. . . . . . . . . . . "Glas wurde erstmals etwa im 5. Jahrtausend v. Chr. als Nebenprodukt der Glasur hergestellt. Als eigenst\u00E4ndiges Produkt erscheint es erstmals im \u00C4gypten und Mesopotamien des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. als Glasperlen. Seit der Antike wurde neben Hohlglas (f\u00FCr Trinkgl\u00E4ser) auch Flachglas (f\u00FCr Fenster) hergestellt. Bis ins 17. Jahrhundert wurde Glas ausschlie\u00DFlich geblasen, bis um 1900 noch \u00FCberwiegend."@de . . "26586160"^^ . . . . . . . "L\u2019histoire du verre remonte \u00E0 la Pr\u00E9histoire : il y a environ 100 000 ans, l'obsidienne, un verre volcanique naturel, est d\u00E9j\u00E0 taill\u00E9e par l'homme pour former des pointes de fl\u00E8ches ; les tectites, billes de verre form\u00E9es par des impacts avec des m\u00E9t\u00E9orites, servent \u00E9galement de bijoux ; enfin, les fulgurites, petits tubes issus de la fusion du sable atteint par un \u00E9clair, sont connus."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043A\u043B\u0430"@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The history of glass-making dates back to at least 3,600 years ago in Mesopotamia. However, some writers claim that they may have been producing copies of glass objects from Egypt. Other archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or Egypt. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid 2,000 BCE, were beads, perhaps initially created as the accidental by-products of metal-working (slags) or during the production of faience, a pre-glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing. Glass products remained a luxury until the disasters that overtook the late Bronze Age civilizations seemingly brought glass-making to a halt. Development of glass technology in India may have begun in 1,730 BCE. In Ancient China, glass-making had a later start compared to ceramics and metal work. From across the former Roman Empire, archaeologists have recovered glass objects that were used in domestic, industrial and funerary contexts. Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of objects, including vessels, beads, windows, and was even used in jewellery."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The history of glass-making dates back to at least 3,600 years ago in Mesopotamia. However, some writers claim that they may have been producing copies of glass objects from Egypt. Other archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or Egypt. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid 2,000 BCE, were beads, perhaps initially created as the accidental by-products of metal-working (slags) or during the production of faience, a pre-glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing. Glass products remained a luxury until the disasters that overtook the late Bronze Age civilizations seemingly brought glass-making to a halt."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043A\u043B\u0430 \u043E\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E 5,6 \u0442\u044B\u0441. \u043B\u0435\u0442. \u0412 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043A\u043B\u0430 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043F\u0435\u0442."@ru . "\u30AC\u30E9\u30B9\u5E74\u8868"@ja . . . "\u30AC\u30E9\u30B9\u5E74\u8868\uFF08\u30AC\u30E9\u30B9\u306D\u3093\u3074\u3087\u3046\uFF09\u3067\u306F\u3001\u30AC\u30E9\u30B9\u306B\u95A2\u3059\u308B\u6B74\u53F2\u3092\u7DE8\u5E74\u7684\u306B\u8A18\u8FF0\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "\u064A\u0639\u0648\u062F \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062D\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0629 3500 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062F\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u062A\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u064F\u0642\u0644\u0651\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062A\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u0635\u064F\u0646\u0639\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645\u0629\u060C \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062A \u062D\u0642\u064A\u0642\u0629\u064B \u062A\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062F\u0629. \u062A\u064F\u0631\u062C\u0651\u062D \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062B\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C \u062D\u0642\u064A\u0642\u064A \u0635\u064F\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062D\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0631. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060C \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0646\u062A\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062F\u060C \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062E\u0631\u0632\u0627\u062A \u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u064F\u062C\u062F\u062A \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062F\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062B\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0646 (\u0643\u062E\u0628\u062B) \u0623\u0648 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062A\u0627\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064A\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0633\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062A\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0632\u062C\u064A\u062C. \u0639\u064F\u0648\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C \u0643\u0645\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062E\u0631\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0628\u062F\u0648\u060C \u062A\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062B \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062D\u0644\u062A \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0647 \u0644\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Geschichte des Glases"@de . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C"@ar . . . . . . . . "1122839485"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30AC\u30E9\u30B9\u5E74\u8868\uFF08\u30AC\u30E9\u30B9\u306D\u3093\u3074\u3087\u3046\uFF09\u3067\u306F\u3001\u30AC\u30E9\u30B9\u306B\u95A2\u3059\u308B\u6B74\u53F2\u3092\u7DE8\u5E74\u7684\u306B\u8A18\u8FF0\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . "Glas wurde erstmals etwa im 5. Jahrtausend v. Chr. als Nebenprodukt der Glasur hergestellt. Als eigenst\u00E4ndiges Produkt erscheint es erstmals im \u00C4gypten und Mesopotamien des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. als Glasperlen. Seit der Antike wurde neben Hohlglas (f\u00FCr Trinkgl\u00E4ser) auch Flachglas (f\u00FCr Fenster) hergestellt. Bis ins 17. Jahrhundert wurde Glas ausschlie\u00DFlich geblasen, bis um 1900 noch \u00FCberwiegend."@de . "\u064A\u0639\u0648\u062F \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062D\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0629 3500 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062F\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u062A\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u064F\u0642\u0644\u0651\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062A\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u0635\u064F\u0646\u0639\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645\u0629\u060C \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062A \u062D\u0642\u064A\u0642\u0629\u064B \u062A\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062F\u0629. \u062A\u064F\u0631\u062C\u0651\u062D \u0628\u0639\u0636 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062C\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u062D\u0641\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631. \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C \u0641\u064A \u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062C\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0645\u062A\u0639\u062F\u062F\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062E\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630\u060C \u0648\u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062A."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "ReferenceA"@en . "L\u2019histoire du verre remonte \u00E0 la Pr\u00E9histoire : il y a environ 100 000 ans, l'obsidienne, un verre volcanique naturel, est d\u00E9j\u00E0 taill\u00E9e par l'homme pour former des pointes de fl\u00E8ches ; les tectites, billes de verre form\u00E9es par des impacts avec des m\u00E9t\u00E9orites, servent \u00E9galement de bijoux ; enfin, les fulgurites, petits tubes issus de la fusion du sable atteint par un \u00E9clair, sont connus. Le verre est un corps dur, fragile, non cristallin, qui provient du refroidissement rapide de certaines substances apr\u00E8s fusion. Il est opaque, translucide ou transparent, mall\u00E9able \u00E0 chaud et susceptible d'un poli parfait. Il est le type du cassant \u00AB comme du verre \u00BB, du transparent, du lisse (miroir). Depuis quelques d\u00E9cennies, il sert de r\u00E9f\u00E9rence aux isolants thermiques \u00AB \u00E9quivalents \u00E0 telle \u00E9paisseur de laine de verre \u00BB. C'est aussi un isolant \u00E9lectrique. Ses formes et ses applications sont innombrables. Il est \u00E9galement utilis\u00E9 dans la fibres optique ."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "44881"^^ . "n"@en . . . . "History of glass"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043A\u043B\u0430 \u043E\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E 5,6 \u0442\u044B\u0441. \u043B\u0435\u0442. \u0412 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043A\u043B\u0430 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043F\u0435\u0442."@ru . "Histoire du verre"@fr . . . . .