"2899597"^^ . "Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa. At least eleven separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin.The development of agriculture about 12,000 years ago changed the way humans lived. They switched from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to permanent settlements and farming."@en . . . "L\u2019histoire de l'agriculture est l'histoire de la domestication des plantes, des animaux et du d\u00E9veloppement, par les \u00EAtres humains, des techniques n\u00E9cessaires pour les cultiver ou les \u00E9lever, puis de la modification des \u00E9cosyst\u00E8mes cultiv\u00E9s, transform\u00E9s en agro\u00E9cosyst\u00E8mes. L'agriculture est apparue ind\u00E9pendamment dans diff\u00E9rentes parties du monde lors de la R\u00E9volution n\u00E9olithique, il y a parfois plus de dix mille ans. On peut supposer que cela a d\u00E9but\u00E9 par une agriculture de subsistance. Puis, peu \u00E0 peu, s'est cr\u00E9\u00E9e une agriculture de production et de n\u00E9goce."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Die Geschichte der Landwirtschaft umfasst die weltweiten Entwicklungen bez\u00FCglich der Bewirtschaftung des Bodens und der Viehhaltung, die mit dem Ziel der Gewinnung pflanzlicher und tierischer Produkte ausge\u00FCbt wurden, von der Neolithischen Revolution bis zur Gegenwart."@de . . . . "Agrikulturhistorio"@eo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Sejarah pertanian adalah bagian dari sejarah kebudayaan manusia. Pertanian muncul ketika suatu masyarakat mampu untuk menjaga ketersediaan pangan bagi dirinya sendiri. Pertanian memaksa suatu kelompok orang untuk menetap dan dengan demikian mendorong kemunculan peradaban. Terjadi perubahan dalam sistem kepercayaan, pengembangan alat-alat pendukung kehidupan, dan juga kesenian akibat diadopsinya teknologi pertanian."@in . . "Jordbrukets historia"@sv . . . . 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"Agrargeschichte ist eine Teildisziplin der Geschichtswissenschaft, in der nicht nur die Geschichte der Landwirtschaft, sondern auch der neben- und au\u00DFeragrarischen Wirtschaftszweige, der formellen und informellen Machtverh\u00E4ltnisse (vgl. Agrarverfassung und Agrarpolitik), der lokalen, regionalen und \u00FCberregionalen Sozialbeziehungen sowie der experten- und alltagskulturellen Orientierungen auf dem Land erforscht werden."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Geschiedenis van de landbouw"@nl . . . . . "La historia de la agricultura abarca la domesticaci\u00F3n de plantas y animales, as\u00ED como el desarrollo y la difusi\u00F3n de t\u00E9cnicas para criarlos de manera productiva. En su fase inicial, la agricultura se desarroll\u00F3 de manera independiente en diferentes partes del mundo e incluy\u00F3 una amplia gama de taxones. Se identificaron centros de origen en por lo menos 11 regiones diferentes del mundo. Los seres humanos recolectaron y se alimentaron con granos silvestres desde por lo menos 20 000 a. C. A partir de 9500 a. C., se empez\u00F3 a cultivar los ocho cultivos fundadores neol\u00EDticos \u2014farro, trigo escanda, cebada, guisantes, lentejas, yero, garbanzos y lino\u2014 en el Levante mediterr\u00E1neo. El arroz se domestic\u00F3 en China entre 11 500 y 6200 a. C., seguido de poroto chino, soya y poroto azuki. Los cerdos fueron domesticados en Mesopotamia hacia 11 000 a. C., seguido por las ovejas entre 11 000 y 9000 a. C. En Mesoam\u00E9rica, el teosinte salvaje fue domesticado como ma\u00EDz hacia 10000 a. C.\u200B El ganado bovino se domestic\u00F3 a partir de los uros silvestres en la regi\u00F3n de Turqu\u00EDa y Pakist\u00E1n, alrededor de 8500 a. C. La ca\u00F1a de az\u00FAcar y algunas verduras de ra\u00EDz fueron domesticadas en Nueva Guinea alrededor de 7000 a. C. El sorgo se domestic\u00F3 en la regi\u00F3n del Sahel en \u00C1frica hacia 5000 a. C. En los Andes en Am\u00E9rica del Sur se domesticaron la papa, los frijoles y la coca entre 8000 y 5000 a. C., as\u00ED como las llamas, las alpacas y los cuyes. En el mismo per\u00EDodo se cultivaron e hibridaron pl\u00E1tanos en Nueva Guinea. El algod\u00F3n fue domesticado en Per\u00FA por 3600 a. C. Los camellos se domesticaron posiblemente alrededor de 3000 a. C. en Somalia y Arabia. En la Edad Media \u2014tanto en el mundo isl\u00E1mico como en Europa\u2014 la agricultura se transform\u00F3 con el uso de t\u00E9cnicas mejoradas y la difusi\u00F3n de plantas de cultivo, incluida la introducci\u00F3n en Europa, por al-\u00C1ndalus, de cultivos como la ca\u00F1a de az\u00FAcar, el arroz, el algod\u00F3n y \u00E1rboles frutales como la naranja. Despu\u00E9s de 1492, el intercambio colombino trajo cultivos de Am\u00E9rica a Europa, como el ma\u00EDz, patata, batata y mandioca, y por otro lado se introdujeron cultivos del Viejo Mundo en Am\u00E9rica, como el trigo, cebada, arroz y nabos, as\u00ED como ganado, incluyendo caballos, ganado vacuno, ovejas y cabras. Poco despu\u00E9s de la revoluci\u00F3n neol\u00EDtica, se introdujo el riego, la rotaci\u00F3n de cultivos y los fertilizantes, y en los \u00FAltimos 200 a\u00F1os, a partir de la revoluci\u00F3n agr\u00EDcola brit\u00E1nica, la agricultura se desarroll\u00F3 a un ritmo mucho m\u00E1s r\u00E1pido. Desde 1900, la agricultura en las naciones desarrolladas, y en menor medida la de las naciones en v\u00EDas de desarrollo, experiment\u00F3 un fuerte aumento en la productividad a medida que la mano de obra humana se reemplaz\u00F3 por la mecanizaci\u00F3n, y por el uso de fertilizantes sint\u00E9ticos, plaguicidas y la cr\u00EDa selectiva. El proceso de Haber-Bosch para la s\u00EDntesis de fertilizante de nitrato de amonio a escala industrial contribuy\u00F3 de manera significativa al aument\u00F3 del rendimiento agr\u00EDcola. Con la agricultura moderna surgieron problemas sociales, pol\u00EDticos y ambientales, como la contaminaci\u00F3n del agua y problemas asociados con los biocombustibles, los organismos gen\u00E9ticamente modificado, los aranceles y los subsidios agr\u00EDcolas. En el siglo XX, como respuesta a algunos de estos problemas, surge la agricultura org\u00E1nica como una alternativa al uso de las plaguicidas sint\u00E9ticas."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Agrikulturhistorio estas tiu parto de la historiscienco, kiu esploras la evoluon de la agrikulturo kaj la kampara areo. \u011Ci estas ligita kun la \u011Denerala kaj socia historio. Najbaraj fakoj estas arkeologio, geografio, sociologio (komparu kamparansociologio) kaj etnologio. Problemoj de la agrikulturcirkonstancoj kaj agrikulturstrukturo tu\u015Das anka\u016D jurajn kaj politikajn aspektojn (komparu kun agrikulturpolitiko). Lastatempaj evoluoj en la agrikulturhistorio tendencas al \"integrita historio\"."@eo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uB18D\uC5C5\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC"@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"La hist\u00F2ria de l'agricultura \u00E9s el desenvolupament per la humanitat d'aquesta activitat econ\u00F2mica. El descobriment durant el neol\u00EDtic de la possibilitat de conrear plantes es considera com una revoluci\u00F3 en la hist\u00F2ria de la humanitat. Les t\u00E8cniques agr\u00EDcoles evolucionaren relativament poc durant mil\u00B7lennis, encara que gr\u00E0cies als descobriments dels segles XV a xviii s'incrementaren els productes disponibles a tot el m\u00F3n. La segona revoluci\u00F3 agr\u00E0ria va coincidir amb la revoluci\u00F3 industrial i comport\u00E0 la mecanitzaci\u00F3, l'\u00FAs de combustibles f\u00F2ssils i d'agroqu\u00EDmics."