. "O tabagismo \u00E9 reconhecido como uma doen\u00E7a cr\u00F4nica causada pela depend\u00EAncia qu\u00EDmica dos fumantes \u00E0 nicotina e, por isso, a Organiza\u00E7\u00E3o Mundial da Sa\u00FAde (OMS) o incluiu na Classifica\u00E7\u00E3o Estat\u00EDstica Internacional de Doen\u00E7as e Problemas Relacionados \u00E0 Sa\u00FAde (CID-10). A OMS considera tamb\u00E9m que o tabagismo \u00E9 uma das principais causas evit\u00E1veis de morte em todo o mundo. Os efeitos \u00E0 sa\u00FAde causados pelo fumo de tabaco referem-se tanto ao tabagismo direto quanto \u00E0 inala\u00E7\u00E3o de fumo ambiente (tabagismo passivo). A Organiza\u00E7\u00E3o Mundial de Sa\u00FAde estima que 16% da popula\u00E7\u00E3o brasileira seja fumante. Ainda de acordo com a OMS, nos pa\u00EDses desenvolvidos, 26% das mortes masculinas e 9% das mortes femininas podem ser atribu\u00EDdas diretamente ou indiretamente ao tabagismo. Desta forma, o tabagismo classifica-se como uma importante causa de morte prematura em todo o mundo."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . "O tabagismo \u00E9 reconhecido como uma doen\u00E7a cr\u00F4nica causada pela depend\u00EAncia qu\u00EDmica dos fumantes \u00E0 nicotina e, por isso, a Organiza\u00E7\u00E3o Mundial da Sa\u00FAde (OMS) o incluiu na Classifica\u00E7\u00E3o Estat\u00EDstica Internacional de Doen\u00E7as e Problemas Relacionados \u00E0 Sa\u00FAde (CID-10). A OMS considera tamb\u00E9m que o tabagismo \u00E9 uma das principais causas evit\u00E1veis de morte em todo o mundo."@pt . . . . . "200"^^ . "Female Smoking by Country.png"@en . "Evropa se s tab\u00E1kem za\u010Dala seznamovat a\u017E po objeven\u00ED Ameriky, samoz\u0159ejm\u011B d\u00EDky Kry\u0161tofu Kolumbovi. P\u016Fvodn\u011B byl tab\u00E1k sou\u010D\u00E1st\u00ED n\u00E1bo\u017Eensk\u00FDch ob\u0159ad\u016F a ritu\u00E1l\u016F, p\u0159i\u010Dem\u017E jeho historie sah\u00E1 a\u017E do doby 6 000 let p\u0159. n. l. Kry\u0161tof Kolumbus pozoroval p\u016Fvodn\u00ED obyvatele, jak tab\u00E1k kou\u0159\u00ED zabalen\u00FD do tab\u00E1kov\u00E9ho listu nebo pomoc\u00ED trubi\u010Dek zvan\u00FDch \u201Etobago\u201C. B\u011Bhem n\u00E1sleduj\u00EDc\u00EDch let n\u00E1mo\u0159n\u00EDci a diplomat\u00E9 roz\u0161\u00ED\u0159ili d\u00FDmky a doutn\u00EDky po cel\u00E9 Evrop\u011B. Paradoxem je, \u017Ee kou\u0159en\u00ED se zprvu vyu\u017E\u00EDvalo k l\u00E9\u010Debn\u00FDm \u00FA\u010Del\u016Fm \u2013 nap\u0159\u00EDklad p\u0159i bolen\u00ED zub\u016F \u010Di migr\u00E9n\u011B. Proto vyu\u017E\u00EDval rostlinu i Jean Nicot, francouzsk\u00FD vyslanec v Portugalsku, kter\u00FD se stal tak nad\u0161en\u00FDm propag\u00E1torem tab\u00E1ku, \u017Ee dal jm\u00E9no nikotinu, n\u00E1vykov\u00E9 l\u00E1tce v n\u011Bm obsa\u017Een\u00E9. Postupn\u011B ov\u0161em pro\u0161lo kou\u0159en\u00ED tab\u00E1ku nejr\u016Fzn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDmi z\u00E1kazy. Nap\u0159\u00EDklad v Rusku byly za kou\u0159"@cs . . . "183091"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Les effets du tabac sur la sant\u00E9 recensent les cons\u00E9quences du tabagisme sur la sant\u00E9. Des recherches \u00E9pid\u00E9miologiques m\u00E8nent \u00E0 la conclusion que la consommation de tabac est la premi\u00E8re cause de d\u00E9c\u00E8s \u00E9vitable dans le monde (pr\u00E8s de six millions de personnes par an). Sa consommation conduit souvent \u00E0 des maladies du c\u0153ur et des poumons, et \u00EAtre fumeur repr\u00E9sente un risque majeur pour les attaques cardiaques, AVC, bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive, emphys\u00E8me, et le cancer, en particulier cancer du poumon, cancer laryng\u00E9, cancer de la vessie. Cela cause aussi des maladies vasculaires p\u00E9riph\u00E9riques et de l'hypertension en fonction de la dur\u00E9e d'exposition et du dosage de tabac, et on peut remarquer que la pr\u00E9valence de ces maladies augmente avec la jeunesse des patients au d\u00E9but de leur exposition et l'importance du taux de goudron. Les cigarettes vendues dans les pays en d\u00E9veloppement contiennent souvent un pourcentage de goudrons plus \u00E9lev\u00E9 et sont moins susceptibles de comporter un filtre, accentuant donc la pr\u00E9valence probable des maladies li\u00E9es au tabac dans ces r\u00E9gions. L'Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00E9 (OMS) estime que le tabac est la cause directe de 5,4 millions de morts en 2004 et 100 millions pendant le XXe si\u00E8cle. Aux \u00C9tats-Unis, les Centres pour le contr\u00F4le et la pr\u00E9vention des maladies d\u00E9crivent l'usage de tabac comme \u00AB la premi\u00E8re cause de mortalit\u00E9 \u00E9vitable \u00BB et estiment que le tabac tue pr\u00E8s de 6 millions de personnes chaque ann\u00E9e dans le monde. Selon une \u00E9tude publi\u00E9e en avril 2017 par la revue m\u00E9dicale The Lancet, le nombre de morts provoqu\u00E9s par le tabagisme en 2015 \u00E9tait de 6,4 millions au niveau mondial, soit une augmentation de 4,7 % par rapport \u00E0 1990."