. . . "\u9867 \u61B2\u6210\uFF08\u3053 \u3051\u3093\u305B\u3044\u30011550\u5E749\u670817\u65E5\uFF08\u5609\u975629\u5E748\u67087\u65E5\uFF09 - 1612\u5E746\u670821\u65E5\uFF08\u4E07\u66A640\u5E745\u670823\u65E5\uFF09\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u4E2D\u56FD\u660E\u4EE3\u672B\u671F\u306E\u5112\u5B66\u8005\u3002\u5B57\u306F\u53D4\u6642\u3001\u53F7\u306F\u6D87\u967D\u3002\u8AE1\u306F\u6587\u7AEF\u3002\u5B98\u754C\u306E\u5916\u306B\u3042\u3063\u3066\u53CD\u653F\u5E9C\u7684\u306A\u4E00\u5927\u52E2\u529B\u3092\u306A\u3057\u3001\u6771\u6797\u515A\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u305F\u3002\u30FB\u9AD8\u6500\u9F8D\u30FB\u30FB\u30FB\u30FB\u30FB\u3089\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306B\u300C\u6771\u6797\u516B\u541B\u5B50\u300D\u306E\u4E00\u4EBA\u3002"@ja . . . . "\u0413\u0443 \u0421\u044F\u043D\u044C\u0447\u044D\u0301\u043D (\u043A\u0438\u0442. \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434. \u9867\u61B2\u6210, \u043F\u0438\u043D\u044C\u0438\u043D\u044C G\u00F9 Xi\u00E0nch\u00E9ng, 17 \u0441\u0435\u043D\u0442\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 1550 \u2014 21 \u0438\u044E\u043D\u044F 1612) \u2014 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444-\u043D\u0435\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043D\u0435\u0446, \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0439 ."@ru . . . . . "Gu Xiancheng"@en . . . . . . "Gu Xiancheng"@fr . . . . "\u9867\u61B2\u6210"@en . . . "3156"^^ . "Gu Xiancheng (\u9867\u61B2\u6210 ; pinyin G\u00F9 Xi\u00E0nch\u00E9ng ; 1550\u20131612) est un lettr\u00E9 et fonctionnaire chinois de la p\u00E9riode de la fin de la dynastie Ming. N\u00E9 \u00E0 Suzhou dans une famille de marchands ais\u00E9s, il re\u00E7oit une \u00E9ducation classique, et passe avec succ\u00E8s les examens imp\u00E9riaux, l'engageant dans une carri\u00E8re mandarinale qui le conduit au poste de secr\u00E9taire du minist\u00E8re des Revenus. Tenant de la pens\u00E9e morale n\u00E9o-confuc\u00E9enne telle que formul\u00E9e notamment par Zhu Xi, il \u00E9met des critiques \u00E0 l'\u00E9gard du pouvoir en place et devient une personnalit\u00E9 \u00E9cout\u00E9e dans les cercles de la cour. N\u00E9anmoins, ces critiques entravent sa carri\u00E8re officielle : il est affect\u00E9 en province avant un retour aux honneurs, puis est finalement d\u00E9grad\u00E9 en 1594."@fr . . . "Gu Xiancheng (Chinese: \u9867\u61B2\u6210; pinyin: G\u00F9 Xi\u00E0nch\u00E9ng; 1550\u20131612) was a Ming dynasty Chinese bureaucrat and educator who founded the Donglin movement. He was born in Jiangnan, to a mercantile family, and from an early age was tutored in the Chinese classics. He quickly rejected the Yaojiang school of Wang Yangming, favouring the strong moral dichotomy of earlier Song philosophers such as Zhu Xi. A student of , he held office as Grand Secretary in the Imperial Court. Together with his brother and his student Gao Panlong he rebuilt the Donglin (\"East Forest\") Academy in 1604, in the town of Wuxi. The Donglin Charter was based on Zhu Xi's Articles of the White Deer Grotto, and incorporated quotations from a number of Confucian classics. Gu required prospective entrants to have four key qualities, which he called the Four Essentials: students had to consider their fundamental nature, show firm resolve, respect the Classics and scrutinise their own motivation. Gu's Academy quickly attracted a large student base, and became a rallying point for dissent and criticism of the government, in the form of the Donglin movement. The Academy was strongly critical of the notorious eunuch Wei Zhongxian, and as a result of Wei's persecution it was shut down in 1622; it reopened some years later after the eunuch's death."@en . "\u9867\u61B2\u6210\uFF081550\u5E74\uFF0D1612\u5E74\uFF09\uFF0C\u5B57\u53D4\u6642\uFF0C\u865F\u6D87\u967D\uFF0C\u76F4\u96B8\u7121\u932B\u7E23\uFF08\u4ECA\u65E0\u9521\u9521\u5C71\u533A\u5F20\u6CFE\u9547\uFF09\u4EBA\uFF0C\u660E\u671D\u653F\u6CBB\u5BB6\u3001\u601D\u60F3\u5BB6\u3001\u5B78\u8005\uFF0C\u91CD\u5EFA\u6771\u6797\u66F8\u9662\uFF0C\u5728\u91CE\u8A55\u8B70\u6642\u653F\uFF0C\u5EE3\u53D7\u652F\u6301\uFF0C\u4EBA\u7A31\u6771\u6797\u5148\u751F\uFF0C\u70BA\u6771\u6797\u9EE8\u7684\u5275\u59CB\u4EBA\u3002\u5B98\u81F3\u540F\u90E8\u6587\u9078\u53F8\u90CE\u4E2D\uFF0C\u5929\u555F\u521D\u5E74\uFF0C\u8D08\u592A\u5E38\u5BFA\u537F\u3002\u5F8C\u4F86\u6771\u6797\u9EE8\u722D\u7206\u767C\uFF0C\u88AB\u9B4F\u5FE0\u8CE2\u95B9\u9EE8\u524A\u5B98\u3002\u5D07\u798E\u521D\u5E74\u7372\u5F97\u5E73\u53CD\uFF0C\u53C8\u8D08\u540F\u90E8\u53F3\u4F8D\u90CE\uFF0C\u8AE1\u7AEF\u6587\u3002"@zh . . . . "\u9867 \u61B2\u6210\uFF08\u3053 \u3051\u3093\u305B\u3044\u30011550\u5E749\u670817\u65E5\uFF08\u5609\u975629\u5E748\u67087\u65E5\uFF09 - 1612\u5E746\u670821\u65E5\uFF08\u4E07\u66A640\u5E745\u670823\u65E5\uFF09\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u4E2D\u56FD\u660E\u4EE3\u672B\u671F\u306E\u5112\u5B66\u8005\u3002\u5B57\u306F\u53D4\u6642\u3001\u53F7\u306F\u6D87\u967D\u3002\u8AE1\u306F\u6587\u7AEF\u3002\u5B98\u754C\u306E\u5916\u306B\u3042\u3063\u3066\u53CD\u653F\u5E9C\u7684\u306A\u4E00\u5927\u52E2\u529B\u3092\u306A\u3057\u3001\u6771\u6797\u515A\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u305F\u3002\u30FB\u9AD8\u6500\u9F8D\u30FB\u30FB\u30FB\u30FB\u30FB\u3089\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306B\u300C\u6771\u6797\u516B\u541B\u5B50\u300D\u306E\u4E00\u4EBA\u3002"@ja . . . "\u9867\u61B2\u6210\uFF081550\u5E74\uFF0D1612\u5E74\uFF09\uFF0C\u5B57\u53D4\u6642\uFF0C\u865F\u6D87\u967D\uFF0C\u76F4\u96B8\u7121\u932B\u7E23\uFF08\u4ECA\u65E0\u9521\u9521\u5C71\u533A\u5F20\u6CFE\u9547\uFF09\u4EBA\uFF0C\u660E\u671D\u653F\u6CBB\u5BB6\u3001\u601D\u60F3\u5BB6\u3001\u5B78\u8005\uFF0C\u91CD\u5EFA\u6771\u6797\u66F8\u9662\uFF0C\u5728\u91CE\u8A55\u8B70\u6642\u653F\uFF0C\u5EE3\u53D7\u652F\u6301\uFF0C\u4EBA\u7A31\u6771\u6797\u5148\u751F\uFF0C\u70BA\u6771\u6797\u9EE8\u7684\u5275\u59CB\u4EBA\u3002\u5B98\u81F3\u540F\u90E8\u6587\u9078\u53F8\u90CE\u4E2D\uFF0C\u5929\u555F\u521D\u5E74\uFF0C\u8D08\u592A\u5E38\u5BFA\u537F\u3002\u5F8C\u4F86\u6771\u6797\u9EE8\u722D\u7206\u767C\uFF0C\u88AB\u9B4F\u5FE0\u8CE2\u95B9\u9EE8\u524A\u5B98\u3002\u5D07\u798E\u521D\u5E74\u7372\u5F97\u5E73\u53CD\uFF0C\u53C8\u8D08\u540F\u90E8\u53F3\u4F8D\u90CE\uFF0C\u8AE1\u7AEF\u6587\u3002"@zh . . . . . "Gu Xiancheng (Chinese: \u9867\u61B2\u6210; pinyin: G\u00F9 Xi\u00E0nch\u00E9ng; 1550\u20131612) was a Ming dynasty Chinese bureaucrat and educator who founded the Donglin movement. He was born in Jiangnan, to a mercantile family, and from an early age was tutored in the Chinese classics. He quickly rejected the Yaojiang school of Wang Yangming, favouring the strong moral dichotomy of earlier Song philosophers such as Zhu Xi. A student of , he held office as Grand Secretary in the Imperial Court. Together with his brother and his student Gao Panlong he rebuilt the Donglin (\"East Forest\") Academy in 1604, in the town of Wuxi."@en . . . "39605864"^^ . . . . . "Ku Sien-\u010Dcheng (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem G\u00F9 Xi\u00E0nch\u00E9ng, znaky tradi\u010Dn\u00ED \u9867\u61B2\u6210, 1550 \u2013 21. \u010Dervna 1612) byl \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00FD neokonfuci\u00E1nsk\u00FD filozof a politik p\u016Fsob\u00EDc\u00ED v \u0159\u00ED\u0161i Ming, zakladatel akademie Tung-lin a stejnojmenn\u00E9ho hnut\u00ED."@cs . . . . . . . "Ku Sien-\u010Dcheng (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem G\u00F9 Xi\u00E0nch\u00E9ng, znaky tradi\u010Dn\u00ED \u9867\u61B2\u6210, 1550 \u2013 21. \u010Dervna 1612) byl \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00FD neokonfuci\u00E1nsk\u00FD filozof a politik p\u016Fsob\u00EDc\u00ED v \u0159\u00ED\u0161i Ming, zakladatel akademie Tung-lin a stejnojmenn\u00E9ho hnut\u00ED."@cs . . . "\u0413\u0443 \u0421\u044F\u043D\u044C\u0447\u044D\u0301\u043D (\u043A\u0438\u0442. \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434. \u9867\u61B2\u6210, \u043F\u0438\u043D\u044C\u0438\u043D\u044C G\u00F9 Xi\u00E0nch\u00E9ng, 17 \u0441\u0435\u043D\u0442\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 1550 \u2014 21 \u0438\u044E\u043D\u044F 1612) \u2014 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444-\u043D\u0435\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043D\u0435\u0446, \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0439 ."@ru . . . "Ku Sien-\u010Dcheng"@cs . . . . "\u0413\u0443 \u0421\u044F\u043D\u044C\u0447\u044D\u043D"@ru . . . . "G\u00F9 Xi\u00E0nch\u00E9ng"@en . . . . "\u0490\u0443 \u0421\u044F\u043D\u044C\u0447\u0435\u043D"@uk . . . . . . . "\u0490\u0443 \u0421\u044F\u043D\u044C\u0447\u0435\u043D (17 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043D\u044F 1550 \u2014 21 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043D\u044F 1612) \u2014 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444-\u043D\u0435\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u0443\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0435\u0446\u044C, \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0456\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0414\u0443\u043D\u043B\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0448\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438."@uk . . . "Gu Xiancheng (\u9867\u61B2\u6210 ; pinyin G\u00F9 Xi\u00E0nch\u00E9ng ; 1550\u20131612) est un lettr\u00E9 et fonctionnaire chinois de la p\u00E9riode de la fin de la dynastie Ming. N\u00E9 \u00E0 Suzhou dans une famille de marchands ais\u00E9s, il re\u00E7oit une \u00E9ducation classique, et passe avec succ\u00E8s les examens imp\u00E9riaux, l'engageant dans une carri\u00E8re mandarinale qui le conduit au poste de secr\u00E9taire du minist\u00E8re des Revenus. Tenant de la pens\u00E9e morale n\u00E9o-confuc\u00E9enne telle que formul\u00E9e notamment par Zhu Xi, il \u00E9met des critiques \u00E0 l'\u00E9gard du pouvoir en place et devient une personnalit\u00E9 \u00E9cout\u00E9e dans les cercles de la cour. N\u00E9anmoins, ces critiques entravent sa carri\u00E8re officielle : il est affect\u00E9 en province avant un retour aux honneurs, puis est finalement d\u00E9grad\u00E9 en 1594. Gu Xiancheng quitte alors la vie publique et retourne dans le Sud pour dispenser ses enseignements, toujours suivant la voie n\u00E9o-confuc\u00E9enne. En 1603, avec l'aide d'un autre lettr\u00E9-\u00E9ducateur, Gao Panlong, il refonde l'ancienne acad\u00E9mie Donglin (\u00AB For\u00EAt de l'Est \u00BB) \u00E0 Wuxi, une institution qui avait exist\u00E9 \u00E0 l'\u00E9poque des Song du Nord (XIIe si\u00E8cle) et \u00E9tait dirig\u00E9e par des lettr\u00E9s n\u00E9o-confuc\u00E9ens dont il se revendique le continuateur. Il pr\u00E9conise notamment la lecture des Quatre grands livres des Song qui formaient un des socles de l'\u00E9ducation n\u00E9o-confuc\u00E9enne, et \u00E9met de nombreuses critiques \u00E0 l'\u00E9gard de la conduite des affaires publiques par le gouvernement. Il s'agit donc d'une posture intellectuelle refusant le retrait du monde (solution que proposent les penseurs tao\u00EFstes) et restant dans le militantisme politique. L'acad\u00E9mie Donglin conna\u00EEt un succ\u00E8s rapide : elle attire de nombreux lettr\u00E9s, des fonctionnaires, et m\u00EAme le gouverneur local. Son influence s'\u00E9tend \u00E0 l'\u00E9chelle nationale, causant des tracas \u00E0 la cour imp\u00E9riale, qui propose cependant \u00E0 Gu Xiancheng de revenir en 1608, ce qu'il refuse de faire pour des raisons de sant\u00E9. Il meurt en 1612 sans avoir \u00E9t\u00E9 inqui\u00E9t\u00E9. Apr\u00E8s sa mort, l'acad\u00E9mie fut interdite sur ordre du gouvernement et Gao Panlong choisit de se suicider pour \u00E9viter son ex\u00E9cution."@fr . . . "1097945495"^^ . . . "\u0490\u0443 \u0421\u044F\u043D\u044C\u0447\u0435\u043D (17 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043D\u044F 1550 \u2014 21 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043D\u044F 1612) \u2014 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444-\u043D\u0435\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u0443\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0435\u0446\u044C, \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0456\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0414\u0443\u043D\u043B\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0448\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438."@uk . . . . . . "\u9867\u61B2\u6210"@zh . . . "\u9867\u61B2\u6210"@ja .