@ca . . . . . . . . . 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"\u0421\u0435\u0301\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0445\u043E\u0437\u044F\u0301\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u2014 \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043B\u044C \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043C (\u043F\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0439, \u0435\u0434\u043E\u0439) \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u044B\u0440\u044C\u044F \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0430 \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u044B\u0448\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0421\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0435 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u2014 \u0433\u0430\u043B\u0443\u0437\u044C \u0435\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456\u043A\u0438, \u0441\u043F\u0440\u044F\u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043F\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C (\u0457\u0436\u0435\u044E) \u0442\u0430 \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0441\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0430\u043B\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456."@uk . . . . "Nekazaritzaren historia landareen etxekotze prozesua, hauen produkzioaren bilakaera eta nekazaritzako ekoizpen-tekniken garapena barneratzen dituen denbora esparrua da. Abeltzaintzaren garapenarekin batera eman zena munduko gune ezberdinetan. Duela 12.000 urte inguru, Neolitoan, nekazaritzaren sorrerak historia irauli zuen, gizakien bizimodua eta biziraupena erabat aldatuz. Lurra lantzeak, elikagaien berezko ekoizpenaren oinarri gisa, gizateriari aldaketa garrantzitsuak egitea ahalbidetu zion, hala nola sedentarismoa eta gure historiaren garapena erabat markatu duten populazioen eraketa."@eu . . . . . . . . "\u0406\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u0441\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0433\u043E\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430"@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . "Agrikulturhistorio estas tiu parto de la historiscienco, kiu esploras la evoluon de la agrikulturo kaj la kampara areo. \u011Ci estas ligita kun la \u011Denerala kaj socia historio. Najbaraj fakoj estas arkeologio, geografio, sociologio (komparu kamparansociologio) kaj etnologio. Problemoj de la agrikulturcirkonstancoj kaj agrikulturstrukturo tu\u015Das anka\u016D jurajn kaj politikajn aspektojn (komparu kun agrikulturpolitiko). Lastatempaj evoluoj en la agrikulturhistorio tendencas al \"integrita historio\"."@eo . . . . . . . . . . . "D\u011Bjiny zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED zaznamen\u00E1vaj\u00ED lidskou domestikaci rostlin a zv\u00ED\u0159at a v\u00FDvoj a \u0161\u00ED\u0159en\u00ED technik pro jejich efektivn\u00ED produkci. Zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED vzniklo nez\u00E1visle v r\u016Fzn\u00FDch \u010D\u00E1stech sv\u011Bta a zahrnovalo r\u016Fznorodou \u0161k\u00E1lu taxon\u016F. Nez\u00E1visl\u00E1 centra p\u016Fvodu tvo\u0159ilo nejm\u00E9n\u011B jeden\u00E1ct samostatn\u00FDch oblast\u00ED Star\u00E9ho a Nov\u00E9ho sv\u011Bta. Ji\u017E nejm\u00E9n\u011B 20 000 let p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00EDm letopo\u010Dtem lid\u00E9 sb\u00EDrali a poj\u00EDdali semena divoce rostouc\u00EDch obilovin. Zhruba 9500 let p\u0159. n. l. bylo v oblasti Levanty kultivov\u00E1no osm z\u00E1kladn\u00EDch neolitick\u00FDch plodin \u2013 , , je\u010Dmen, hr\u00E1ch, \u010Do\u010Dka, vikev, cizrna a len. R\u00FD\u017Ee zdom\u00E1cn\u011Bla v \u010C\u00EDn\u011B v obdob\u00ED mezi 11 500 a 6 200 let p\u0159. n. l., n\u00E1sledovaly ji mungo, s\u00F3ja a azuki. Prasata byla domestikov\u00E1na v Mezopot\u00E1mii asi 11 000 let p\u0159. n. l., n\u00E1sledn\u011B pak ovce v dob\u011B mezi 11 000 a\u017E 9000 lety p\u0159. n. l. Skot vznikl\u00FD domestikac\u00ED z divok\u00FDch pratur\u016F se objevil kolem roku 8500 p\u0159. n. l. v oblastech modern\u00EDho Turecka a P\u00E1kist\u00E1nu. Cukrov\u00E1 t\u0159tina, ban\u00E1ny a n\u011Bkter\u00E9 druhy ko\u0159enov\u00E9 zeleniny byly kultivov\u00E1ny na Nov\u00E9 Guineji zhruba 7000 let p\u0159. n. l. \u010Cirok byl domestikov\u00E1n v oblasti Sahelu v Africe asi 5000 let p\u0159. n. l. V oblasti jihoamerick\u00FDch And do\u0161lo p\u0159ed 8000 a\u017E 5000 lety p\u0159. n. l. k domestikov\u00E1n\u00ED brambor, spolu s fazolemi, kokou, lamou a mor\u010Detem. V Mezoamerice byla divok\u00E1 tr\u00E1va teosinte domestikov\u00E1na na kuku\u0159ici p\u0159ed rokem 4000 p\u0159. n. l. Bavlna zdom\u00E1cn\u011Bla v oblasti Peru nejm\u00E9n\u011B 3600 let p\u0159. n. l. Pom\u011Brn\u011B pozd\u011B byl domestikov\u00E1n velbloud, asi 3000 let p\u0159. n. l. Doba bronzov\u00E1, po\u010D\u00EDnaj\u00EDc\u00ED zhruba 3300 let p\u0159. n. l., byla sv\u011Bdkem intenzifikace zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED ve vznikaj\u00EDc\u00EDch civilizac\u00EDch jako mezopot\u00E1msk\u00FD Sumer, starov\u011Bk\u00FD Egypt, Harappsk\u00E1 kultura, starov\u011Bk\u00E1 \u010C\u00EDna a starov\u011Bk\u00E9 \u0158ecko. B\u011Bhem doby \u017Eelezn\u00E9 a klasick\u00E9ho starov\u011Bku \u0161\u00ED\u0159ila expanduj\u00EDc\u00ED \u0158\u00EDmsk\u00E1 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e v oblasti St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ED a z\u00E1padn\u00ED Evropy zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED, zalo\u017Een\u00E9 na ji\u017E existuj\u00EDc\u00EDch technik\u00E1ch d\u0159\u00EDv\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDch civilizac\u00ED; nav\u00EDc zavedla syst\u00E9m panstv\u00ED, kter\u00FD se stal z\u00E1kladem st\u0159edov\u011Bk\u00E9ho zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED. B\u011Bhem st\u0159edov\u011Bku, a to jak v isl\u00E1msk\u00E9m sv\u011Bt\u011B, tak v Evrop\u011B, do\u0161lo v zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED k v\u00FDznamn\u00FDm p\u0159em\u011Bn\u00E1m. Ty byly zp\u016Fsobeny zdokonalen\u00EDm technik a \u0161\u00ED\u0159en\u00EDm plodin, v\u010Detn\u011B zav\u00E1d\u011Bn\u00ED cukru, r\u00FD\u017Ee, bavlny a ovocn\u00FDch strom\u016F (nap\u0159\u00EDklad pomeran\u010Dovn\u00EDku) do Evropy p\u0159es Araby ovl\u00E1dan\u00FD Pyrenejsk\u00FD poloostrov (Al-Andalus). Kolumbovsk\u00E1 v\u00FDm\u011Bna po roce 1492 p\u0159inesla do Evropy plodiny z Nov\u00E9ho sv\u011Bta, jako je kuku\u0159ice, brambory, sladk\u00E9 brambory a maniok. Ze Star\u00E9ho sv\u011Bta se do Ameriky dostala p\u0161enice, je\u010Dmen, r\u00FD\u017Ee a \u0159epa a hospod\u00E1\u0159sk\u00E1 zv\u00ED\u0159ata v\u010Detn\u011B kon\u00ED, skotu, ovc\u00ED a koz. Zavla\u017Eov\u00E1n\u00ED, st\u0159\u00EDd\u00E1n\u00ED plodin a u\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n\u00ED hnojiv bylo zavedeno brzy po neolitick\u00E9 revoluci a zna\u010Dn\u011B se rozvinulo b\u011Bhem posledn\u00EDch 200 let, po\u010D\u00EDnaje britskou zem\u011Bd\u011Blskou revoluc\u00ED. Od po\u010D\u00E1tku 20. stolet\u00ED zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED ve vysp\u011Bl\u00FDch zem\u00EDch, a do men\u0161\u00ED m\u00EDry v rozvojov\u00E9m sv\u011Bt\u011B, zaznamenalo velk\u00E9 zv\u00FD\u0161en\u00ED produktivity nahrazen\u00EDm lidsk\u00E9 pr\u00E1ce mechanizac\u00ED a zaveden\u00EDm syntetick\u00FDch hnojiv, pesticid\u016F a \u0161lecht\u011Bn\u00ED. Haber\u016Fv\u2013Bosch\u016Fv proces umo\u017Enil synt\u00E9zu hnojiv na b\u00E1zi dusi\u010Dnanu amonn\u00E9ho v pr\u016Fmyslov\u00E9m m\u011B\u0159\u00EDtku, co\u017E v\u00FDrazn\u011B zv\u00FD\u0161ilo v\u00FDnosy plodin. Modern\u00ED zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED p\u0159ineslo \u0159adu soci\u00E1ln\u00EDch, politick\u00FDch a environment\u00E1ln\u00EDch ot\u00E1zek jako zne\u010Di\u0161\u0165ov\u00E1n\u00ED vod, biopaliva, geneticky modifikovan\u00E9 organismy nebo celn\u00ED a . V reakci na to se ve 20. stolet\u00ED vyvinulo ekologick\u00E9 zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED jako alternativa k pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n\u00ED syntetick\u00FDch pesticid\u016F."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0399\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B5\u03C9\u03C1\u03B3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2"@el . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Sejarah pertanian adalah bagian dari sejarah kebudayaan manusia. Pertanian muncul ketika suatu masyarakat mampu untuk menjaga ketersediaan pangan bagi dirinya sendiri. Pertanian memaksa suatu kelompok orang untuk menetap dan dengan demikian mendorong kemunculan peradaban. Terjadi perubahan dalam sistem kepercayaan, pengembangan alat-alat pendukung kehidupan, dan juga kesenian akibat diadopsinya teknologi pertanian. Kawasan Hilal Subur di Asia Barat, serta Mesir dan India merupakan lokasi awal pembudidayaan tanaman untuk mendapatkan hasilnya. Sebelum aktivitas ini dimulai, manusia terbiasa mencari sumber makanan di alam liar. Pertanian berkembang secara independen di berbagai tempat di dunia, yaitu di China, Afrika, Papua, India, dan Amerika. Sebagai bagian dari kebudayaan manusia, pertanian telah membawa revolusi yang besar dalam kehidupan manusia sebelum revolusi industri. Bahkan dapat dikatakan, revolusi pertanian adalah revolusi kebudayaan pertama yang dialami manusia. Setiap bagian di dunia memiliki perkembangan penguasaan teknologi pertanian yang berbeda-beda, sehingga garis waktu perkembangan pertanian bervariasi di setiap tempat. Di beberapa bagian di Afrika dan Asia Tengah masih dijumpai masyarakat yang semi-nomaden (setengah pengembara), yang telah mampu melakukan kegiatan peternakan atau bercocok tanam, namun tetap berpindah-pindah demi menjaga pasokan pangan. Sementara itu, di Amerika Utara dan Eropa traktor-traktor besar yang ditangani oleh satu orang telah mampu mendukung penyediaan pangan ratusan orang."@in . . . . . "Per storia dell'agricoltura si intende la storia delle varie evoluzioni dell'uomo nella sua attivit\u00E0 di coltivazione delle piante e di allevamento degli animali, nei suoi vari aspetti agronomici, sociali, ambientali."@it . . . . . "Tradycyjnie przyjmuje si\u0119, \u017Ce rolnictwo rozwin\u0119\u0142o si\u0119 oko\u0142o 10 000 p.n.e., przechodz\u0105c od tamtych czas\u00F3w znaczny rozw\u00F3j. Utrzymuje si\u0119, \u017Ce \u017Byzny P\u00F3\u0142ksi\u0119\u017Cyc na Bliskim Wschodzie by\u0142 miejscem najwcze\u015Bniejszego zaplanowanego siewu i zbioru plon\u00F3w ro\u015Blin, kt\u00F3re wcze\u015Bniej ros\u0142y dziko. Jednak istnieje coraz wi\u0119cej dowod\u00F3w wskazuj\u0105cych na to, \u017Ce pewne formy celowego wykorzystania ro\u015Blin uprawnych by\u0142y znane ludziom znacznie wcze\u015Bniej. Uwa\u017Ca si\u0119 r\u00F3wnie\u017C, \u017Ce niezale\u017Cny rozw\u00F3j rolnictwa nast\u0105pi\u0142 w p\u00F3\u0142nocnych i po\u0142udniowych Chinach, Sahel w Afryce, Nowej Gwinei i kilku regionach obu Ameryk. Rolnicze praktyki, takie jak irygacja, p\u0142odozmian, stosowanie nawoz\u00F3w i pestycyd\u00F3w odkryto dawno temu, jednak dopiero w XX wieku znacznie je rozwini\u0119to i udoskonalono. Metoda Habera i Boscha, polegaj\u0105ca na syntezie saletry amonowej stanowi\u0142a wa\u017Cny prze\u0142om i umo\u017Cliwi\u0142a wytwarzanie nawoz\u00F3w sztucznych na skal\u0119 przemys\u0142ow\u0105. W XX wieku, rolnictwo charakteryzowa\u0142o si\u0119 znacznym podniesieniem wydajno\u015Bci. Osi\u0105gni\u0119to ten stan, dzi\u0119ki wprowadzeniu na szerok\u0105 skal\u0119 nawoz\u00F3w syntetycznych, pestycyd\u00F3w, doboru hodowlanego oraz mechanizacji. Historia najnowsza rolnictwa obejmuje takie kwestie, jak zanieczyszczenie w\u00F3d, biopaliwa, organizmy zmodyfikowane genetycznie oraz dotacje gospodarskie. W ostatnich latach rolnictwo zosta\u0142o w niekt\u00F3rych krajach zmodernizowane, w celu ograniczenia zatruwania \u015Brodowiska naturalnego. W pa\u0144stwach \u015Brednio i wysoko rozwini\u0119tych powstaj\u0105 gospodarstwa ekologiczne."@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "De geschiedenis van de landbouw begint bij de neolithische revolutie. Het belang van de ontwikkeling van de landbouw is voor de mens slechts vergelijkbaar met de industri\u00EBle revolutie vele millennia later. Hoewel het effect op het individu over het algemeen beperkt was, veranderden samenlevingen op de lange termijn drastisch door de overgang naar landbouw. Dit is onder meer te zien bij de omvang van de wereldbevolking. Terwijl er aan het begin van de neolithische revolutie zo'n 1 tot 10 miljoen mensen rondliepen, overschreed de wereldbevolking in 2011 de 7 miljard."@nl . . . . . . . "\uB18D\uC5C5\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uB294 \uB3D9\uC2DD\uBB3C\uC758 \uC21C\uD654\uC640 \uC774\uB97C \uC0DD\uC0B0\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uAE30\uB974\uB294 \uAE30\uC220\uC758 \uAC1C\uBC1C\uACFC \uBCF4\uAE09\uC744 \uAE30\uB85D\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uB18D\uC5C5\uC740 \uC138\uACC4 \uC5EC\uB7EC \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC5D0\uC11C \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC2DC\uC791\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70 \uB2E4\uC591\uD55C \uC885\uB958\uC758 \uBD84\uB958\uAD70\uC744 \uD3EC\uD568\uD588\uB2E4. \uAD6C\uB300\uB959\uACFC \uC2E0\uB300\uB959\uC758 \uC801\uC5B4\uB3C4 11\uAC1C\uC758 \uBD84\uB9AC\uB41C \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC774 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC801\uC778 \uAE30\uC6D0 \uC911\uC2EC\uC9C0\uB85C \uAD00\uB828\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC57C\uC0DD \uACE1\uB958\uB294 \uC801\uC5B4\uB3C4 105,000\uB144 \uC804\uC5D0 \uC218\uC9D1\uB418\uC5B4 \uC2DD\uB7C9\uC73C\uB85C \uC4F0\uC600\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uC21C\uD654\uB294 \uD6E8\uC52C \uB098\uC911\uC5D0\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC558\uB2E4. \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 9500\uB144\uACBD\uBD80\uD130 \uC2DC\uC791\uD558\uC5EC 8\uAC1C\uC758 \uC2E0\uC11D\uAE30 \uC2DC\uC870 \uC791\uBB3C\uC740 \u2013 \uC678\uC54C\uBC00, \uBCF4\uB9AC, \uC644\uB450, \uB80C\uC988\uCF69, \uBCD1\uC544\uB9AC\uCF69 \uBC0F \uC544\uB9C8 \u2013 \uB808\uBC18\uD2B8\uC5D0\uC11C \uC7AC\uBC30\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD638\uBC00\uC740 \uB354 \uC77C\uCC0D \uC7AC\uBC30\uB418\uC5C8\uC744 \uC218 \uC788\uC9C0\uB9CC \uC774 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uC740 \uC5EC\uC804\uD788 \uB17C\uB780\uC758 \uC5EC\uC9C0\uAC00 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC300\uC740 6200 BC \uC911\uAD6D\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uC21C\uD654\uD558\uC600 \uB2E4\uC74C\uC5D0, 5700 BC\uC5D0\uC11C \uAC00\uC7A5 \uCD08\uAE30 \uBC30\uC591\uACFC \uB179\uB450, \uCF69\uACFC \uD325\uC774 \uC21C\uD654\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 11,000\uB144\uACBD \uBA54\uC18C\uD3EC\uD0C0\uBBF8\uC544\uC5D0\uC11C \uB3FC\uC9C0\uAC00 \uAC00\uCD95\uD654\uB418\uC5C8\uACE0, BC 11,000\uB144\uC5D0\uC11C 9000\uB144 \uC0AC\uC774 \uC5D0 \uC591\uC774 \uAC00\uCD95\uD654\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC18C\uB294 \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 8500\uB144\uACBD \uD604\uB300 \uD130\uD0A4\uC640 \uC778\uB3C4 \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC5D0\uC11C \uC57C\uC0DD \uC624\uB85D\uC2A4\uC5D0\uC11C \uAE38\uB4E4\uC5EC\uC84C\uB2E4. \uC218\uC218\uB294 \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 3000\uB144\uACBD \uC544\uD504\uB9AC\uCE74 \uC0AC\uD5EC \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC5D0\uC11C \uC7AC\uBC30\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uB099\uD0C0\uB294 \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 3000\uB144\uACBD \uB2A6\uAC8C \uAC00\uCD95\uD654\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . "Agrargeschichte ist eine Teildisziplin der Geschichtswissenschaft, in der nicht nur die Geschichte der Landwirtschaft, sondern auch der neben- und au\u00DFeragrarischen Wirtschaftszweige, der formellen und informellen Machtverh\u00E4ltnisse (vgl. Agrarverfassung und Agrarpolitik), der lokalen, regionalen und \u00FCberregionalen Sozialbeziehungen sowie der experten- und alltagskulturellen Orientierungen auf dem Land erforscht werden. Diese Forschungsdisziplin verbindet den Verlauf der Landwirtschaftsgeschichte mit der allgemeinen Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte sowie der Umwelt-, Politik- und Kulturgeschichte. Nachbarf\u00E4cher sind Arch\u00E4ologie, Geographie, \u00D6konomie (vgl. Agrar\u00F6konomie), Soziologie (vgl. Agrarsoziologie) und Europ\u00E4ische Ethnologie bzw. Volkskunde. Dar\u00FCber hinaus versucht die agrargeschichtliche Forschung \u00F6kologische, \u00F6konomische, politische, soziale und kulturelle Aspekte der Geschichte l\u00E4ndlicher Gesellschaften darzustellen."@de . . . . . "Sejarah pertanian"@in . . . . . . . "Historia de la agricultura"@es . "La historia de la agricultura abarca la domesticaci\u00F3n de plantas y animales, as\u00ED como el desarrollo y la difusi\u00F3n de t\u00E9cnicas para criarlos de manera productiva. En su fase inicial, la agricultura se desarroll\u00F3 de manera independiente en diferentes partes del mundo e incluy\u00F3 una amplia gama de taxones. Se identificaron centros de origen en por lo menos 11 regiones diferentes del mundo."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L\u2019histoire de l'agriculture est l'histoire de la domestication des plantes, des animaux et du d\u00E9veloppement, par les \u00EAtres humains, des techniques n\u00E9cessaires pour les cultiver ou les \u00E9lever, puis de la modification des \u00E9cosyst\u00E8mes cultiv\u00E9s, transform\u00E9s en agro\u00E9cosyst\u00E8mes. L'agriculture est apparue ind\u00E9pendamment dans diff\u00E9rentes parties du monde lors de la R\u00E9volution n\u00E9olithique, il y a parfois plus de dix mille ans. On peut supposer que cela a d\u00E9but\u00E9 par une agriculture de subsistance. Puis, peu \u00E0 peu, s'est cr\u00E9\u00E9e une agriculture de production et de n\u00E9goce. Aujourd\u2019hui, les informations concernant les march\u00E9s et leur organisation, les techniques et le savoir-faire b\u00E9n\u00E9ficiant des progr\u00E8s de l'agronomie, les produits, instruments et m\u00E9thodes de haute technologie \u00E9labor\u00E9s par les industries de l'agro-fourniture, sont \u00E0 la disposition de l'agriculteur pour obtenir des niveaux de production jamais atteints dans l'histoire de l'Homme. Les marges r\u00E9alis\u00E9es par les entreprises agricoles dans les pays d\u00E9velopp\u00E9s restent cependant tr\u00E8s variables, d\u00E9pendant de prix de vente fluctuants et d'aides apport\u00E9es ou non par les \u00C9tats, tandis que, dans les autres pays, la situation de nombreux paysans reste pr\u00E9caire. En contrepartie, ces d\u00E9veloppements r\u00E9cents de type industriel conduisent une partie des consommateurs des pays riches \u00E0 des inqui\u00E9tudes et des remises en question concernant la qualit\u00E9 des aliments, leur innocuit\u00E9 et les cons\u00E9quences des m\u00E9thodes modernes sur l'environnement."@fr . . . . "1124774847"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hist\u00F2ria de l'agricultura"@ca . . . . . . . . . . "Jordbruk uppstod med b\u00F6rjan f\u00F6r 12 000 \u00E5r sedan p\u00E5 flera oberoende platser: Mellan\u00F6stern, norra Kina, s\u00F6dra Mexiko samt Peru. Olika gr\u00F6dor utnyttjades p\u00E5 respektive plats, vilket medf\u00F6rde att de handelsn\u00E4tverk som senare uppstod kunde sprida utvecklade gr\u00F6dor till nya marknader. I Mellan\u00F6stern och Europa blev vetet den viktigaste gr\u00F6dan, i Asien odlades ris och hirs och i Amerika majs, kassava, b\u00F6nor och potatis. Jordbruket gav ett \u00F6verskott som b\u00E5de \u00F6kade folkm\u00E4ngden och gav upphov till de f\u00F6rsta stadsstaterna."@sv . . . "Tradycyjnie przyjmuje si\u0119, \u017Ce rolnictwo rozwin\u0119\u0142o si\u0119 oko\u0142o 10 000 p.n.e., przechodz\u0105c od tamtych czas\u00F3w znaczny rozw\u00F3j. Utrzymuje si\u0119, \u017Ce \u017Byzny P\u00F3\u0142ksi\u0119\u017Cyc na Bliskim Wschodzie by\u0142 miejscem najwcze\u015Bniejszego zaplanowanego siewu i zbioru plon\u00F3w ro\u015Blin, kt\u00F3re wcze\u015Bniej ros\u0142y dziko. Jednak istnieje coraz wi\u0119cej dowod\u00F3w wskazuj\u0105cych na to, \u017Ce pewne formy celowego wykorzystania ro\u015Blin uprawnych by\u0142y znane ludziom znacznie wcze\u015Bniej. Uwa\u017Ca si\u0119 r\u00F3wnie\u017C, \u017Ce niezale\u017Cny rozw\u00F3j rolnictwa nast\u0105pi\u0142 w p\u00F3\u0142nocnych i po\u0142udniowych Chinach, Sahel w Afryce, Nowej Gwinei i kilku regionach obu Ameryk. Rolnicze praktyki, takie jak irygacja, p\u0142odozmian, stosowanie nawoz\u00F3w i pestycyd\u00F3w odkryto dawno temu, jednak dopiero w XX wieku znacznie je rozwini\u0119to i udoskonalono. Metoda Habera i Boscha, polegaj\u0105ca na syntezi"@pl . . . . "May 2021"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Agrarische geschiedenis"@nl . . . . . "Nekazaritzaren historia landareen etxekotze prozesua, hauen produkzioaren bilakaera eta nekazaritzako ekoizpen-tekniken garapena barneratzen dituen denbora esparrua da. Abeltzaintzaren garapenarekin batera eman zena munduko gune ezberdinetan. Duela 12.000 urte inguru, Neolitoan, nekazaritzaren sorrerak historia irauli zuen, gizakien bizimodua eta biziraupena erabat aldatuz. Lurra lantzeak, elikagaien berezko ekoizpenaren oinarri gisa, gizateriari aldaketa garrantzitsuak egitea ahalbidetu zion, hala nola sedentarismoa eta gure historiaren garapena erabat markatu duten populazioen eraketa. Lehen herrixketan, gizakiak animaliak zaintzen eta landareak hazten hasi ginen, bila joan beharrik gabe, eta horrek, tresnen erabilerarekin batera, iraultza oso bat eragin zuen, bilketa eta ehizan oinarritutako garai baten amaiera eragin zuena, eta nekazaritzaren eta abeltzaintzaren hasiera bizimodu gisa ekarri zuena."@eu . . . "\u0421\u0435\u0301\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0445\u043E\u0437\u044F\u0301\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u2014 \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043B\u044C \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043C (\u043F\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0439, \u0435\u0434\u043E\u0439) \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u044B\u0440\u044C\u044F \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0430 \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u044B\u0448\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hist\u00F3ria da agricultura"@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Jordbruk uppstod med b\u00F6rjan f\u00F6r 12 000 \u00E5r sedan p\u00E5 flera oberoende platser: Mellan\u00F6stern, norra Kina, s\u00F6dra Mexiko samt Peru. Olika gr\u00F6dor utnyttjades p\u00E5 respektive plats, vilket medf\u00F6rde att de handelsn\u00E4tverk som senare uppstod kunde sprida utvecklade gr\u00F6dor till nya marknader. I Mellan\u00F6stern och Europa blev vetet den viktigaste gr\u00F6dan, i Asien odlades ris och hirs och i Amerika majs, kassava, b\u00F6nor och potatis. Jordbruket gav ett \u00F6verskott som b\u00E5de \u00F6kade folkm\u00E4ngden och gav upphov till de f\u00F6rsta stadsstaterna."@sv . . . . . . . . "D\u011Bjiny zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED zaznamen\u00E1vaj\u00ED lidskou domestikaci rostlin a zv\u00ED\u0159at a v\u00FDvoj a \u0161\u00ED\u0159en\u00ED technik pro jejich efektivn\u00ED produkci. Zem\u011Bd\u011Blstv\u00ED vzniklo nez\u00E1visle v r\u016Fzn\u00FDch \u010D\u00E1stech sv\u011Bta a zahrnovalo r\u016Fznorodou \u0161k\u00E1lu taxon\u016F. Nez\u00E1visl\u00E1 centra p\u016Fvodu tvo\u0159ilo nejm\u00E9n\u011B jeden\u00E1ct samostatn\u00FDch oblast\u00ED Star\u00E9ho a Nov\u00E9ho sv\u011Bta. Zavla\u017Eov\u00E1n\u00ED, st\u0159\u00EDd\u00E1n\u00ED plodin a u\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n\u00ED hnojiv bylo zavedeno brzy po neolitick\u00E9 revoluci a zna\u010Dn\u011B se rozvinulo b\u011Bhem posledn\u00EDch 200 let, po\u010D\u00EDnaje britskou zem\u011Bd\u011Blskou revoluc\u00ED."@cs . . . . . . "\u8FB2\u696D\u306E\u6B74\u53F2"@ja . "122065"^^ . . . . . . . . "\u519C\u4E1A\u53F2"@zh . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0441\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0445\u043E\u0437\u044F\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430"@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La hist\u00F2ria de l'agricultura \u00E9s el desenvolupament per la humanitat d'aquesta activitat econ\u00F2mica. El descobriment durant el neol\u00EDtic de la possibilitat de conrear plantes es considera com una revoluci\u00F3 en la hist\u00F2ria de la humanitat. Les t\u00E8cniques agr\u00EDcoles evolucionaren relativament poc durant mil\u00B7lennis, encara que gr\u00E0cies als descobriments dels segles XV a xviii s'incrementaren els productes disponibles a tot el m\u00F3n. La segona revoluci\u00F3 agr\u00E0ria va coincidir amb la revoluci\u00F3 industrial i comport\u00E0 la mecanitzaci\u00F3, l'\u00FAs de combustibles f\u00F2ssils i d'agroqu\u00EDmics. La tercera fase \u00E9s l'actual on, per una banda es q\u00FCestiona l'obtenci\u00F3 de grans rendiments i la destrucci\u00F3 del medi ambient i, de l'altra, l'enginyeria gen\u00E8tica apareix com la possibilitat de canviar radicalment la natura."@ca . "Histoire de l'agriculture"@fr . . "A hist\u00F3ria da agricultura registra a domestica\u00E7\u00E3o de plantas e animais e o desenvolvimento e dissemina\u00E7\u00E3o de t\u00E9cnicas para aument\u00E1-los produtivamente. A agricultura come\u00E7ou de forma independente em diferentes partes do globo e incluiu uma gama diversificada de t\u00E1xons. Pelo menos onze regi\u00F5es separadas do Velho e Novo Mundo estavam envolvidas como centros de origem independentes. Os gr\u00E3os selvagens foram coletados e consumidos pelo menos 20.000 a.C. Por volta de 9.500 a.C., os oito cultivos fundadores neol\u00EDticos - farro, trigo, cevada, ervilha, lentilha, ervilhaca, gr\u00E3o-de-bico e linho - foram cultivados no Levante. O centeio pode ter sido cultivado mais cedo, mas isto permanece controverso. O arroz foi domesticado na China em 6200 a.C., sendo o cultivo mais antigo conhecido a partir de 5700 a.C, seguido por feij\u00E3o-da-china, soja e azuki. Os porcos foram domesticados na Mesopot\u00E2mia por volta de 11.000 a.C., seguidos por ovelhas entre 11.000 a.C. e 9.000 a.C.. O gado foi domesticado a partir do auroque selvagem nas \u00E1reas da Turquia moderna e do Paquist\u00E3o por volta de 8500 a.C. A cana-de-a\u00E7\u00FAcar e algumas verduras foram domesticadas na Nova Guin\u00E9 por volta de 7000 a.C. O sorgo foi domesticado na regi\u00E3o do Sahel na \u00C1frica em 5000 a.C. Nos Andes da Am\u00E9rica do Sul, a batata foi domesticada entre 8.000 a.C. e 5.000 a.C., juntamente com feij\u00E3o, coca, lhamas, alpacas e porquinhos-da-\u00EDndia. As bananas foram cultivadas e hibridizadas no mesmo per\u00EDodo na Papua-Nova Guin\u00E9. Na Mesoam\u00E9rica, o teosinto selvagem foi domesticado no milho em 4000 a.C. O algod\u00E3o foi domesticado no Peru em 3600 a.C.. Os camelos foram domesticados mais tarde, talvez por volta de 3000 a.C.. A Idade do Bronze, de c. 3300 a.C., testemunhou a intensifica\u00E7\u00E3o da agricultura em civiliza\u00E7\u00F5es como a Sum\u00E9ria, o Egito Antigo, a Civiliza\u00E7\u00E3o do Vale do Indo no Sul da \u00C1sia, a China Antiga e a Gr\u00E9cia Antiga. Durante a Idade do Ferro e a era da antiguidade cl\u00E1ssica, a expans\u00E3o da Roma Antiga, tanto na Rep\u00FAblica quanto depois no Imp\u00E9rio, estabeleceu um sistema senhorial que se tornou uma base da agricultura medieval atrav\u00E9s do antigo Mediterr\u00E2neo e na Europa Ocidental. Na Idade M\u00E9dia, tanto no mundo isl\u00E2mico como na Europa, a agricultura foi transformada com t\u00E9cnicas melhoradas e com a difus\u00E3o de plantas cultivadas, incluindo a introdu\u00E7\u00E3o de a\u00E7\u00FAcar, arroz, algod\u00E3o e \u00E1rvores frut\u00EDferas, como a laranja, para a Europa, atrav\u00E9s da Al-Andalus. Ap\u00F3s as viagens de Crist\u00F3v\u00E3o Colombo em 1492, o interc\u00E2mbio colombiano trouxe colheitas do Novo Mundo, como milho, batatas, batata-doce e mandioca para a Europa, e colheitas do Velho Mundo, como trigo, cevada, arroz, nabos e gado, incluindo cavalos, ovelhas e cabras, para as Am\u00E9ricas. A irriga\u00E7\u00E3o, a rota\u00E7\u00E3o de culturas e fertilizantes foram introduzidos logo ap\u00F3s a Revolu\u00E7\u00E3o Neol\u00EDtica e se desenvolveram muito mais nos \u00FAltimos 200 anos, come\u00E7ando com a Revolu\u00E7\u00E3o Agr\u00EDcola Brit\u00E2nica. Desde 1900, a agricultura nos pa\u00EDses desenvolvidos e, em menor grau, no mundo em desenvolvimento, tem visto grandes aumentos de produtividade, pois o trabalho humano foi substitu\u00EDdo pela mecaniza\u00E7\u00E3o e assistido por fertilizantes sint\u00E9ticos, pesticidas e pela reprodu\u00E7\u00E3o seletiva. O processo Haber-Bosch permitiu a s\u00EDntese de fertilizantes \u00E0 base de nitrato de am\u00F4nio em escala industrial, aumentando consideravelmente o rendimento das culturas. A agricultura moderna tem levantado quest\u00F5es sociais, pol\u00EDticas e ambientais, incluindo polui\u00E7\u00E3o da \u00E1gua, biocombust\u00EDveis, organismos geneticamente modificados, tarifas e subs\u00EDdios agr\u00EDcolas. Em resposta, a agricultura org\u00E2nica desenvolveu-se no s\u00E9culo XX como uma alternativa ao uso de pesticidas sint\u00E9ticos."@pt . . . . 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\u65B0\u77F3\u5668\u9769\u547D\u4E4B\u540E\uFF0C\u704C\u6E89\u3001\u8F2A\u4F5C\u3001\u80A5\u6599\u88AB\u4F7F\u7528\uFF0C\u5E76\u4ECE\u82F1\u56FD\u519C\u4E1A\u9769\u547D\u5F00\u59CB\u7684\u8FC7\u53BB200\u5E74\u5185\u5927\u5E45\u53D1\u5C55\u3002\u4ECE1900\u5E74\u5F00\u59CB\uFF0C\u53D1\u8FBE\u56FD\u5BB6\u4EE5\u53CA\u5C11\u90E8\u5206\u53D1\u5C55\u4E2D\u56FD\u5BB6\u7684\u751F\u4EA7\u529B\u5F97\u5230\u4E86\u5F88\u5927\u7684\u63D0\u9AD8\uFF0C\u4EBA\u529B\u88AB\u673A\u68B0\u5316\u6240\u66FF\u4EE3\uFF0C\u5E76\u51FA\u73B0\u4E86\u4EBA\u5DE5\u80A5\u6599\u3001\u519C\u836F\u4EE5\u53CA\u4EBA\u5DE5\u9078\u64C7\u3002\u54C8\u67CF\u6CD5\u7684\u53D1\u660E\u4F7F\u5F97\u4EBA\u5DE5\u785D\u9178\u94F5\u80A5\u6599\u88AB\u5927\u89C4\u6A21\u8FD0\u7528\uFF0C\u4ECE\u800C\u5927\u5E45\u63D0\u9AD8\u4E86\u3002\u73B0\u4EE3\u519C\u4E1A\u5F15\u53D1\u4E86\u793E\u4F1A\u3001\u653F\u6CBB\u3001\u73AF\u5883\u95EE\u9898\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u6C34\u6C61\u67D3\u3001\u751F\u7269\u71C3\u6599\u3001\u8F6C\u57FA\u56E0\u751F\u7269\u3001\u5173\u7A0E\u3001\u8FB2\u696D\u88DC\u8CBC\u3002\u4F5C\u4E3A\u56DE\u5E94\uFF0C20\u4E16\u7EAA\u53D1\u5C55\u8D77\u6765\u7684\u6709\u6A5F\u8FB2\u696D\u88AB\u7528\u6765\u53D6\u4EE3\u5408\u6210\u519C\u836F\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . "Per storia dell'agricoltura si intende la storia delle varie evoluzioni dell'uomo nella sua attivit\u00E0 di coltivazione delle piante e di allevamento degli animali, nei suoi vari aspetti agronomici, sociali, ambientali."@it . . . . . "Die Geschichte der Landwirtschaft umfasst die weltweiten Entwicklungen bez\u00FCglich der Bewirtschaftung des Bodens und der Viehhaltung, die mit dem Ziel der Gewinnung pflanzlicher und tierischer Produkte ausge\u00FCbt wurden, von der Neolithischen Revolution bis zur Gegenwart."@de . . "De geschiedenis van de landbouw begint bij de neolithische revolutie. Het belang van de ontwikkeling van de landbouw is voor de mens slechts vergelijkbaar met de industri\u00EBle revolutie vele millennia later. Hoewel het effect op het individu over het algemeen beperkt was, veranderden samenlevingen op de lange termijn drastisch door de overgang naar landbouw. Dit is onder meer te zien bij de omvang van de wereldbevolking. Terwijl er aan het begin van de neolithische revolutie zo'n 1 tot 10 miljoen mensen rondliepen, overschreed de wereldbevolking in 2011 de 7 miljard."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Agrarische geschiedenis of landbouwgeschiedenis is een deeldiscipline van de geschiedwetenschap. Binnen deze discipline bestudeert men de historische ontwikkeling van de landbouw in een maatschappelijke, economische, landschappelijke en/of technische context."@nl . . . . . "Nekazaritzaren historia"@eu . . . . "Agrarhistoria"@sv . . . . . . . . . . "Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa. At least eleven separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin.The development of agriculture about 12,000 years ago changed the way humans lived. They switched from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to permanent settlements and farming. Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago. However, domestication did not occur until much later. The earliest evidence of small-scale cultivation of edible grasses is from around 21,000 BC with the Ohalo II people on the shores of the Sea of Galilee. By around 9500 BC, the eight Neolithic founder crops \u2013 emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chickpeas, and flax \u2013 were cultivated in the Levant. Rye may have been cultivated earlier, but this claim remains controversial. Rice was domesticated in China by 6200 BC with earliest known cultivation from 5700 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki beans. Rice was also independently domesticated in West Africa and cultivated by 1000 BC. Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 years ago, followed by sheep. Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and India around 8500 BC. Camels were domesticated late, perhaps around 3000 BC. In subsaharan Africa, sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 3000 BC, along with pearl millet by 2000 BC. Yams were domesticated in several distinct locations, including West Africa (unknown date), and cowpeas by 2500 BC. Rice (African rice) was also independently domesticated in the West Africa and cultivated by 1000 BC. Teff and likely finger millet were domesticated in Ethiopia by 3000 BC, along with noog, ensete, and coffee. Other plant foods domesticated in Africa include watermelon, okra, tamarind and black eyed peas, along with tree crops such as the kola nut and oil palm. Plantains were cultivated in Africa by 3000 BC and bananas by 1500 BC. The helmeted guineafowl was domesticated in West Africa. Sanga cattle was likely also domesticated in North-East Africa, around 7000 BC, and later crossbred with other species. In South America, agriculture began as early as 9000 BC, starting with the cultivation of several species of plants that later became only minor crops. In the Andes of South America, the potato was domesticated between 8000 BC and 5000 BC, along with beans, squash, tomatoes, peanuts, coca, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs. Cassava was domesticated in the Amazon Basin no later than 7000 BC. Maize (Zea mays) found its way to South America from Mesoamerica, where wild teosinte was domesticated about 7000 BC and selectively bred to become domestic maize. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 4200 BC; another species of cotton was domesticated in Mesoamerica and became by far the most important species of cotton in the textile industry in modern times. Evidence of agriculture in the Eastern United States dates to about 3000 BCE. Several plants were cultivated, later to be replaced by the Three Sisters cultivation of maize, squash, and beans. Sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 7000 BC. Bananas were cultivated and hybridized in the same period in Papua New Guinea. In Australia, agriculture was invented at a currently unspecified period, with the oldest eel traps of Budj Bim dating to 6,600 BC and the deployment of several crops ranging from yams to bananas. The Bronze Age, from c. 3300 BC, witnessed the intensification of agriculture in civilizations such as Mesopotamian Sumer, ancient Egypt, ancient Sudan, the Indus Valley civilisation of the Indian subcontinent, ancient China, and ancient Greece. From 100 BC to 1600 AD, world population continued to grow along with land use, as evidenced by the rapid increase in methane emissions from cattle and the cultivation of rice. During the Iron Age and era of classical antiquity, the expansion of ancient Rome, both the Republic and then the Empire, throughout the ancient Mediterranean and Western Europe built upon existing systems of agriculture while also establishing the manorial system that became a bedrock of medieval agriculture. In the Middle Ages, both in Europe and in the Islamic world, agriculture was transformed with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants, including the introduction of sugar, rice, cotton and fruit trees such as the orange to Europe by way of Al-Andalus. After the voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492, the Columbian exchange brought New World crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc to Europe, and Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips, and livestock including horses, cattle, sheep, and goats to the Americas. Irrigation, crop rotation, and fertilizers were introduced soon after the Neolithic Revolution and developed much further in the past 200 years, starting with the British Agricultural Revolution. Since 1900, agriculture in the developed nations, and to a lesser extent in the developing world, has seen large rises in productivity as human labour has been replaced by mechanization, and assisted by synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and selective breeding. The Haber-Bosch process allowed the synthesis of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on an industrial scale, greatly increasing crop yields. Modern agriculture has raised social, political, and environmental issues including overpopulation, water pollution, biofuels, genetically modified organisms, tariffs and farm subsidies. In response, organic farming developed in the twentieth century as an alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides."@en . . . . . . . "medic"@en . . . "\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Storia dell'agricoltura"@it . . "Agrarische geschiedenis of landbouwgeschiedenis is een deeldiscipline van de geschiedwetenschap. Binnen deze discipline bestudeert men de historische ontwikkeling van de landbouw in een maatschappelijke, economische, landschappelijke en/of technische context."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u8FB2\u696D\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\uFF08\u306E\u3046\u304E\u3087\u3046\u306E\u308C\u304D\u3057\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E: history of agriculture\uFF09\u3067\u306F\u3001\u8FB2\u696D\uFF08\u8FB2\u8015\u30FB\u7267\u755C\uFF09\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u304A\u3088\u3073\u8FB2\u696D\u6280\u8853\u306E\u767A\u5C55\u3068\u666E\u53CA\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8A18\u8FF0\u3059\u308B\u3002 \u4EBA\u985E\u306F\u3082\u3068\u3082\u3068\u3001\u3082\u3063\u3071\u3089\u72E9\u731F\u63A1\u96C6\u3092\u884C\u3063\u3066\u751F\u304D\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3066\u304A\u308A\uFF08\u72E9\u731F\u63A1\u96C6\u793E\u4F1A\uFF09\u3001\u8FB2\u696D\u306F\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u5206\u985E\u7FA4(\u3044\u308F\u3086\u308B\u30BF\u30AF\u30BD\u30F3)\u306E\u52D5\u690D\u7269\u3092\u5BFE\u8C61\u306B\u3001\u4E16\u754C\u5404\u5730\u3067\u305D\u308C\u305E\u308C\u5225\u500B\u306B\u59CB\u307E\u3063\u305F\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2(\u306E\u3061\u30BD\u30D3\u30A8\u30C8\u9023\u90A6)\u306E\u8FB2\u5B66\u8005\u30FB\u690D\u7269\u5B66\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u907A\u4F1D\u5B66\u8005\u3067\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305F\u30CB\u30B3\u30E9\u30A4\u30FB\u30F4\u30A1\u30F4\u30A3\u30ED\u30D5\u306B\u3088\u308C\u3070\u3001\u683D\u57F9\u690D\u7269\u306E\u8D77\u6E90\u4E2D\u5FC3\u5730\u306F\u3001\u5730\u7403\u4E0A\u306E11\u306E\u5730\u57DF\u306B\u53CA\u3076\u3002 \u7267\u755C\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306F\u3001\u7D00\u5143\u524D11000\u5E74\u9803\u306E\u30E1\u30BD\u30DD\u30BF\u30DF\u30A2\u3067\u30D6\u30BF\u306E\u98FC\u80B2\u304C\u59CB\u307E\u3063\u305F\u306E\u306B\u7D9A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7D00\u5143\u524D11000\u5E74\u9803\u304B\u3089\u7D00\u5143\u524D9000\u5E74\u9803\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u3001\u30D2\u30C4\u30B8\u306E\u98FC\u80B2\u304C\u59CB\u307E\u3063\u305F\u3068\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u30A6\u30B7\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306F\u3001\u7D00\u5143\u524D8500\u5E74\u9803\u306E(\u73FE\u5728\u306E)\u30C8\u30EB\u30B3\u3084\u30D1\u30AD\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u5468\u8FBA\u3067\u3001\u73FE\u4EE3\u306E\u5BB6\u755C\u725B\u306E\u7956\u5148\u306B\u3042\u305F\u308B\u30AA\u30FC\u30ED\u30C3\u30AF\u30B9(1627\u5E74\u306B\u7D76\u6EC5)\u306E\u98FC\u80B2\u304C\u59CB\u307E\u3063\u305F\u3002 \u5357\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u306E\u30A2\u30F3\u30C7\u30B9\u5730\u65B9\u3067\u306F\u3001\u7D00\u5143\u524D8000\u5E74\u9803\u304B\u3089\u7D00\u5143\u524D5000\u5E74\u9803\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u3001\u30A4\u30F3\u30B2\u30F3\u30DE\u30E1\u985E\u3084\u30B3\u30AB\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306B\u30B8\u30E3\u30AC\u30A4\u30E2\u306E\u683D\u57F9\u304C\u59CB\u307E\u308A\u3001\u30E9\u30DE\u3084\u30A2\u30EB\u30D1\u30AB\u3001\u30E2\u30EB\u30E2\u30C3\u30C8\u306A\u3069\u304C\u98FC\u80B2\u3055\u308C\u59CB\u3081\u305F\u3002\u540C\u3058\u9803\u3001\u30D1\u30D7\u30A2\u30CB\u30E5\u30FC\u30AE\u30CB\u30A2\u3067\u306F\u3001\u65E2\u306B\u4EA4\u914D\u3055\u308C\u305F\u30D0\u30CA\u30CA\u304C\u53CE\u7A6B\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3068\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . "\u519C\u4E1A\u53F2\u8BB0\u5F55\u4E86\u4EBA\u7C7B\u9A6F\u5316\u690D\u7269\u548C\u52A8\u7269\u3001\u53D1\u5C55\u4EE5\u53CA\u4F20\u64AD\u6280\u672F\u7528\u6765\u63D0\u9AD8\u751F\u4EA7\u529B\u7684\u5386\u53F2\u3002\u519C\u4E1A\u8D77\u6E90\u4E8E\u5730\u7403\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u5730\u65B9\uFF0C\u519C\u4E1A\u7684\u8D77\u6E90\u4E2D\u5FC3\u5305\u62EC\u65E7\u5927\u9646\u548C\u65B0\u5927\u9678\u7684\u81F3\u5C1111\u4E2A\u72EC\u7ACB\u7684\u533A\u57DF\u3002 \u65E9\u5728\u516C\u5143\u524D2\u4E07\u5E74\uFF0C\u4EBA\u7C7B\u5C31\u5DF2\u7ECF\u6709\u91C7\u96C6\u548C\u8FDB\u98DF\u91CE\u751F\u7684\u8C37\u7269\u3002\u5927\u7EA6\u5728\u516C\u5143\u524D9500\u5E74\uFF0C\u9ECE\u51E1\u7279\u5F00\u59CB\u8015\u79CD8\u79CD\u2014\u2014\u4E8C\u7C92\u5C0F\u9EA6\u3001\u4E00\u7C92\u5C0F\u9EA6\u3001\u5927\u9EA6\u3001\u8C4C\u8C46\u3001\u5C0F\u6241\u8C46\u3001\u3001\u9E70\u5634\u8C46\u3001\u4E9A\u9EBB\u3002\u516C\u5143\u524D1.15\u4E07\u5E74\u5230\u516C\u5143\u524D6200\u5E74\u4E4B\u95F4\uFF0C\u4E2D\u56FD\u5F00\u59CB\u8015\u79CD\u7A3B\u3001\u7EFF\u8C46\u3001\u5927\u8C46\u3001\u7D05\u8C46\u3002\u5927\u7EA6\u5728\u516C\u5143\u524D1.1\u4E07\u5E74\uFF0C\u7F8E\u7D22\u4E0D\u8FBE\u7C73\u4E9A\u5F00\u59CB\u9A6F\u517B\u732A\u5C5E\uFF0C\u516C\u5143\u524D1.1\u4E07\u5E74\u5230\u516C\u5143\u524D9000\u5E74\u4E4B\u95F4\u5F00\u59CB\u9A6F\u517B\u7EF5\u7F8A\u3002\u5927\u7EA6\u516C\u5143\u524D8500\u5E74\uFF0C\u5728\u73B0\u4ECA\u7684\u571F\u8033\u5176\u548C\u5DF4\u57FA\u65AF\u5766\u5730\u533A\uFF0C\u539F\u725B\u88AB\u9A6F\u5316\u6210\u5BB6\u725B\u3002\u5927\u7EA6\u516C\u5143\u524D7000\u5E74\uFF0C\u65B0\u5E7E\u5167\u4E9E\u5F00\u59CB\u683D\u57F9\u7518\u8517\u548C\u3002\u516C\u5143\u524D5000\u5E74\uFF0C\u975E\u6D32\u7684\u8428\u8D6B\u52D2\u5730\u533A\u5F00\u59CB\u683D\u57F9\u9AD8\u7CB1\u3002\u516C\u5143\u524D8000\u5E74\u5230\u516C\u5143\u524D5000\u5E74\u4E4B\u95F4\uFF0C\u5357\u7F8E\u7684\u5B89\u5730\u65AF\u5C71\u8108\u5F00\u59CB\u683D\u57F9\u9A6C\u94C3\u85AF\u3001\u83DC\u8C46\u3001\u53E4\u67EF\uFF0C\u9A6F\u517B\u5927\u7F8A\u99DD\u3001\u7F8A\u9A7C\u3001\u8C5A\u9F20\u3002\u540C\u4E00\u65F6\u671F\u5DF4\u5E03\u4E9A\u65B0\u51E0\u5185\u4E9A\u5F00\u59CB\u79CD\u690D\u5E76\u6742\u4EA4\u9999\u8549\u3002\u516C\u5143\u524D4000\u5E74\uFF0C\u628A\u91CE\u751F\u7684\u7389\u8700\u9ECD\u5C5E\u9A6F\u5316\u6210 \u7389\u7C73\u3002\u516C\u5143\u524D3600\u5E74\uFF0C\u79D8\u9C81\u683D\u57F9\u68C9\u82B1\u3002\u5927\u7EA6\u5728\u516C\u5143\u524D3000\u5E74\uFF0C\u4EBA\u7C7B\u5F00\u59CB\u9A6F\u517B\u9A86\u9A7C\u3002"@zh . . . . . "Agrargeschichte"@de . . "Geschichte der Landwirtschaft"@de . . . . . . "A hist\u00F3ria da agricultura registra a domestica\u00E7\u00E3o de plantas e animais e o desenvolvimento e dissemina\u00E7\u00E3o de t\u00E9cnicas para aument\u00E1-los produtivamente. A agricultura come\u00E7ou de forma independente em diferentes partes do globo e incluiu uma gama diversificada de t\u00E1xons. Pelo menos onze regi\u00F5es separadas do Velho e Novo Mundo estavam envolvidas como centros de origem independentes."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . "Historia rolnictwa"@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "History of agriculture"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0397 \u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B5\u03C9\u03C1\u03B3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B3\u03C1\u03AC\u03C6\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03BE\u03B7\u03BC\u03AD\u03C1\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C6\u03C5\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B6\u03CE\u03C9\u03BD, \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03AC\u03C0\u03C4\u03C5\u03BE\u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03B4\u03BF\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B5\u03C7\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03B3\u03C9\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B9\u03AD\u03C1\u03B3\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1. \u0397 \u03B3\u03B5\u03C9\u03C1\u03B3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BE\u03B5\u03BA\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B5 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B5\u03BE\u03AC\u03C1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03B1 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C1\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03BD\u03AE\u03C4\u03B7. \u0386\u03B3\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C0\u03CC\u03C1\u03BF\u03B9, \u03BA\u03C5\u03C1\u03AF\u03C9\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B7\u03BC\u03B7\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03AC, \u03C3\u03C5\u03BB\u03BB\u03AD\u03C7\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B1\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03BB\u03CE\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B1\u03BD \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03BB\u03AC\u03C7\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03BD 105.000 \u03C7\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C0\u03C1\u03B9\u03BD. \u03A0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03BF 9500 \u03C0.\u03A7., \u03C3\u03B9\u03C4\u03AC\u03C1\u03B9, \u03BA\u03C1\u03B9\u03B8\u03AC\u03C1\u03B9, \u03BC\u03C0\u03B9\u03B6\u03AD\u03BB\u03B9\u03B1, \u03C6\u03B1\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2, \u03C1\u03B5\u03B2\u03AF\u03B8\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BB\u03B9\u03BD\u03AC\u03C1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B9\u03B5\u03C1\u03B3\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u039C\u03B5\u03C3\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03C4\u03B1\u03BC\u03AF\u03B1. \u0397 \u03C3\u03AF\u03BA\u03B1\u03BB\u03B7 \u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF \u03BD\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B9\u03B5\u03C1\u03B3\u03AE\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B5 \u03BD\u03C9\u03C1\u03AF\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1, \u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03AC \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03CC \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03B9 \u03B1\u03BC\u03C6\u03B9\u03BB\u03B5\u03B3\u03CC\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03BF. \u03A4\u03BF \u03C1\u03CD\u03B6\u03B9 \u03AC\u03C1\u03C7\u03B9\u03C3\u03B5 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B9\u03B5\u03C1\u03B3\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u039A\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF 6200 \u03C0.\u03A7., \u03B1\u03BA\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03CD\u03B8\u03B7\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03BC\u03B9\u03C3\u03CC \u03B1\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C1\u03B3\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03BF, \u03B7 \u03C3\u03CC\u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03C1\u03BF\u03B2\u03AF\u03C4\u03C3\u03B1. \u039F\u03B9 \u03C7\u03BF\u03AF\u03C1\u03BF\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BE\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03C1\u03CE\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B1\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u039C\u03B5\u03C3\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03C4\u03B1\u03BC\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B3\u03CD\u03C1\u03C9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF 11.000 \u03C0.\u03A7., \u03B1\u03BA\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03B8\u03BF\u03CD\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C0\u03C1\u03CC\u03B2\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1. \u03A4\u03B1 \u03B2\u03BF\u03BF\u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03AE \u03B5\u03BE\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03C1\u03CE\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B1\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03C7\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C3\u03CD\u03B3\u03C7\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03BA\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03BF 8500 \u03C0.\u03A7. \u03A4\u03BF \u03B6\u03B1\u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03BF\u03BA\u03AC\u03BB\u03B1\u03BC\u03BF \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BF\u03C1"@el . . . 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