@fr . . "April 2021"@en . "Tobaksr\u00F6kningens effekter p\u00E5 h\u00E4lsan \u00E4r de effekter som tobaksr\u00F6kning har p\u00E5 m\u00E4nniskans h\u00E4lsa, ett \u00E4mne som l\u00E4nge varit f\u00F6rem\u00E5l f\u00F6r vetenskaplig forskning och debatt. I b\u00F6rjan av 1960-talet sammanst\u00E4lldes resultaten fr\u00E5n vetenskapliga studier som visade att r\u00F6kning kan orsaka lungcancer. Resultaten sammanfattades i statliga rapporter och det slogs fast att r\u00F6kning hade skadliga effekter p\u00E5 m\u00E4nniskans h\u00E4lsa. Detta kom att markera en avg\u00F6rande v\u00E4ndning g\u00E4llande den allm\u00E4nna synen p\u00E5 tobaksr\u00F6kning och h\u00E4lsa, eftersom man nu hade starka vetenskapliga bevis f\u00F6r r\u00F6kningens skadliga effekter, n\u00E5got som f\u00F6rut saknats."@sv . "Percentage of males smoking any tobacco product. Note that there is a difference between the scales used for females and for males."@en . . "schizophrenia; the following para contradicts the history of claimed benefits section"@en . . . . . . "October 2022"@en . "250"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"right"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Benzopyrene diol epoxide chemical structure.png"@en . . . "\u305F\u3070\u3053\u75C5\uFF08\u305F\u3070\u3053\u3073\u3087\u3046\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u305F\u3070\u3053\u306E\u55AB\u7159\u30FB\u53D7\u52D5\u55AB\u7159\u7B49\u306B\u3088\u308A\u7F79\u60A3\u3059\u308B\u75BE\u75C5\u306E\u7DCF\u79F0\u3002\u6162\u6027\u9589\u585E\u6027\u80BA\u75BE\u60A3\uFF08COPD\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u305F\u3070\u3053\u75C5\u306E\u4E3B\u306A\u75BE\u60A3\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u4E00\u822C\u5411\u3051\u306E\u547C\u79F0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u3001\u304C\u3093\u3001\u5FC3\u81D3\u75C5\u3001\u547C\u5438\u5668\u75BE\u60A3\u306A\u3069\uFF08\uFF09\u3092\u542B\u3081\u305F\u547C\u79F0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "What is the relevance of this to anything, especially a quote from a non-expert conflating narcotics with alcohol and cigarettes with either of the two. A person can do opium, drink, and smoke, and probably be healthier than someone who sits around worrying about other peoples' money and writing uneducated screeds on their spare-time activities..."@en . . . . "40.0"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Tobaksr\u00F6kningens effekter p\u00E5 h\u00E4lsan \u00E4r de effekter som tobaksr\u00F6kning har p\u00E5 m\u00E4nniskans h\u00E4lsa, ett \u00E4mne som l\u00E4nge varit f\u00F6rem\u00E5l f\u00F6r vetenskaplig forskning och debatt. I b\u00F6rjan av 1960-talet sammanst\u00E4lldes resultaten fr\u00E5n vetenskapliga studier som visade att r\u00F6kning kan orsaka lungcancer. Resultaten sammanfattades i statliga rapporter och det slogs fast att r\u00F6kning hade skadliga effekter p\u00E5 m\u00E4nniskans h\u00E4lsa. Detta kom att markera en avg\u00F6rande v\u00E4ndning g\u00E4llande den allm\u00E4nna synen p\u00E5 tobaksr\u00F6kning och h\u00E4lsa, eftersom man nu hade starka vetenskapliga bevis f\u00F6r r\u00F6kningens skadliga effekter, n\u00E5got som f\u00F6rut saknats. Tobaksr\u00F6k inneh\u00E5ller, f\u00F6rutom nikotin som \u00E4r beroendeframkallande, mer \u00E4n 4 000 olika kemiska \u00E4mnen, varav flera \u00E4r cancerframkallande eller skadliga p\u00E5 andra s\u00E4tt, till exempel genom att de \u00E4r giftiga, kv\u00E4vande eller allergiframkallande. Minst 250 av de k\u00E4nda \u00E4mnena i tobaksr\u00F6k \u00E4r konstaterat skadliga och mer \u00E4n 50 \u00E4r cancerframkallande. Tobaksr\u00F6kning \u00E4r en betydande orsak till f\u00F6rtidig d\u00F6d och har associerats med f\u00F6rh\u00F6jd risk f\u00F6r n\u00E4rmare 40 olika sjukdomar, bland annat med f\u00F6rh\u00F6jd risk f\u00F6r m\u00E5nga cancerformer och hj\u00E4rt- och k\u00E4rlsjukdomar, d\u00E4ribland stroke, men \u00E4ven f\u00F6r astma, lunginflammation och kroniskt obstruktiv lungsjukdom (KOL). M\u00E5nga sjukdomar som associeras med r\u00F6kning \u00E4r s\u00E5dana sjukdomar som inte drabbar direkt, utan det \u00E4r f\u00F6rst efter ett antal \u00E5r som sjukdomarna uppkommer. Sjukdomarna brukar normalt uppkomma efter 10-40 \u00E5r. V\u00E4rldsh\u00E4lsoorganisationen (WHO) ber\u00E4knar att omkring 6 miljoner m\u00E4nniskor d\u00F6r i f\u00F6rtid varje \u00E5r p\u00E5 grund av tobak. Av dessa d\u00F6r mer \u00E4n 5 miljoner som en direkt f\u00F6ljd av det egna tobaksbruket, medan mer \u00E4n 600 000 d\u00F6r som en f\u00F6ljd av passiv r\u00F6kning. Av dem som d\u00F6r av passiv r\u00F6kning ber\u00E4knas tjugo\u00E5tta procent vara barn. I genomsnitt lever icke-r\u00F6kare 5-10 \u00E5r l\u00E4ngre \u00E4n r\u00F6kare."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "July 2016"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1122697625"^^ . . . "Les effets du tabac sur la sant\u00E9 recensent les cons\u00E9quences du tabagisme sur la sant\u00E9. Des recherches \u00E9pid\u00E9miologiques m\u00E8nent \u00E0 la conclusion que la consommation de tabac est la premi\u00E8re cause de d\u00E9c\u00E8s \u00E9vitable dans le monde (pr\u00E8s de six millions de personnes par an). Sa consommation conduit souvent \u00E0 des maladies du c\u0153ur et des poumons, et \u00EAtre fumeur repr\u00E9sente un risque majeur pour les attaques cardiaques, AVC, bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive, emphys\u00E8me, et le cancer, en particulier cancer du poumon, cancer laryng\u00E9, cancer de la vessie. Cela cause aussi des maladies vasculaires p\u00E9riph\u00E9riques et de l'hypertension en fonction de la dur\u00E9e d'exposition et du dosage de tabac, et on peut remarquer que la pr\u00E9valence de ces maladies augmente avec la jeunesse des patients au d\u00E9but de l"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Effetti del tabagismo sulla salute"@it . "Tobacco use has predominantly negative effects on human health and concern about health effects of tobacco has a long history. Research has focused primarily on cigarette smoking. Tobacco smoke contains more than 70 chemicals that cause cancer. Tobacco also contains nicotine, which is a highly addictive psychoactive drug. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes physical and psychological dependency. Cigarettes sold in underdeveloped countries tend to have higher tar content, and are less likely to be filtered, potentially increasing vulnerability to tobacco smoking\u2013related disease in these regions."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u062A\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062A\u0627\u0626\u062C \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u062A \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060C \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0646\u062A\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062A\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0627\u062A."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Health effects of tobacco"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Benzopyrene DNA adduct 1JDG.png"@en . . . . . . "\u305F\u3070\u3053\u75C5"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Tabagismo e sa\u00FAde"@pt . "A partire dal 1941, numerosi studi scientifici hanno cercato, nel tempo, di individuare gli effetti del tabagismo sulla salute, muovendo inizialmente da osservazioni epidemiologiche che evidenziavano, fin dai primissimi lavori, alte incidenze, statisticamente significative, di problemi sanitari gravi tra i fumatori, la lobby dei produttori di tabacco riesce a rimandare le norme restrittive fino al 1964 quando il Ministro della Salute Statunitense conclude nel suo rapporto l'indiscutibile relazione del fumo con il cancro ai polmoni."@it . . . . . . . . . "We should link to the actual study, not the USA today article"@en . . . . . . . "A partire dal 1941, numerosi studi scientifici hanno cercato, nel tempo, di individuare gli effetti del tabagismo sulla salute, muovendo inizialmente da osservazioni epidemiologiche che evidenziavano, fin dai primissimi lavori, alte incidenze, statisticamente significative, di problemi sanitari gravi tra i fumatori, la lobby dei produttori di tabacco riesce a rimandare le norme restrittive fino al 1964 quando il Ministro della Salute Statunitense conclude nel suo rapporto l'indiscutibile relazione del fumo con il cancro ai polmoni. Gli effetti sulla salute del fumo si applicano in gran parte anche ai non tabagisti, in qualche modo soggetti direttamente o indirettamente al fumo di tabacco. Il fumo \u00E8 considerato fattore favorente l'insorgere di alcune patologie, principalmente a carico dell'apparato respiratorio e dell'apparato cardio-vascolare, e nei paesi sviluppati viene considerato causa prima nella mortalit\u00E0 evitabile. Il fumo attivo e il fumo passivo, in tutto, sono classificati come cancerogeni certi per l'uomo (gruppo 1) dall'organizzazione mondiale della sanit\u00E0 tramite lo IARC. Sono cancerogeni certi anche alcuni dei suoi componenti, primi tra tutti benzene e benzo[a]pirene. Si descrive quindi il tabagismo come sicuramente collegato all'insorgenza di patologie neoplastiche di varia natura, in primis il cancro polmonare per incidenza e mortalit\u00E0. Gli studi sono maggiormente incentrati sugli effetti della respirazione del fumo, attivo e passivo, di sigaretta. Secondo alcune stime, il fumo causa ogni anno pi\u00F9 di 440 000 morti negli Stati Uniti, e circa 80.000 in Italia."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Los efectos del tabaco en la salud son aquellas complicaciones derivadas del consumo del tabaco. Es la acci\u00F3n prolongada y continuada de las distintas sustancias que componen los cigarrillos sobre el organismo humano lo que desencadena el desarrollo de patolog\u00EDas severas como tumoraciones, problemas cardiovasculares, respiratorios, etc. Tal es el caso, por ejemplo, del c\u00E1ncer de labio en los fumadores de pipa, el c\u00E1ncer de vejiga y el c\u00E1ncer de es\u00F3fago. En este \u00FAltimo, se aprecia un mayor riesgo de padecerlo en pacientes adictos al tabaco negro. Los alquitranes y otras sustancias qu\u00EDmicas que acompa\u00F1an a la nicotina en la composici\u00F3n del cigarrillo son considerados altamente nocivos, siendo los principales responsables del desarrollo de tales complicaciones. Sin embargo, est\u00E1 demostrado tambi\u00E9n que el tabaco mascado \u00ABsin humo\u00BB tambi\u00E9n produce c\u00E1ncer de la cavidad oral. El tabaco puede provocar enfermedades del aparato respiratorio. Las patolog\u00EDas m\u00E1s frecuentes asociadas al tabaquismo son la bronquitis y el enfisema. Se trata de dos fen\u00F3menos esencialmente de tipo inflamatorio y destructivo, pero que pueden complicarse con lesiones obstructivas, de e incluso de neumot\u00F3rax. La nicotina tiene tambi\u00E9n un efecto directo sobre el sistema vascular, pudiendo producir gangrena como complicaci\u00F3n de la enfermedad de Buerger. Por otra parte, se considera que el h\u00E1bito del tabaquismo puede influir negativamente en la potencia sexual e infertilidad masculina.\u200B\u200B El uso simult\u00E1neo del alcohol aumenta la carcinogenicidad del tabaco respecto al c\u00E1ncer de cabeza y cuello.\u200B El tabaco es el responsable del diagn\u00F3stico de casi la totalidad de casos de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr\u00F3nica (EPOC), de enfisema y de c\u00E1ncer de pulm\u00F3n. No existe ning\u00FAn nivel seguro de consumo de tabaco.\u200B\u200B Incluso el tabaco consumido en cigarrillos de liar o en cigarrillos electr\u00F3nicos causan da\u00F1o irremediable. La \u00FAnica opci\u00F3n que minimiza el riesgo de padecer enfermedades asociadas al tabaquismo es simplemente no fumar."@es . . . . . . "Tobaksr\u00F6kningens effekter p\u00E5 h\u00E4lsan"@sv . "Effets du tabac sur la sant\u00E9"@fr . . . . . . . . "Tobacco use has predominantly negative effects on human health and concern about health effects of tobacco has a long history. Research has focused primarily on cigarette smoking. Tobacco smoke contains more than 70 chemicals that cause cancer. Tobacco also contains nicotine, which is a highly addictive psychoactive drug. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes physical and psychological dependency. Cigarettes sold in underdeveloped countries tend to have higher tar content, and are less likely to be filtered, potentially increasing vulnerability to tobacco smoking\u2013related disease in these regions. Tobacco use is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally. As many as half of people who use tobacco die from complications of tobacco use. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that each year tobacco causes about 6 million deaths (about 10% of all deaths) with 600,000 of these occurring in non-smokers due to second-hand smoke. Tobacco is estimated to have caused 100 million deaths in the 20th century. Similarly, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as \"the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide.\" Currently, the number of premature deaths in the U.S. from tobacco use per year outnumber the number of workers employed in the tobacco industry by 4 to 1. According to a 2014 review in The New England Journal of Medicine, tobacco will kill about 1 billion people in the 21st century if current smoking patterns persist, half of them before the age of 70. China has largest tobacco smoking population, followed by India. India has highest tobacco chewing population in the world. 154 people die every hour in India due to tobacco. Tobacco use most commonly leads to diseases affecting the heart, liver and lungs. Smoking is a major risk factor for infections like pneumonia, heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), and multiple cancers (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, bladder cancer, and pancreatic cancer). It also causes peripheral arterial disease and high blood pressure. The effects depend on the number of years that a person smokes and on how much the person smokes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in tar increases the risk of these diseases. Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or second-hand smoke, has been shown to cause adverse health effects in people of all ages. Tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and it contributes to a number of other health problems of the fetus such as premature birth, low birth weight, and increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Incidence of erectile dysfunction is approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers. Several countries have taken measures to control the consumption of tobacco with usage and sales restrictions as well as warning messages printed on packaging. Additionally, smoke-free laws that ban smoking in public places such as workplaces, theaters, and bars and restaurants have been enacted to reduce exposure to second-hand smoke. Tobacco taxes that increase the price of tobacco products have also been enacted. In the late 1700s and the 1800s, the idea that tobacco use caused some diseases, including mouth cancers, was initially widely accepted by the medical community. In the 1880s, automation dramatically reduced the cost of cigarettes, tobacco companies greatly increased their marketing, and use expanded. From the 1890s onwards, associations of tobacco use with cancers and vascular disease were regularly reported; a meta-analysis citing 167 other works was published in 1930, and concluded that tobacco use caused cancer. Increasingly solid observational evidence was published throughout the 1930s, and in 1938, Science published a paper showing that tobacco users live substantially shorter lives. Case-control studies were published in Nazi Germany in 1939 and 1943, and one in the Netherlands in 1948, but widespread attention was first drawn by five case-control studies published in 1950 by researchers from the US and UK. These studies were widely criticized as showing correlation, not causality. Follow-up prospective cohort studies in the early 1950s clearly found that smokers died faster, and were more likely to die of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. 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\u043B\u0451\u0433\u043A\u0438\u0445: \u044D\u043C\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0435\u043C\u044B, \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0437\u043D\u0438 \u043B\u0451\u0433\u043A\u0438\u0445 (\u0425\u041E\u0411\u041B), \u0430\u0441\u0442\u043C\u044B, \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0431\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0445\u0438\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0430, \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441 \u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0437\u043D\u044C\u044E \u043B\u0451\u0433\u043A\u0438\u0445, \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0432\u0430\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u043D\u0435\u0432\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438, \u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0437\u0430 \u0425, \u043A\u0440\u0438\u043F\u0442\u043E\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0444\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0432\u0435\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0430, \u044D\u043E\u0437\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0444\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u043D\u0435\u0432\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043B\u0451\u0433\u043A\u0438\u0445. \n* \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043D\u043E-\u0441\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044B\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 (\u0421\u0421\u0417), \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u044F \u0438\u0448\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0443\u044E \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0437\u043D\u044C \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0446\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u043D\u0441\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442, \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0437\u043D\u044C \u0411\u044E\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0430 (\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0431\u0430\u043D\u0433\u0438\u0438\u0442), \u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0441\u043A\u043B\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0437, \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439, \u0442\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0431\u043E\u0437\u044B. \n* \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043C \u0441 \u0436\u0435\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0437\u0434\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0432\u044C\u0435\u043C, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0430 \u043D\u0435\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0433\u043E\u043F\u0440\u0438\u044F\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0437\u0434\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0432\u044C\u044F \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u0451\u043D\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u043E \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438: \u0441\u043D\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043D\u044F \u0444\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043C\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043F\u0430\u0443\u0437\u044B, \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u043D\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0434\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430 \u0432\u043D\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043F\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u044C \u0433\u0438\u043F\u043E\u043A\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0430, \u0432\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0443\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043E\u0442\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043D\u0442\u044B \u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043C\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E-\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0430, \u0431\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0445\u043E\u043B\u0451\u0433\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438\u043C\u043C\u0443\u043D\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u044B \u0443 \u043C\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0430. \n* \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0442\u0430 2-\u0433\u043E \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0430 \u0438 \u043E\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0436\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0437\u043D\u0438, \u0445\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0443\u044E \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0437\u043D\u044C \u043F\u043E\u0447\u0435\u043A, \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0440\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044E \u0437\u0443\u0431\u043E\u0432 \u0432\u043E \u0432\u0437\u0440\u043E\u0441\u043B\u043E\u043C \u0432\u043E\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435, \u043F\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0442. \n* \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u044D\u0440\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0438\u043C\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0438). \n* \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0432 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"Benzopyrene diol epoxide, an extremely carcinogenic metabolite of benzopyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon produced by burning tobacco"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "3585815"^^ . "Los efectos del tabaco en la salud son aquellas complicaciones derivadas del consumo del tabaco. Es la acci\u00F3n prolongada y continuada de las distintas sustancias que componen los cigarrillos sobre el organismo humano lo que desencadena el desarrollo de patolog\u00EDas severas como tumoraciones, problemas cardiovasculares, respiratorios, etc. Tal es el caso, por ejemplo, del c\u00E1ncer de labio en los fumadores de pipa, el c\u00E1ncer de vejiga y el c\u00E1ncer de es\u00F3fago. En este \u00FAltimo, se aprecia un mayor riesgo de padecerlo en pacientes adictos al tabaco negro. Los alquitranes y otras sustancias qu\u00EDmicas que acompa\u00F1an a la nicotina en la composici\u00F3n del cigarrillo son considerados altamente nocivos, siendo los principales responsables del desarrollo de tales complicaciones. Sin embargo, est\u00E1 demostrado ta"@es . . . . . "Benzopyrene, a major mutagen in tobacco smoke, in an adduct to DNA"@en . . . . . . . . . "Efectos del tabaco en la salud"@es . "vertical"@en . . "Evropa se s tab\u00E1kem za\u010Dala seznamovat a\u017E po objeven\u00ED Ameriky, samoz\u0159ejm\u011B d\u00EDky Kry\u0161tofu Kolumbovi. P\u016Fvodn\u011B byl tab\u00E1k sou\u010D\u00E1st\u00ED n\u00E1bo\u017Eensk\u00FDch ob\u0159ad\u016F a ritu\u00E1l\u016F, p\u0159i\u010Dem\u017E jeho historie sah\u00E1 a\u017E do doby 6 000 let p\u0159. n. l. Kry\u0161tof Kolumbus pozoroval p\u016Fvodn\u00ED obyvatele, jak tab\u00E1k kou\u0159\u00ED zabalen\u00FD do tab\u00E1kov\u00E9ho listu nebo pomoc\u00ED trubi\u010Dek zvan\u00FDch \u201Etobago\u201C. B\u011Bhem n\u00E1sleduj\u00EDc\u00EDch let n\u00E1mo\u0159n\u00EDci a diplomat\u00E9 roz\u0161\u00ED\u0159ili d\u00FDmky a doutn\u00EDky po cel\u00E9 Evrop\u011B. Paradoxem je, \u017Ee kou\u0159en\u00ED se zprvu vyu\u017E\u00EDvalo k l\u00E9\u010Debn\u00FDm \u00FA\u010Del\u016Fm \u2013 nap\u0159\u00EDklad p\u0159i bolen\u00ED zub\u016F \u010Di migr\u00E9n\u011B. Proto vyu\u017E\u00EDval rostlinu i Jean Nicot, francouzsk\u00FD vyslanec v Portugalsku, kter\u00FD se stal tak nad\u0161en\u00FDm propag\u00E1torem tab\u00E1ku, \u017Ee dal jm\u00E9no nikotinu, n\u00E1vykov\u00E9 l\u00E1tce v n\u011Bm obsa\u017Een\u00E9. Postupn\u011B ov\u0161em pro\u0161lo kou\u0159en\u00ED tab\u00E1ku nejr\u016Fzn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDmi z\u00E1kazy. Nap\u0159\u00EDklad v Rusku byly za kou\u0159en\u00ED takov\u00E9 tresty jako useknut\u00ED nosu nebo rozseknut\u00ED horn\u00EDho rtu tak, aby u\u017E posti\u017Een\u00FD nemohl nikdy kou\u0159it. Zlom v rozvoji epidemie kou\u0159en\u00ED pak nastal na konci 19. stolet\u00ED, kdy byly do ulic zavedeny automaty na cigarety. Tab\u00E1k se tak stal p\u0159\u00EDstupn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDm. K roz\u0161\u00ED\u0159en\u00ED tab\u00E1ku vedl i voln\u00FD p\u0159\u00EDd\u011Bl cigaret voj\u00E1k\u016Fm v obou sv\u011Btov\u00FDch v\u00E1lk\u00E1ch. Spolu s masov\u00FDm roz\u0161\u00ED\u0159en\u00EDm ku\u0159\u00E1ck\u00FDch n\u00E1vyk\u016F se za\u010Daly objevovat i negativn\u00ED d\u016Fsledky. T\u00EDm se kou\u0159en\u00ED dostalo do pop\u0159ed\u00ED z\u00E1jmu l\u00E9ka\u0159\u016F a v roce 1950 je publikov\u00E1n prvn\u00ED odborn\u00FD \u010Dl\u00E1nek d\u00E1vaj\u00EDc\u00ED tento zlozvyk do souvislosti s karcinomem plic. Pozd\u011Bji se tak za\u010Dalo objevovat varov\u00E1n\u00ED na krabi\u010Dk\u00E1ch cigaret. Zv\u00FD\u0161en\u00E1 rizika se projevuj\u00ED a\u017E 15 let po ukon\u010Den\u00ED kou\u0159en\u00ED."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . .