. . . . "Irlanda celta o Irlanda ga\u00E8lica, correspon a l'ordre pol\u00EDtic establert a l'illa d'Irlanda fins a la conclusi\u00F3 de la seva conquesta per part dels Tudor. Durant la major part d'aquest per\u00EDode, Irlanda va ser un mosaic de clans i tribus organitzades al voltant de quatre prov\u00EDncies hist\u00F2riques que competien cont\u00EDnuament pel control del territori i els recursos: Leinster (Laighin), Connacht (Connachta), Munster (An Mhumhain) i Ulster (C\u00FAige Uladh). Aquests petits regnes independents es denominaven t\u00FAath, i entre aquests, destacaven Connacht i Ulster. La seva principal activitat consistia en la ramaderia, encara que tamb\u00E9 practicaven l'agricultura."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lordship of Ireland"@en . . . . "Irlanda celta"@es . . . . "Ireland900.png"@en . . . . . "Gaeliska Irland (iriska: \u00C9ire Ghaidhealach) betecknar en social och politisk ordning som r\u00E5dde p\u00E5 Irland fram till det tidiga 1600-talet och den kultur som f\u00F6rknippades med denna ordning. Fram till tiden f\u00F6re de normandernas invasion \u00E5r 1169, inbegrep det gaeliska Irland hela \u00F6n. \u00C4ven de vikingar som bosatte sig p\u00E5 Irland under \u00E5rhundradena som f\u00F6ljde denna invasion hade snabbt g\u00E4lifierats. Senare omfattade det gaeliska Irland de omr\u00E5den som under varje given tidpunkt inte l\u00E5g under utl\u00E4ndskt styre, \u00E4nda fram till \u00E5r 1607, d\u00E5 det sista av den iriska adeln flydde och hela landet hamnade under Englands styre. Politiskt utgjorde Irland under denna period ett lappt\u00E4cke av hierarkiskt ordnade kunga- och h\u00F6vdingad\u00F6men, vilkas ledare valdes genom tanisteri. Krig var vanligt f\u00F6rekommande mellan dessa h\u00E4rskare. Tidvis \u00F6kade en och annan h\u00E4rskare sin makt tillr\u00E4ckligt f\u00F6r att erk\u00E4nnas som h\u00F6gkung. Samh\u00E4llet var byggt kring en klanorganisation och hade dessutom klasskiktningar, som samh\u00E4llen runt om i Europa p\u00E5 den tiden i \u00F6vrigt. Grundstommen i ekonomin utgjordes av halvnomadiserande boskapssk\u00F6tsel (pastoralism). Pengar anv\u00E4ndes i allm\u00E4nhet inte under perioden, byteshandel var den huvudsakliga formen av varuutbyte. Utpr\u00E4glade former av irlandsgaelisk kl\u00E4dsel, musik, konst, dans, idrott och arkitektur kan urskiljas, som senare skulle sm\u00E4lta samman med anglo-saxiska stilar och ge upphov till den s.k. insul\u00E4ra stilen, som skulle dominera Irland till den normandiska invasionen. Det gaeliska Irland var fr\u00E5n b\u00F6rjan hedniskt och hade en l\u00E5ng muntlig tradition. Den skriftliga traditionen b\u00F6rjade i tidigt i den historiska tiden, m\u00F6jligtvis s\u00E5 tidigt som under f\u00F6rsta \u00E5rhundradet av v\u00E5r tider\u00E4kning. Det r\u00F6rde sig d\u00E5 om inskriptionerna med ogam-alfabetet. Omv\u00E4ndelsen till kristendomen p\u00E5 400-talet f\u00F6ljdes av inf\u00F6rande av en litter\u00E4r tradition som bevarade mycket av den f\u00F6rkristna mytologin och f\u00F6rfinade den gamla lagtraditionen (Brehonernas lag), \u00E4ven om b\u00E5de mytologin och lagen fick anpassas till att inte strida mot den nya religionen. Under den tidiga medeltiden utgjorde Irland en viktig centrum f\u00F6r l\u00E4rdom. P\u00E5 grund av detta och eftersom Irland blev kristet f\u00F6re m\u00E5nga andra omr\u00E5den i Europa, hade iriska mission\u00E4rer och l\u00E4rda stort inflytande i V\u00E4steuropa och bidrog till att sprida kristendomen till delar av Britannien och Europa som fortfarande f\u00F6rblev icke-kristna. De f\u00F6rsta st\u00F6rre byarna och bos\u00E4ttningarna (Dublin, Limerick, Waterford) uppstod n\u00E4r vikingarna b\u00F6rjade anl\u00E4nda under 800-talet f\u00F6r att g\u00F6ra plundringst\u00E5g. De grundades vid kusterna och samtidigt l\u00E4ngs floderna in\u00E5t landet, f\u00F6r att underl\u00E4tta r\u00F6relsen in\u00E5t och \u00F6vervintringen. Vikingarna som bodde h\u00E4r blev med tiden spr\u00E5kligt assimilerade och f\u00F6rvandlades till g\u00E4ler av nordiskt ursprung, precis som normanderna ocks\u00E5 skulle komma att byta sin spr\u00E5kliga hemvist efter n\u00E5gra generationer i Frankrike."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "September"@en . . "Gaelsk\u00E9 Irsko (irsky \u00C9irinn Ghaidhealach) je historick\u00E9 ozna\u010Den\u00ED pro politick\u00FD, kulturn\u00ED a soci\u00E1ln\u00ED \u0159\u00E1d keltsk\u00FDch obyvatel Irska od d\u00E1vn\u00E9 prehistorie, trvaj\u00EDc\u00ED a\u017E do 17. stolet\u00ED. Po cel\u00E9 1. tis\u00EDcilet\u00ED n. l. nebylo Irsko jednotn\u00FDm st\u00E1tem. Existovaly zde des\u00EDtky t\u00FAath, men\u0161\u00EDch \u010Di v\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDch \u201Ekr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED\u201C, jejich\u017E kr\u00E1lov\u00E9 (irsky r\u00ED), v podstat\u011B n\u00E1\u010Deln\u00EDci, mezi sebou \u010Dasto bojovali. Men\u0161\u00ED kr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED byla vazaly mocn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDch, ale t\u0159eba\u017Ee se v pozd\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDch dob\u00E1ch n\u011Bkte\u0159\u00ED vlada\u0159i prohla\u0161ovali velekr\u00E1li, \u017E\u00E1dn\u00E9mu se nepoda\u0159ilo zalo\u017Eit dynastii, kter\u00E1 by dok\u00E1zala politicky sjednotit cel\u00E9 Irsko."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Gaelic Ireland"@en . . . . . . . . . "846"^^ . . "Gaelsk\u00E9 Irsko (irsky \u00C9irinn Ghaidhealach) je historick\u00E9 ozna\u010Den\u00ED pro politick\u00FD, kulturn\u00ED a soci\u00E1ln\u00ED \u0159\u00E1d keltsk\u00FDch obyvatel Irska od d\u00E1vn\u00E9 prehistorie, trvaj\u00EDc\u00ED a\u017E do 17. stolet\u00ED. Po cel\u00E9 1. tis\u00EDcilet\u00ED n. l. nebylo Irsko jednotn\u00FDm st\u00E1tem. Existovaly zde des\u00EDtky t\u00FAath, men\u0161\u00EDch \u010Di v\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDch \u201Ekr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED\u201C, jejich\u017E kr\u00E1lov\u00E9 (irsky r\u00ED), v podstat\u011B n\u00E1\u010Deln\u00EDci, mezi sebou \u010Dasto bojovali. Men\u0161\u00ED kr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED byla vazaly mocn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDch, ale t\u0159eba\u017Ee se v pozd\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDch dob\u00E1ch n\u011Bkte\u0159\u00ED vlada\u0159i prohla\u0161ovali velekr\u00E1li, \u017E\u00E1dn\u00E9mu se nepoda\u0159ilo zalo\u017Eit dynastii, kter\u00E1 by dok\u00E1zala politicky sjednotit cel\u00E9 Irsko."@cs . . "\u00C9ire Ghaelach"@en . . . . . . . . "1607"^^ . . "Irlanda celta o Irlanda ga\u00E8lica, correspon a l'ordre pol\u00EDtic establert a l'illa d'Irlanda fins a la conclusi\u00F3 de la seva conquesta per part dels Tudor. Durant la major part d'aquest per\u00EDode, Irlanda va ser un mosaic de clans i tribus organitzades al voltant de quatre prov\u00EDncies hist\u00F2riques que competien cont\u00EDnuament pel control del territori i els recursos: Leinster (Laighin), Connacht (Connachta), Munster (An Mhumhain) i Ulster (C\u00FAige Uladh). Aquests petits regnes independents es denominaven t\u00FAath, i entre aquests, destacaven Connacht i Ulster. La seva principal activitat consistia en la ramaderia, encara que tamb\u00E9 practicaven l'agricultura. A la fi del segle xii es va produir la invasi\u00F3 normanda, que situaria una part important de l'illa sota el control de la noblesa cambro-normanda. Aquesta \u00E0rea controlada pels invasors rebria el nom de senyoriu d'Irlanda. No obstant aix\u00F2, durant els segles seg\u00FCents, la Irlanda ga\u00E8lica recuperaria terreny, b\u00E9 mitjan\u00E7ant la conquesta, o mitjan\u00E7ant l'assimilaci\u00F3 cultural dels nouvinguts. A la fi del segle xv, \u00FAnicament una petita franja de terreny al voltant de Dubl\u00EDn (coneguda com la Palissada) quedava fora de la influ\u00E8ncia ga\u00E8lica. No obstant aix\u00F2, l'acc\u00E9s al poder de la dinastia Tudor al Regne d'Anglaterra provocaria una s\u00E8rie de campanyes militars per sotmetre la resist\u00E8ncia de la noblesa ga\u00E8lica. El 1541, el senyoriu d'Irlanda es va transformar en el Regne d'Irlanda, la corona del qual quedava en mans del rei d'Anglaterra. La posterior fugida dels comtes, el 1607, significaria la fi de la conquesta Tudor de l'illa i de la Irlanda c\u00E8ltica pr\u00F2piament dita."@ca . . . . . . . "Irlanda Ga\u00E9lica"@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Additional articles related to Gaels"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Irlanda Ga\u00E9lica foi a ordem pol\u00EDtica que existia na Irlanda antes da invas\u00E3o normanda, e que decorreu em paralelo com o subsequente Senhorio da Irlanda, na maior parte do pa\u00EDs, at\u00E9 ao estabelecimento do Reino da Irlanda. Era, muitas vezes teoricamente, uma monarquia electiva, com um Grande Rei nomeado de entre os reis dos reinos da ilha. Na realidade, aqueles que se tornaram reis geralmente o fizeram usando a for\u00E7a."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L'Irlanda gaelica (in irlandese \u00C9ire Ghaelach) era l'ordine politico e sociale gaelico, e la cultura a esso associata, che esisteva in Irlanda dalla preistoria fino agli inizi del XVII secolo. Prima dell'Invasione normanna del 1169, l'Irlanda gaelica comprendeva l'intera isola. Successivamente, comprendeva i territori che non erano sotto un dominio straniero in un dato momento. Per molto tempo, l'Irlanda gaelica \u00E8 stata un mosaico gerarchico di territori governati da una gerarchia di re o capi, eletti per tanistry (una sorta di elezione). Le guerriglie tra questi territori erano all'ordine del giorno e, di tanto in tanto, un potente sovrano veniva riconosciuto come Re Supremo d'Irlanda. La societ\u00E0 era formata da clan e, come nel resto d'Europa, era strutturata gerarchicamente in base alla classe di appartenenza. Durante questo periodo, l'economia era basata principalmente sulla pastorizia e non si utilizzava il denaro. Uno stile gaelico irlandese di abbigliamento, musica, danza, sport, architettura e arte pu\u00F2 essere identificato con l'arte irlandese che in seguito si fonde con gli stili anglosassoni per creare l'arte insulare. L'Irlanda gaelica era inizialmente pagana e aveva una cultura orale. Le iscrizioni in alfabeto ogamico iniziarono nel periodo protostorico, forse gi\u00E0 nel I secolo. La conversione al Cristianesimo affianc\u00F2 l'introduzione della letteratura e gran parte della ricca mitologia irlandese pre-cristiana e il sofisticato codice di legge furono preservati, sebbene cristianizzati. Nell'Alto Medioevo, l'Irlanda era un importante centro di apprendimento. I missionari e gli studiosi irlandesi furono importanti per l'Europa occidentale e aiutarono a diffondere il Cristianesimo in gran parte della Gran Bretagna e in alcune parti dell'Europa continentale. Nel IX secolo, i Vichinghi iniziarono a razziare e fondare insediamenti lungo le coste e i corsi d'acqua irlandesi, che divennero le prime grandi citt\u00E0. Nel tempo, questi coloni furono assimilati e divennero i Vichinghi-gaelici. Dopo l'Invasione normanna del 1169\u201371, ampie distese passarono sotto il controllo dei signori normanni, portando a secoli di conflitti con gli irlandesi nativi. Il Re d'Inghilterra rivendic\u00F2 la sovranit\u00E0 su questo territorio (Signoria d'Irlanda) - e sull'isola nel suo insieme. Tuttavia, il sistema gaelico continu\u00F2 nelle aree che sfuggivano alcontrollo anglo-normanno. Il territorio sotto il controllo inglese si ridusse piano piano a un'area conosciuta come Pale e, al di fuori di questa zona, molti signori iberno-normanni adottarono la cultura gaelica. Nel 1542, Enrico VIII d'Inghilterra dichiar\u00F2 la Signoria un Regno e s\u00E9 stesso Re d'Irlanda. Allora gli inglesi cominciarono a conquistare (o riconquistare) l'isola. Nel 1607, l'Irlanda era completamente sotto il controllo inglese, ponendo fine al vecchio ordine politico e sociale gaelico. Una pagina del Libro di Kells, realizzata dagli scribi monastici gaelici nel IX secolo"@it . "Gaelic Ireland"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "* Independent kingdoms and territories, sometimes under the High King of Ireland"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Irlanda Ga\u00E9lica foi a ordem pol\u00EDtica que existia na Irlanda antes da invas\u00E3o normanda, e que decorreu em paralelo com o subsequente Senhorio da Irlanda, na maior parte do pa\u00EDs, at\u00E9 ao estabelecimento do Reino da Irlanda. Era, muitas vezes teoricamente, uma monarquia electiva, com um Grande Rei nomeado de entre os reis dos reinos da ilha. Na realidade, aqueles que se tornaram reis geralmente o fizeram usando a for\u00E7a."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ba \u00ED \u00C9ire Ghaelach an t-ord polaiti\u00FAil agus s\u00F3isialta Gaelach, agus an cult\u00FAr gaolmhar, a bh\u00ED ann in \u00C9irinn \u00F3n r\u00E9 r\u00E9amhstairi\u00FAil go dt\u00ED t\u00FAs an 17\u00FA haois. Roimh ionradh na Normannach ar 1169, bh\u00ED na Gaeil i r\u00E9im ar an oile\u00E1n ar fad. Ina dhiaidh sin, chuimsigh s\u00E9 an chuid sin den t\u00EDr nach raibh faoi cheannas eachtrach ag am ar leith."@ga . . . . . . . "Prehistoric Ireland to Late Middle Ages"@en . . "Ireland"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Gaelsk\u00E9 Irsko"@cs . . . . . . . "Irlanda gaelikoa"@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "El Reino celta de Irlanda o Irlanda ga\u00E9lica, corresponde al orden pol\u00EDtico establecido en la isla de Irlanda hasta la conclusi\u00F3n de su reconquista por parte de los Tudor. Durante la mayor parte de este per\u00EDodo, Irlanda fue un mosaico de clanes y tribus organizados en torno a cuatro provincias hist\u00F3ricas que compet\u00EDan continuamente por el control del territorio y los recursos: Connacht (en irland\u00E9s, Connachta), Leinster (en irland\u00E9s, Laighin), Munster (en irland\u00E9s, An Mhumhain) y \u00DAlster (en irland\u00E9s, C\u00FAige Uladh). Estos peque\u00F1os reinos independientes se denominaban tuah y, entre ellos, destacaban Connacht y Ulster.\u200B Su principal actividad consist\u00EDa en la ganader\u00EDa, aunque tambi\u00E9n algo de agricultura.\u200B A finales del siglo XII, se produjo la conocida invasi\u00F3n normanda, que situar\u00EDa a una parte importante de la isla bajo el control de la nobleza cambro-normanda. Esta \u00E1rea controlada por los invasores recibir\u00EDa el nombre de Se\u00F1or\u00EDo de Irlanda. Sin embargo, durante los siglos siguientes, la Irlanda ga\u00E9lica recuperar\u00EDa terreno, bien mediante la conquista, o mediante la asimilaci\u00F3n cultural de los reci\u00E9n llegados. A finales del siglo XV, \u00FAnicamente una peque\u00F1a franja de terreno en torno a Dubl\u00EDn (conocida como \u00ABLa Empalizada\u00BB) quedaba fuera de la influencia ga\u00E9lica.\u200B No obstante, el acceso al poder de la dinast\u00EDa Tudor en Inglaterra provocar\u00EDa una serie de campa\u00F1as militares para someter la resistencia de la nobleza ga\u00E9lica. En 1541, el Se\u00F1or\u00EDo de Irlanda se transform\u00F3 en el Reino de Irlanda, cuya corona reca\u00EDa en el rey de Inglaterra. La posterior \u00ABFuga de los Condes\u00BB en 1607, significar\u00EDa el fin de la reconquista Tudor de la isla y de la Irlanda celta propiamente dicha."@es . . . . . . . "Irlanda celta"@ca . . "* Hill of Tara"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L'Irlanda gaelica (in irlandese \u00C9ire Ghaelach) era l'ordine politico e sociale gaelico, e la cultura a esso associata, che esisteva in Irlanda dalla preistoria fino agli inizi del XVII secolo. Prima dell'Invasione normanna del 1169, l'Irlanda gaelica comprendeva l'intera isola. Successivamente, comprendeva i territori che non erano sotto un dominio straniero in un dato momento. Per molto tempo, l'Irlanda gaelica \u00E8 stata un mosaico gerarchico di territori governati da una gerarchia di re o capi, eletti per tanistry (una sorta di elezione). Le guerriglie tra questi territori erano all'ordine del giorno e, di tanto in tanto, un potente sovrano veniva riconosciuto come Re Supremo d'Irlanda. La societ\u00E0 era formata da clan e, come nel resto d'Europa, era strutturata gerarchicamente in base alla "@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "10288875"^^ . . . "107781"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Permanent recorded human settlement"@en . . "Gaeliska Irland (iriska: \u00C9ire Ghaidhealach) betecknar en social och politisk ordning som r\u00E5dde p\u00E5 Irland fram till det tidiga 1600-talet och den kultur som f\u00F6rknippades med denna ordning. Fram till tiden f\u00F6re de normandernas invasion \u00E5r 1169, inbegrep det gaeliska Irland hela \u00F6n. \u00C4ven de vikingar som bosatte sig p\u00E5 Irland under \u00E5rhundradena som f\u00F6ljde denna invasion hade snabbt g\u00E4lifierats. Senare omfattade det gaeliska Irland de omr\u00E5den som under varje given tidpunkt inte l\u00E5g under utl\u00E4ndskt styre, \u00E4nda fram till \u00E5r 1607, d\u00E5 det sista av den iriska adeln flydde och hela landet hamnade under Englands styre."@sv . . . . . "\u00C9ire Ghaelach"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Irlanda gaelikoa Irlandan ezarria egon zen bertako orden politikoa da. Garai honetan Irlanda lau erresumetan antolaturiko klan eta tribuz osaturiko herrialdea izan zen: Leinster (irlanderaz: Laighin), Connacht (irlanderaz: Connachta), Munster (irlanderaz: An Mhumhain) eta Ulster (irlanderaz: C\u00FAige Uladh). Erresuma hauek irlanderaz \u00ABTuah\u00BB izena jaso ohi zuten, etan lauetan nabarmenenak Connacht eta Ulster izan ziren."@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Gaelic Ireland"@en . . . . . . . . . "1166"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Banner of the Lordship of Ireland.svg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "El Reino celta de Irlanda o Irlanda ga\u00E9lica, corresponde al orden pol\u00EDtico establecido en la isla de Irlanda hasta la conclusi\u00F3n de su reconquista por parte de los Tudor. Durante la mayor parte de este per\u00EDodo, Irlanda fue un mosaico de clanes y tribus organizados en torno a cuatro provincias hist\u00F3ricas que compet\u00EDan continuamente por el control del territorio y los recursos: Connacht (en irland\u00E9s, Connachta), Leinster (en irland\u00E9s, Laighin), Munster (en irland\u00E9s, An Mhumhain) y \u00DAlster (en irland\u00E9s, C\u00FAige Uladh). Estos peque\u00F1os reinos independientes se denominaban tuah y, entre ellos, destacaban Connacht y Ulster.\u200B Su principal actividad consist\u00EDa en la ganader\u00EDa, aunque tambi\u00E9n algo de agricultura.\u200B"@es . "Gaeliska Irland"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1607"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Provinces of Ireland in 900"@en . "Ba \u00ED \u00C9ire Ghaelach an t-ord polaiti\u00FAil agus s\u00F3isialta Gaelach, agus an cult\u00FAr gaolmhar, a bh\u00ED ann in \u00C9irinn \u00F3n r\u00E9 r\u00E9amhstairi\u00FAil go dt\u00ED t\u00FAs an 17\u00FA haois. Roimh ionradh na Normannach ar 1169, bh\u00ED na Gaeil i r\u00E9im ar an oile\u00E1n ar fad. Ina dhiaidh sin, chuimsigh s\u00E9 an chuid sin den t\u00EDr nach raibh faoi cheannas eachtrach ag am ar leith."@ga . . "Ireland"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L'Irlande ga\u00E9lique (en irlandais : \u00C9ire Ghaelach) \u00E9tait l'ordre politique et social ga\u00E9lique et la culture associ\u00E9e, qui existait en Irlande depuis l'\u00E9poque pr\u00E9historique jusqu'au d\u00E9but du XVIIe si\u00E8cle."@fr . . . "\u00C9ire Ghaelach"@ga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0623\u064A\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062F\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . "1124758768"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Gaelic Ireland (Irish: \u00C9ire Ghaelach) was the Gaelic political and social order, and associated culture, that existed in Ireland from the late prehistoric era until the early 17th century. It comprised the whole island before Anglo-Normans conquered parts of Ireland in the 1170s. Thereafter, it comprised that part of the country not under English dominion at a given time (i.e. the part beyond The Pale). For most of its history, Gaelic Ireland was a \"patchwork\" hierarchy of territories ruled by a hierarchy of kings or chiefs, who were chosen or elected through tanistry. Warfare between these territories was common. Occasionally, a powerful ruler was acknowledged as High King of Ireland. Society was made up of clans and, like the rest of Europe, was structured hierarchically according to class. Throughout this period, the economy was mainly pastoral and money was generally not used. A Gaelic Irish style of dress, music, dance, sport and art can be identified, with Irish art later merging with Anglo-Saxon styles to create Insular art. Gaelic Ireland was initially pagan and had an oral culture maintained by traditional Gaelic storytellers/historians, the seanchaidhthe. Writing, in the form of inscription in the ogham alphabet, began in the protohistoric period, perhaps as early as the 1st century. The conversion to Christianity, beginning in the 5th century, accompanied the introduction of literature. In the Middle Ages, Irish mythology and Brehon law were recorded by Irish monks, albeit partly Christianized. Gaelic Irish monasteries were important centres of learning. Irish missionaries and scholars were influential in western Europe and helped to spread Christianity to much of Britain and parts of mainland Europe. In the 9th century, Vikings began raiding and founding settlements along Ireland's coasts and waterways, which became its first large towns. Over time, these settlers were assimilated and became the Norse-Gaels. After the Norman invasion of 1169\u201371, large swathes of Ireland came under the control of Norman lords, leading to centuries of conflict with the native Irish. The King of England claimed sovereignty over this territory \u2013 the Lordship of Ireland \u2013 and the island as a whole. However, the Gaelic system continued in areas outside Anglo-Norman control. The territory under English control gradually shrank to an area known as the Pale and, outside this, many Hiberno-Norman lords adopted Gaelic culture. In 1542, the Lordship of Ireland became the Kingdom of Ireland when Henry VIII of England was given the title of King of Ireland by the Parliament of Ireland. The English then began to extend their control over the island. By 1607, Ireland was fully under English control, bringing the old Gaelic political and social order to an end."@en . "L'Irlande ga\u00E9lique (en irlandais : \u00C9ire Ghaelach) \u00E9tait l'ordre politique et social ga\u00E9lique et la culture associ\u00E9e, qui existait en Irlande depuis l'\u00E9poque pr\u00E9historique jusqu'au d\u00E9but du XVIIe si\u00E8cle."@fr . . "Irlanda gaelikoa Irlandan ezarria egon zen bertako orden politikoa da. Garai honetan Irlanda lau erresumetan antolaturiko klan eta tribuz osaturiko herrialdea izan zen: Leinster (irlanderaz: Laighin), Connacht (irlanderaz: Connachta), Munster (irlanderaz: An Mhumhain) eta Ulster (irlanderaz: C\u00FAige Uladh). Erresuma hauek irlanderaz \u00ABTuah\u00BB izena jaso ohi zuten, etan lauetan nabarmenenak Connacht eta Ulster izan ziren. XII. mendearen amaieraldera normandiar inbasioa jazo zen, ondorioz uhartearen zati handi bat kanbriar-normandiar jauntxoen menpe gelditu zelarik. Atzerritarren kontrolpean zegoen eremu honek Irlandako jaurerria izena jaso zuen. Halere, hurrengo mendeetan zehar, Irlanda gaelikoak konkista eta batez ere iritsi berrien gaeleratzearen ondorioz lur eremuak berreskuratuz joan ziren. Honela, XV. mendearen amaieraldera, ingelesek eragin gaelikotik kanpo zegoen Dublin hiriaren inguruko \u00ABOholesia edo The Pale\u00BB zeritzon lur eremu estuaren jabe besterik ez zirelarik). Hala eta guztiz ere, Ingalaterrako Erresumaaren erregetzen Tudor etxea gailentzean, tudortarrek hainbat militar kanpaniaen ostean jauntxo gaelikoak menperatzea lortu zuen. 1541an Irlandako jaurerria Irlandako Erresuman bilakatu zen, haren buru Ingalaterrako Erresumako erregea zelarik. Ondorengo 1607ko Kondeen ihesaldiak eta Irlanda gaelikoaren gainbehera amaigabeari hasiera eman zion."@eu . . . . 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(\u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u063A\u0632\u0648) \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062D\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1607\u060C \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0623\u064A\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062F\u0627 \u0642\u062F \u0628\u0627\u062A\u062A \u062E\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629\u064B \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A \u0639\u0646\u062F \u0630\u0644\u0643."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Irlanda gaelica"@it . . . "Irlande ga\u00E9lique"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Gaelic Ireland (Irish: \u00C9ire Ghaelach) was the Gaelic political and social order, and associated culture, that existed in Ireland from the late prehistoric era until the early 17th century. It comprised the whole island before Anglo-Normans conquered parts of Ireland in the 1170s. Thereafter, it comprised that part of the country not under English dominion at a given time (i.e. the part beyond The Pale). For most of its history, Gaelic Ireland was a \"patchwork\" hierarchy of territories ruled by a hierarchy of kings or chiefs, who were chosen or elected through tanistry. Warfare between these territories was common. Occasionally, a powerful ruler was acknowledged as High King of Ireland. Society was made up of clans and, like the rest of Europe, was structured hierarchically according to cla"@en . "omit"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .