis, although this has not always been the case in practice. In 1990 the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam declared that \"no one has the right to enslave\" another human being. Many slaves were imported from outside the Muslim world. The Arab slave trade was most active in West Asia, North Africa, and Southeast Africa. The Ottoman slave trade exploited the human resources of eastern and central Europe and the Caucasus; the Barbary Coast slave traders raided the Mediterranean coasts of Europe and as far afield as the British Isles and Iceland. In the early 20th century (post-World War I), authorities gradually outlawed and suppressed slavery in Muslim lands, largely due to pressure exerted by Western nations such as Britain and France. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was abolished in 1924 when the new Turkish Constitution disbanded the Imperial Harem and made the last concubines and eunuchs free citizens of the newly proclaimed republic. Slavery in Iran was abolished in 1929. Mauritania became the last state to abolish slavery \u2013 in 1905, 1981, and again in August 2007. Oman abolished slavery in 1970, and Saudi Arabia and Yemen abolished slavery in 1962 under pressure from Britain. However, slavery claiming the sanction of Islam is documented at present in the predominantly Islamic countries of the Sahel, and is also practiced by ISIS and Boko Haram. It is also practiced in countries like Libya and Mauritania \u2013 despite being outlawed."@en . . . . . . . . "History of slavery in the Muslim world"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1122691205"^^ . . . . . . 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"121537"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Escravismo e Isl\u00E3"@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064A"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .