. "\u03A3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD , \u03C4\u03BF \u03B9\u03C3\u03BF\u03B6\u03CD\u03B3\u03B9\u03BF \u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B1\u03B3\u03B5\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03AC \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03B5\u03B9\u03C3\u03C1\u03BF\u03AE\u03C2 \u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B1\u03C2 (\u03C3\u03C5\u03C3\u03C3\u03CE\u03C1\u03B5\u03C5\u03C3\u03B7) \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CE\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B1\u03C2 (\u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03B2\u03C1\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7) \u03B5\u03BD\u03CC\u03C2 \u03C3\u03CE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C0\u03AC\u03B3\u03BF\u03C5. \u039C\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF \u03BD\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03C1\u03B7\u03B8\u03B5\u03AF \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03C1\u03BA\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B5\u03BD\u03CC\u03C2 \u03C5\u03B4\u03C1\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03AD\u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 (\u03B5\u03C4\u03AE\u03C3\u03B9\u03BF \u03B9\u03C3\u03BF\u03B6\u03CD\u03B3\u03B9\u03BF \u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B1\u03C2) \u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03C1\u03BA\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B5\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD (\u03BC\u03B1\u03BA\u03C1\u03BF\u03C7\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03B9\u03BF \u03B9\u03C3\u03BF\u03B6\u03CD\u03B3\u03B9\u03BF \u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B1\u03C2). \u03A4\u03BF \u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03B9\u03C3\u03BF\u03B6\u03CD\u03B3\u03B9\u03BF \u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B1\u03C2 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B2\u03BF\u03BB\u03AE \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C7\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C7\u03AD\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B5\u03AF\u03BF \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03C0\u03B1\u03B3\u03B5\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD\u03B1."@el . . . . "1112799064"^^ . . . . . . . "Decisivo per la sopravvivenza di un ghiacciaio \u00E8 il suo bilancio di massa, la differenza tra accumulazione e ablazione (fusione e sublimazione). Il mutamento climatico pu\u00F2 causare variazioni sia nella temperatura che nelle precipitazioni nevose, causando mutamenti nel bilancio di massa, il quale controlla il comportamento a lungo termine del ghiacciaio e ne \u00E8 l'indicatore climatico pi\u00F9 sensibile. Dal 1980-2008 la perdita media di massa accumulata nei ghiacciai secondo il World Glacier Monitoring Service era di -12 m (in 19 anni consecutivi di bilanci di massa negativi)."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Als Massenbilanz wird in der Glaziologie die Differenz zwischen Massenzufluss (Akkumulation) und Massenverlust (Ablation) eines Eisk\u00F6rpers bezeichnet. Der gesamte Massengewinn oder -verlust eines Gletschers, einer Eiskappe oder eines Eisschilds \u00FCber einen hydrologischen Zyklus \u2013 in der Regel ein Jahr \u2013 wird Gesamtmassenbilanz genannt. Die spezifische Massenbilanz ist die Massen\u00E4nderung eines Zeitraums bezogen auf einen Punkt des Gletschers. Meist wird die Gesamtmassenbilanz durch Integration gemessener, \u00FCber die Gletscherfl\u00E4che verteilter spezifischer Massenbilanzdaten ermittelt. Indem man die Gesamtmassenbilanz durch die Gletscherfl\u00E4che teilt, erh\u00E4lt man die mittlere spezifische Massenbilanz, die einen Vergleich des Verhaltens verschiedener Gletscher erm\u00F6glicht. Diese ist die vorwiegend ver\u00F6ffentlichte Gr\u00F6\u00DFe, sie wird meist in Millimetern oder Metern Wasser\u00E4quivalent pro Jahr angegeben und kann als \u201Edurchschnittliche \u00C4nderung der Eisdicke\u201C aufgefasst werden. H\u00E4ufig wird sie auch verk\u00FCrzt als Jahresmassenbilanz bezeichnet. Bei positiver Massenbilanz \u00FCber mehrere Jahre st\u00F6\u00DFt ein Gletscher vor, bei negativer zieht er sich zur\u00FCck. Befindet sich ein Gletscher im Gleichgewicht mit dem Klima, ist seine Massenbilanz ausgeglichen. Der Gro\u00DFteil der Akkumulation erfolgt durch Schneefall, beeinflusst von Windverfrachtungen und Lawinen. Der gr\u00F6\u00DFte Massenverlust wird bei den meisten Gletschern durch Schmelzen von Schnee, Firn oder Eis an der Oberfl\u00E4che verursacht. Aber auch andere Prozesse k\u00F6nnen von Bedeutung sein: bei den Eisschelfen und Gezeitengletschern spielt das Kalben eine gro\u00DFe Rolle, steile H\u00E4ngegletscher verlieren viel Masse durch abgehende Lawinen, in trockenen Gegenden ist die Sublimation verblasenen Schnees ein nicht zu vernachl\u00E4ssigender Faktor. Zur Ermittlung der Massenbilanz eines Gletschers gibt es verschiedene Methoden. Die \u00E4lteste und auch heute noch grundlegende Methode ist die sogenannte glaziologische Methode. Bei dieser wird die \u00C4nderung des Oberfl\u00E4chenniveaus an verschiedenen \u00FCber den Gletscher verteilten Punkten gemessen. Daraus wird unter Absch\u00E4tzung der oberfl\u00E4chennahen Firn- oder Eisdichte die spezifische Massenbilanz an diesem Punkt ermittelt. Die Kenntnis der Gesamtmasse eines Gletschers ist zur Bestimmung der Massenbilanz nicht erforderlich, oft ist sie auch gar nicht genau bekannt."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Decisivo per la sopravvivenza di un ghiacciaio \u00E8 il suo bilancio di massa, la differenza tra accumulazione e ablazione (fusione e sublimazione). Il mutamento climatico pu\u00F2 causare variazioni sia nella temperatura che nelle precipitazioni nevose, causando mutamenti nel bilancio di massa, il quale controlla il comportamento a lungo termine del ghiacciaio e ne \u00E8 l'indicatore climatico pi\u00F9 sensibile. Dal 1980-2008 la perdita media di massa accumulata nei ghiacciai secondo il World Glacier Monitoring Service era di -12 m (in 19 anni consecutivi di bilanci di massa negativi). Un ghiacciaio con un bilancio negativo sostenuto non si trova in equilibrio e si ritirer\u00E0, mentre uno con un bilancio positivo sostenuto \u00E8 ugualmente i disequilibrio ma avanzer\u00E0. Il ritiro del ghiacciaio comporta la perdita della regione di bassa elevazione del ghiacciaio. Dato che le elevazioni pi\u00F9 alte sono pi\u00F9 fredde di quelle basse, la scomparsa di porzioni pi\u00F9 basse del ghiacciaio riduce l'ablazione complessiva, perci\u00F2 aumentando il bilancio di massa e ristabilendo potenzialmente l'equilibrio. Tuttavia, se il bilancio di massa di una porzione significativa della zona di accumulo del ghiacciaio \u00E8 negativa, esso \u00E8 in disequilibrio con il clima locale e fonder\u00E0. Il sintomo chiave di un ghiacciaio in disequilibrio \u00E8 l'assottigliamento lungo l'intera lunghezza del ghiacciaio. Per esempio, il Ghiacciaio Easton (raffigurato sotto) si restringer\u00E0 probabilmente a met\u00E0 della sua dimensione, ma con un tasso pi\u00F9 lento di riduzione, e si stabilizzer\u00E0 su questa dimensione, nonostante la temperatura pi\u00F9 calda, nel corso di alcuni decenni. Tuttavia, il (raffigurato sotto) si restringer\u00E0 con un tasso in aumento fino a scomparire. La differenza \u00E8 che la sezione superiore del Ghiacciaio Easton rimane \"in salute\" e coperta di neve, mentre quella superiore del Ghiacciaio Grinnell \u00E8 spoglia, in fase di fusione e assottigliata. I piccoli ghiacciai con pendii poco pronunciati, come il Grinnell, hanno pi\u00F9 probabilit\u00E0 a cadere in disequilibrio, se vi \u00E8 un cambiamento del clima locale. Nel caso di un bilancio di massa positivo, il ghiacciaio continuer\u00E0 ad avanzare espandendo la sua area a bassa elevazione, ottenendo una maggiore fusione. Se ci\u00F2 non creer\u00E0 ancora un bilancio in equilibrio, il ghiacciaio continuer\u00E0 ad avanzare. Se un ghiacciaio \u00E8 vicino a un grande corpo d'acqua, specialmente un oceano, il ghiacciaio pu\u00F2 avanzare fino a che le perdite dovute al distacco di iceberg non riporti quasi l'equilibrio."@it . . . . . . . "Bilancio di massa del ghiacciaio"@it . . "41545"^^ . "Hmotnostn\u00ED bilance ledovce"@cs . . "4186046"^^ . . . . . . . . . "Rozhoduj\u00EDc\u00ED pro p\u0159e\u017Eit\u00ED ledovce je jeho hmotnostn\u00ED bilance nebo povrchov\u00E1 hmotnostn\u00ED bilance, rozd\u00EDl mezi akumulac\u00ED a ablac\u00ED (sublimac\u00ED a taven\u00EDm). Glob\u00E1ln\u00ED oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED m\u016F\u017Ee zp\u016Fsobit kol\u00EDs\u00E1n\u00ED teploty i sn\u011B\u017Een\u00ED, co\u017E m\u016F\u017Ee v\u00E9st ke zm\u011Bn\u00E1m v hmotnostn\u00ED bilance. Zm\u011Bny v hmotnostn\u00ED bilanci \u0159\u00EDd\u00ED dlouhodob\u00E9 chov\u00E1n\u00ED ledovce a jsou nejcitliv\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDmi klimatick\u00FDmi ukazateli na ledovci. V letech 1980\u20132012 je pr\u016Fm\u011Brn\u00E1 kumulativn\u00ED hmotnostn\u00ED ztr\u00E1ta ledovc\u016F, kter\u00E9 hl\u00E1s\u00ED hmotnostn\u00ED bilanci Sv\u011Btov\u00E9 monitorovac\u00ED slu\u017Eb\u011B ledovc\u016F, \u221216 m. To zahrnuje 23 po sob\u011B jdouc\u00EDch let z\u00E1porn\u00FDch hmotnostn\u00EDch bilanc\u00ED."@cs . . "\u0399\u03C3\u03BF\u03B6\u03CD\u03B3\u03B9\u03BF \u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B1\u03B3\u03B5\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD\u03B1"@el . . "Glacier mass balance"@en . . . . "Als Massenbilanz wird in der Glaziologie die Differenz zwischen Massenzufluss (Akkumulation) und Massenverlust (Ablation) eines Eisk\u00F6rpers bezeichnet. Der gesamte Massengewinn oder -verlust eines Gletschers, einer Eiskappe oder eines Eisschilds \u00FCber einen hydrologischen Zyklus \u2013 in der Regel ein Jahr \u2013 wird Gesamtmassenbilanz genannt. Die spezifische Massenbilanz ist die Massen\u00E4nderung eines Zeitraums bezogen auf einen Punkt des Gletschers. Meist wird die Gesamtmassenbilanz durch Integration gemessener, \u00FCber die Gletscherfl\u00E4che verteilter spezifischer Massenbilanzdaten ermittelt. Indem man die Gesamtmassenbilanz durch die Gletscherfl\u00E4che teilt, erh\u00E4lt man die mittlere spezifische Massenbilanz, die einen Vergleich des Verhaltens verschiedener Gletscher erm\u00F6glicht. Diese ist die vorwiegend v"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Rozhoduj\u00EDc\u00ED pro p\u0159e\u017Eit\u00ED ledovce je jeho hmotnostn\u00ED bilance nebo povrchov\u00E1 hmotnostn\u00ED bilance, rozd\u00EDl mezi akumulac\u00ED a ablac\u00ED (sublimac\u00ED a taven\u00EDm). Glob\u00E1ln\u00ED oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED m\u016F\u017Ee zp\u016Fsobit kol\u00EDs\u00E1n\u00ED teploty i sn\u011B\u017Een\u00ED, co\u017E m\u016F\u017Ee v\u00E9st ke zm\u011Bn\u00E1m v hmotnostn\u00ED bilance. Zm\u011Bny v hmotnostn\u00ED bilanci \u0159\u00EDd\u00ED dlouhodob\u00E9 chov\u00E1n\u00ED ledovce a jsou nejcitliv\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDmi klimatick\u00FDmi ukazateli na ledovci. V letech 1980\u20132012 je pr\u016Fm\u011Brn\u00E1 kumulativn\u00ED hmotnostn\u00ED ztr\u00E1ta ledovc\u016F, kter\u00E9 hl\u00E1s\u00ED hmotnostn\u00ED bilanci Sv\u011Btov\u00E9 monitorovac\u00ED slu\u017Eb\u011B ledovc\u016F, \u221216 m. To zahrnuje 23 po sob\u011B jdouc\u00EDch let z\u00E1porn\u00FDch hmotnostn\u00EDch bilanc\u00ED. Graf ro\u010Dn\u00ED a kumulativn\u00ED hmotnostn\u00ED bilance ledovc\u016F z \u00FAdaj\u016F slu\u017Eby World Glacier Monitoring Service Ledovec s udr\u017Eovanou z\u00E1pornou bilanc\u00ED nen\u00ED v rovnov\u00E1ze a ustoup\u00ED, zat\u00EDmco ten s udr\u017Eovanou kladnou rovnov\u00E1hou je v rovnov\u00E1ze a bude postupovat. \u00DAstup ledovce vede ke ztr\u00E1t\u011B oblasti s n\u00EDzkou nadmo\u0159skou v\u00FD\u0161kou ledovce. Proto\u017Ee vy\u0161\u0161\u00ED nadmo\u0159sk\u00E9 v\u00FD\u0161ky jsou chladn\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED ne\u017E ni\u017E\u0161\u00ED, odt\u00E1t\u00ED nejni\u017E\u0161\u00ED \u010D\u00E1sti ledovce sni\u017Euje celkovou ablaci, \u010D\u00EDm\u017E zvy\u0161uje hmotnostn\u00ED bilanci a potenci\u00E1ln\u011B obnovuje rovnov\u00E1hu. Pokud je v\u0161ak hmotnostn\u00ED bilance v\u00FDznamn\u00E9 \u010D\u00E1sti akumula\u010Dn\u00ED oblasti ledovce z\u00E1porn\u00E1, je v nerovnov\u00E1ze s m\u00EDstn\u00EDm podneb\u00EDm. Takov\u00FD ledovec se bude rozpl\u00FDvat s pokra\u010Dov\u00E1n\u00EDm tohoto m\u00EDstn\u00EDho podneb\u00ED. Kl\u00ED\u010Dov\u00FDm p\u0159\u00EDznakem nerovnov\u00E1hy ledovce je zten\u010Dov\u00E1n\u00ED po cel\u00E9 d\u00E9lce ledovce. Nap\u0159\u00EDklad ledovec Easton se pravd\u011Bpodobn\u011B b\u011Bhem n\u011Bkolika desetilet\u00ED zmen\u0161\u00ED na polovinu sv\u00E9 velikosti, ale s pomal\u00FDm tempem zmen\u0161ov\u00E1n\u00ED a stabilizuje se na t\u00E9to velikosti, navzdory vy\u0161\u0161\u00ED teplot\u011B. Ledovec Grinnell se v\u0161ak bude zmen\u0161ovat s rostouc\u00ED rychlost\u00ED, dokud nezmiz\u00ED. Rozd\u00EDl je v tom, \u017Ee horn\u00ED \u010D\u00E1st ledovce Easton z\u016Fst\u00E1v\u00E1 zdrav\u00E1 a zasn\u011B\u017Een\u00E1, zat\u00EDmco dokonce i horn\u00ED \u010D\u00E1st ledovce Grinnell je hol\u00E1, taj\u00EDc\u00ED a zten\u010Den\u00E1. Mal\u00E9 ledovce s m\u011Blk\u00FDmi svahy, jako je ledovec Grinnell, pravd\u011Bpodobn\u011B spadnou do nerovnov\u00E1hy, pokud dojde ke zm\u011Bn\u011B m\u00EDstn\u00EDho podneb\u00ED. V p\u0159\u00EDpad\u011B kladn\u00E9 hmotnostn\u00ED bilance bude ledovec pokra\u010Dovat v roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00E1n\u00ED sv\u00E9 oblasti s n\u00EDzkou nadmo\u0159skou v\u00FD\u0161kou, co\u017E povede k dal\u0161\u00EDmu t\u00E1n\u00ED. Pokud to st\u00E1le nevytv\u00E1\u0159\u00ED rovnov\u00E1\u017Enou rovnov\u00E1hu, ledovec bude pokra\u010Dovat v postupu. Pokud se ledovec nach\u00E1z\u00ED v bl\u00EDzkosti velk\u00E9 vodn\u00ED plochy, zejm\u00E9na oce\u00E1nu, m\u016F\u017Ee ledovec postupovat, dokud ztr\u00E1ty zp\u016Fsoben\u00E9 telen\u00EDm ledovce nep\u0159inesou rovnov\u00E1hu."@cs . . . . . . "Crucial to the survival of a glacier is its mass balance or surface mass balance (SMB), the difference between accumulation and ablation (sublimation and melting). Climate change may cause variations in both temperature and snowfall, causing changes in the surface mass balance. Changes in mass balance control a glacier's long-term behavior and are the most sensitive climate indicators on a glacier. From 1980 to 2012 the mean cumulative mass loss of glaciers reporting mass balance to the World Glacier Monitoring Service is \u221216 m. This includes 23 consecutive years of negative mass balances."@en . "Crucial to the survival of a glacier is its mass balance or surface mass balance (SMB), the difference between accumulation and ablation (sublimation and melting). Climate change may cause variations in both temperature and snowfall, causing changes in the surface mass balance. Changes in mass balance control a glacier's long-term behavior and are the most sensitive climate indicators on a glacier. From 1980 to 2012 the mean cumulative mass loss of glaciers reporting mass balance to the World Glacier Monitoring Service is \u221216 m. This includes 23 consecutive years of negative mass balances. A glacier with a sustained negative balance is out of equilibrium and will retreat, while one with a sustained positive balance is out of equilibrium and will advance. Glacier retreat results in the loss of the low elevation region of the glacier. Since higher elevations are cooler than lower ones, the disappearance of the lowest portion of the glacier reduces overall ablation, thereby increasing mass balance and potentially reestablishing equilibrium. However, if the mass balance of a significant portion of the accumulation zone of the glacier is negative, it is in disequilibrium with the local climate. Such a glacier will melt away with a continuation of this local climate.The key symptom of a glacier in disequilibrium is thinning along the entire length of the glacier. For example, Easton Glacier (pictured below) will likely shrink to half its size, but at a slowing rate of reduction, and stabilize at that size, despite the warmer temperature, over a few decades. However, the Grinnell Glacier (pictured below) will shrink at an increasing rate until it disappears. The difference is that the upper section of Easton Glacier remains healthy and snow-covered, while even the upper section of the Grinnell Glacier is bare, melting and has thinned. Small glaciers with shallow slopes such as Grinnell Glacier are most likely to fall into disequilibrium if there is a change in the local climate. In the case of positive mass balance, the glacier will continue to advance expanding its low elevation area, resulting in more melting. If this still does not create an equilibrium balance the glacier will continue to advance. If a glacier is near a large body of water, especially an ocean, the glacier may advance until iceberg calving losses bring about equilibrium."@en . . "Massenbilanz (Glaziologie)"@de . . . . . . . . . . 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