. . "\uC704\uADF8\uB178 \uC804\uC7C1(1562\uB144 - 1598\uB144)\uC740 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD55C \uC885\uAD50 \uC804\uC7C1\uC73C\uB85C, 1562\uB144 3\uC6D4 1\uC77C \uB85C\uB9C8 \uAC00\uD1A8\uB9AD \uC138\uB825\uC774 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uB0B4 \uAC1C\uC2E0\uAD50\uB3C4(\uC704\uADF8\uB178)\uB4E4\uC5D0\uAC8C \uC790\uD589\uD55C \uD559\uC0B4\uC778 \uBC14\uC2DC \uD559\uC0B4\uB85C \uC778\uD574 \uC2DC\uC791\uB418\uC5C8\uACE0, \uC704\uADF8\uB178\uC758 \uC218\uC7A5\uC774\uC5C8\uB358 \uC559\uB9AC 4\uC138\uAC00 \uCE74\uD1A8\uB9AD\uC73C\uB85C \uAC1C\uC885\uD558\uC5EC \uAD6D\uC655\uC5D0 \uC989\uC704\uD55C\uD6C4, 1598\uB144\uC5D0 \uB0AD\uD2B8 \uCE59\uB839\uC744 \uBC1C\uD45C\uD568\uC73C\uB85C \uC2E0\uAD6C \uAE30\uB3C5\uAD50 \uAC04\uC758 \uC885\uAD50 \uC804\uC7C1\uC740 \uC77C\uB2E8\uB77D\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC704\uADF8\uB178\uB294 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC758 \uAC1C\uC2E0\uAD50 \uC2E0\uC790\uB4E4\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A4\uB294 \uB9D0\uB85C, \uC0C1\uACF5\uC5C5 \uACC4\uCE35\uC774 \uB9CE\uC558\uB2E4. \uC774\uB294 \uC9C1\uC5C5\uC18C\uBA85\uC124\uC744 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD558\uB294 \uAC1C\uC2E0\uAD50\uC758 \uAD50\uB9AC\uAC00 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4 \uC0C1\uACF5\uC5C5\uC790\uB4E4\uC5D0\uAC8C\uB294 '\uBCF5\uC74C'\uC774\uC5C8\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC704\uADF8\uB178 \uC804\uC7C1\uC740 \uC885\uAD50\uC758 \uC790\uC720\uAC00 \uBA85\uBD84\uC774\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uBCF4\uD1B5 \uCD08\uAE30 \uC2E0\uD765 \uBD80\uB974\uC8FC\uC544 \uC138\uB825\uC774 \uC61B\uB0A0\uCCB4\uC81C(\uC559\uC2DC\uC575 \uB808\uC9D0)\uC5D0 \uBC18\uBC1C\uD55C \uAC83\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD574\uC11D\uD55C\uB2E4. \uB85C\uB9C8 \uAC00\uD1A8\uB9AD\uAD50\uD68C\uAC00 \uADC0\uC871 \uB4F1\uC758 \uC804\uD1B5\uC801 \uAE30\uB4DD\uAD8C \uC138\uB825\uACFC \uACB0\uD0C1\uD558\uC5EC \uADF8\uB4E4\uC758 \uAE30\uB4DD\uAD8C\uC744 \uBCF4\uD638\uD558\uB294 \uAD6C\uC2E4\uC744 \uD558\uBA74\uC11C \uC0AC\uD68C \uCCB4\uC81C\uB97C \uACBD\uC9C1\uC2DC\uD0A4\uACE0 \uC788\uC5C8\uACE0, \uC774\uB7EC\uD55C \uBCF4\uC218\uC801\uC778 \uC2E0\uBD84 \uC0AC\uD68C\uB294 \uC2E0\uD765 \uBD80\uB974\uC8FC\uC544 \uACC4\uAE09\uC5D0\uAC8C\uB294 \uC2EC\uAC01\uD55C \uC81C\uC57D\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uBB34\uC5ED\uC73C\uB85C \uC131\uC7A5\uD55C \uB124\uB35C\uB780\uB4DC\uB3C4 \uC720\uC0AC\uD55C \uACBD\uC6B0\uC774\uBA70, \uB3C5\uC77C \uBD81\uBD80\uC758 \uC601\uC8FC\uB4E4\uC774 \uC2E0\uD765 \uC138\uB825\uC778 \uB9C8\uB974\uD2F4 \uB8E8\uD130\uC758 \uC885\uAD50 \uAC1C\uD601\uC744 \uC9C0\uC6D0\uD55C \uAC83\uB3C4 \uAE30\uB4DD\uAD8C \uC138\uB825\uACFC\uC758 \uB9C8\uCC30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . "Tuscany"@en . . . "--04-02"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Le guerre di religione francesi furono una serie di otto conflitti che, opponendo cattolici e protestanti, devastarono il regno di Francia nella seconda met\u00E0 del XVI secolo. Lo sviluppo, nel secolo del Rinascimento, di un pensiero umanistico critico e individualistico, volto alla verifica delle acquisizioni culturali ereditate dal passato, provoc\u00F2, fra l'altro, la messa in discussione dei principi dogmatici della religione cristiana e della legittimit\u00E0 delle istituzioni ecclesiastiche, fino ad allora insegnati e tutelati dalla Chiesa di Roma, alla quale si contestava da tempo anche la corruzione dei costumi. Nacque cos\u00EC in Europa, su impulso di Martin Lutero, il movimento della Riforma protestante, alla quale il cattolicesimo tradizionale oppose sia un intransigente conservatorismo, sia una proposta di autoriforma (erasmiana) oppure di adeguamento del cattolicesimo alle nuove condizioni storiche (controriforma). Queste dispute religiose provocarono, particolarmente in Francia e in Germania, una lunga serie di guerre civili. Le prime persecuzioni contro gli aderenti alle nuove idee iniziarono in Francia negli anni Venti. Occorre attendere gli anni Quaranta e Cinquanta per assistere allo sviluppo di una lotta sempre pi\u00F9 violenta. Si fecero frequenti le distruzioni iconoclaste, da parte dei protestanti, di oggetti del rituale romano considerati sacri dai cattolici: reliquie, ostie, immagini devozionali. Alla fine del regno di Enrico II, il conflitto si politicizz\u00F2 e alla morte del re nel 1559 le diverse famiglie della nobilt\u00E0 predisposero alleanze in funzione delle loro ambizioni e della loro fede religiosa. Le guerre cominciarono nel 1562 proseguendo, inframmezzate da periodi di tregua, fino al 1598, anno dell'emanazione dell'Editto di Nantes. In seguito alla morte di Enrico IV, la monarchia irrigid\u00EC la sua politica nei confronti dei protestanti e ci\u00F2 condusse alle rivolte ugonotte del XVII secolo, che ebbero come epilogo l'assedio de La Rochelle. Alla revoca dell'Editto nel 1685, ripresero le persecuzioni contro i protestanti nel XVIII (rivolta dei Camisardi) fino all' di Luigi XVI del 1788. L'analisi di queste guerre - che segnarono un periodo di declino politico della Francia - \u00E8 resa particolarmente complessa per l'intrecciarsi in esse di cause politiche, sociali e culturali in un contesto europeo di forte tensioni."@it . "Frantziako Erlijio Gerrak Frantziako erresuman XVI. mendeko bigarren zatian izandako borroka zibilak izan ziren. Nahiz eta 1562 eta 1598 artean zortzi gerra ezberdin izan, denbora tarte hartan alde biek etengabe borrokatu zuten elkarren kontra. Erlijio Gerren eztanda-eragile nagusiak katoliko eta protestante kalbinisten higanot izenaz ezagunak- arteko tirabira erlijiosoak izan baziren ere, alde biek zuzentzen zituzten leinuen, Borboitarrak eta Guisekoak hurrenez hurren, arteko borrokak gorrotoa areagotu zuen. Gainera, Frantziako guda zibilak eragina izan zuen nazioartean. Protestantismoaren ikurra zen Elisabet I.aren Ingalaterrak eta katolizismoaren ikurra zen Filipe II.aren Espainiak nork bere alderdia babestu zuten. Garai hartan martxan zeuden beste borrokek ere, hala nola Probintzia Batuen espainiar boterearen aurkako matxinada eta Filipe II.aren osaba zen Fernando I.a Habsburgokoak zuzendutako Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santuan protestanteen aurrerapausoak, eragina izan zuten gerretan. Valois-Angulema leinuaren amaierak eta Henrike IV.a Borboikoa katolizismora aldatzeak liskarrak bukarazi zituzten. Horretarako 1598an Henrikek Nantesko ediktua, protestanteekiko tolerantzia bermatzen zuena, sinatu zuen. Hala ere koroa eta higanoten arteko liskarrak aldian-aldian berpiztu ziren. 1685ean Henrike IV.aren iloba zen Luis XIV.ak Fontainebleauko ediktua ezarri eta katolizismoa ez beste erlijioen jardutea debekatu zuen. Ediktu honen ondorioz 200.000 higanot erbesteratu ziren."@eu . . . . . . "Guerras religiosas na Fran\u00E7a"@pt . "La francaj religiaj militoj a\u016D hugenotaj militoj de 1562 \u011Dis 1598 estis serio de ok enlandaj militoj en Francio. Ili estas konataj pro la masakro de la francaj protestantoj, la t.n. hugenotoj, fare de la katolikoj en la nokto de Sankta Bartolomeo. Politike ili estis finitaj per la re\u011Do Henriko la 4-a. Minimuma celo de katolika nobela partio estis forteni la hugenotojn de la \u015Dtataj kaj ekleziaj prebendoj kaj samtempe kontroli la re\u011Don. Simile kiel la posta Tridekjara Milito la hugenotaj militoj ne estis nuraj religiaj militoj; dinastiaj kaj kialoj de pov-politiko same estis fonaj ka\u016Dzoj. La militoj markas la lastan reziston de regionaj fortoj kontra\u016D la absolutisma centra povo en Francio."@eo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30E6\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u6226\u4E89"@ja . . . . . . "Las Guerras de religi\u00F3n de Francia fueron una serie de enfrentamientos civiles que se desarrollaron en el reino de Francia y en el reino de Navarra durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI. Se distinguen hasta ocho guerras distintas acontecidas entre 1562 y 1598, si bien la violencia fue constante durante todo el periodo. El detonante de las Guerras de Religi\u00F3n fueron las disputas religiosas entre cat\u00F3licos y protestantes calvinistas, conocidos como hugonotes, exacerbadas por las disputas entre las casas nobiliarias que abanderaron estas facciones religiosas, en especial los Borb\u00F3n y los Guisa."@es . "Guerre di religione francesi"@it . . . . . . . . . . . "\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 1562 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1598) \u0647\u064A \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u062A\u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060C \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062A \u0628\u062A\u062E\u0631\u064A\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062F\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060C \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062C\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062B\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062A\u0633\u062A\u0627\u0646\u062A\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u064A\u064F\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064A\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u0627\u064B \u0647\u0648\u063A\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062A\u064A\u0648\u0646.\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062F\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062F\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062A\u0648\u0627\u062C\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062B\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062A\u0633\u062A\u0627\u0646\u062A\u060C \u0648\u0647\u064A \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062C\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062F\u062A \u0625\u0644\u064A \u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u062E\u0637\u064A\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0636\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u064F\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u062F\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1520. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064A\u062C\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u062D\u062A\u064A \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 (1540-1550) \u062D\u062A\u064A \u0646\u0631\u064A \u062A\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Albert VII, Archduke of Austria"@en . . . "\u6CD5\u56FD\u5B97\u6559\u6218\u4E89\uFF08\u6CD5\u8A9E\uFF1AGuerres de religion\uFF09\u53C8\u540D\u80E1\u683C\u8BFA\u6218\u4E89\uFF0C\u662F\u53D1\u751F\u57281562\u5E74\u81F31598\u5E74\u95F4\u6CD5\u5170\u897F\u738B\u56FD\u56FD\u5185\u7684\u5185\u6218\u548C\u6C11\u4F17\u9A9A\u52A8\u4E8B\u4EF6\uFF0C\u5185\u6218\u53CC\u65B9\u4E3A\u5FE0\u65BC\u8056\u5EA7\u7684\u5929\u4E3B\u6559\u5F92\u548C\u80E1\u683C\u8BFA\u6D3E\uFF08\u5C6C\u65BC\u5580\u723E\u6587\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF09\u3002\u6218\u4E89\u8FDB\u884C\u4E86\u8FDE\u7EED\u516B\u6B21\uFF0C\u5BF9\u5F53\u65F6\u7684\u6CD5\u56FD\u9020\u6210\u4E86\u4E25\u91CD\u7684\u7834\u574F\u3002\u636E\u4F30\u8BA1\u5728\u5F53\u65F6\u4E09\u767E\u4E07\u6C11\u4F17\u6B7B\u4E8E\u6218\u4E71\u53CA\u6218\u4E89\u5E26\u6765\u7684\u9965\u8352\u548C\u761F\u75AB\uFF0C\u5728\u5B97\u6559\u6218\u4E89\u4E2D\u4EC5\u6B21\u4E8E\u9020\u6210\u516B\u767E\u4E07\u4EBA\u4E27\u751F\u7684\u4E09\u5341\u5E74\u6218\u4E89\u3002"@zh . . . . "\u0420\u0435\u043B\u0456\u0433\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438 \u0443 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0457"@uk . . . "\u0420\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043E\u0437\u043D\u044B\u0435 (\u0444\u0440. Guerres de Religion) \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0433\u0443\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0437\u0430\u0442\u044F\u0436\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438 (\u0433\u0443\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438), \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044F\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0430\u043B\u0443\u0430, \u0441 1562 \u043F\u043E 1598 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u044B. \u0412\u043E \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u0443\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043B\u0438 \u0411\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043E\u043D\u044B (\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0446 \u041A\u043E\u043D\u0434\u0435, \u0413\u0435\u043D\u0440\u0438\u0445 \u041D\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439) \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043B \u0434\u0435 \u041A\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043D\u044C\u0438, \u0432\u043E \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u2014 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043C\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u041C\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0438 \u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0413\u0438\u0437\u044B. \u041D\u0430 \u0445\u043E\u0434 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u044B\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043E \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u044B\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0432\u043B\u0438\u044F\u0442\u044C \u0435\u0451 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u2014 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0438 \u0415\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0422\u044E\u0434\u043E\u0440 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432, \u0430 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0418\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0424\u0438\u043B\u0438\u043F\u043F \u0413\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2014 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432. \u0412\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0447\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043C \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0432 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043C \u0413\u0435\u043D\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0430 \u041D\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u041D\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u044D\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0442\u0430 (1598)."@ru . . . . . . . . . "Girolamo Caraffa"@en . . . . . "\u0420\u0435\u043B\u0456\u0433\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438 \u0443 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u2014 \u043D\u0438\u0437\u043A\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0434\u044F\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0456 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u044E \u043C\u0435\u043D\u0448\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044E, \u0449\u043E \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u041A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0432\u0456\u043D\u0456\u0437\u043C."@uk . . . . "De Hugenotenoorlogen (Frans: Guerres de religion, \"Godsdienstoorlogen\") waren een reeks conflicten tussen katholieken en (protestantse) hugenoten in Frankrijk vanaf het midden van de zestiende eeuw tot de afkondiging van het edict van Nantes in 1598."@nl . . "Between 2 million to 4 million deaths from all causes"@en . . . . . "Guerras de religi\u00F3n de Francia"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . "2018-09-16"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uC704\uADF8\uB178 \uC804\uC7C1"@ko . . . . . . "1562-04-02"^^ . . . "\uC704\uADF8\uB178 \uC804\uC7C1(1562\uB144 - 1598\uB144)\uC740 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD55C \uC885\uAD50 \uC804\uC7C1\uC73C\uB85C, 1562\uB144 3\uC6D4 1\uC77C \uB85C\uB9C8 \uAC00\uD1A8\uB9AD \uC138\uB825\uC774 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uB0B4 \uAC1C\uC2E0\uAD50\uB3C4(\uC704\uADF8\uB178)\uB4E4\uC5D0\uAC8C \uC790\uD589\uD55C \uD559\uC0B4\uC778 \uBC14\uC2DC \uD559\uC0B4\uB85C \uC778\uD574 \uC2DC\uC791\uB418\uC5C8\uACE0, \uC704\uADF8\uB178\uC758 \uC218\uC7A5\uC774\uC5C8\uB358 \uC559\uB9AC 4\uC138\uAC00 \uCE74\uD1A8\uB9AD\uC73C\uB85C \uAC1C\uC885\uD558\uC5EC \uAD6D\uC655\uC5D0 \uC989\uC704\uD55C\uD6C4, 1598\uB144\uC5D0 \uB0AD\uD2B8 \uCE59\uB839\uC744 \uBC1C\uD45C\uD568\uC73C\uB85C \uC2E0\uAD6C \uAE30\uB3C5\uAD50 \uAC04\uC758 \uC885\uAD50 \uC804\uC7C1\uC740 \uC77C\uB2E8\uB77D\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC704\uADF8\uB178\uB294 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC758 \uAC1C\uC2E0\uAD50 \uC2E0\uC790\uB4E4\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A4\uB294 \uB9D0\uB85C, \uC0C1\uACF5\uC5C5 \uACC4\uCE35\uC774 \uB9CE\uC558\uB2E4. \uC774\uB294 \uC9C1\uC5C5\uC18C\uBA85\uC124\uC744 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD558\uB294 \uAC1C\uC2E0\uAD50\uC758 \uAD50\uB9AC\uAC00 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4 \uC0C1\uACF5\uC5C5\uC790\uB4E4\uC5D0\uAC8C\uB294 '\uBCF5\uC74C'\uC774\uC5C8\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC704\uADF8\uB178 \uC804\uC7C1\uC740 \uC885\uAD50\uC758 \uC790\uC720\uAC00 \uBA85\uBD84\uC774\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uBCF4\uD1B5 \uCD08\uAE30 \uC2E0\uD765 \uBD80\uB974\uC8FC\uC544 \uC138\uB825\uC774 \uC61B\uB0A0\uCCB4\uC81C(\uC559\uC2DC\uC575 \uB808\uC9D0)\uC5D0 \uBC18\uBC1C\uD55C \uAC83\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD574\uC11D\uD55C\uB2E4. \uB85C\uB9C8 \uAC00\uD1A8\uB9AD\uAD50\uD68C\uAC00 \uADC0\uC871 \uB4F1\uC758 \uC804\uD1B5\uC801 \uAE30\uB4DD\uAD8C \uC138\uB825\uACFC \uACB0\uD0C1\uD558\uC5EC \uADF8\uB4E4\uC758 \uAE30\uB4DD\uAD8C\uC744 \uBCF4\uD638\uD558\uB294 \uAD6C\uC2E4\uC744 \uD558\uBA74\uC11C \uC0AC\uD68C \uCCB4\uC81C\uB97C \uACBD\uC9C1\uC2DC\uD0A4\uACE0 \uC788\uC5C8\uACE0, \uC774\uB7EC\uD55C \uBCF4\uC218\uC801\uC778 \uC2E0\uBD84 \uC0AC\uD68C\uB294 \uC2E0\uD765 \uBD80\uB974\uC8FC\uC544 \uACC4\uAE09\uC5D0\uAC8C\uB294 \uC2EC\uAC01\uD55C \uC81C\uC57D\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uBB34\uC5ED\uC73C\uB85C \uC131\uC7A5\uD55C \uB124\uB35C\uB780\uB4DC\uB3C4 \uC720\uC0AC\uD55C \uACBD\uC6B0\uC774\uBA70, \uB3C5\uC77C \uBD81\uBD80\uC758 \uC601\uC8FC\uB4E4\uC774 \uC2E0\uD765 \uC138\uB825\uC778 \uB9C8\uB974\uD2F4 \uB8E8\uD130\uC758 \uC885\uAD50 \uAC1C\uD601\uC744 \uC9C0\uC6D0\uD55C \uAC83\uB3C4 \uAE30\uB4DD\uAD8C \uC138\uB825\uACFC\uC758 \uB9C8\uCC30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . "As Guerras Religiosas Francesas foram um per\u00EDodo prolongado de guerra e agita\u00E7\u00E3o popular entre cat\u00F3licos e huguenotes (protestantes reformados/calvinistas) no Reino da Fran\u00E7a, entre 1562 e 1598. Estima-se que tr\u00EAs milh\u00F5es de pessoas morreram nesse per\u00EDodo, por viol\u00EAncia, fome ou doen\u00E7a no que \u00E9 considerado a segunda guerra religiosa mais mort\u00EDfera da hist\u00F3ria da Europa (superada apenas pela Guerra dos Trinta Anos, que tirou oito milh\u00F5es de vidas)."@pt . "Guerres de Religion (France)"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Perang Agama Prancis (1562\u201398) adalah istilah yang mengacu pada periode perang saudara antara orang-orang Katolik dan Protestan di Kerajaan Prancis. Konflik ini melibatkan wangsa-wangsa aristokrat seperti Wangsa Bourbon dan Wangsa Guise, dan kedua belah pihak menerima bantuan asing."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "En France, on appelle Guerres de Religion les huit guerres civiles d'origine religieuse qui se sont succ\u00E9d\u00E9 dans le royaume de France de 1562 \u00E0 1598, opposant partisans du catholicisme et partisans du protestantisme (les \u00AB huguenots \u00BB) dans des op\u00E9rations militaires pouvant aller jusqu'\u00E0 la bataille rang\u00E9e. Les catholiques sont en g\u00E9n\u00E9ral soutenus par le pouvoir royal et son arm\u00E9e, mais les deux camps disposent de leurs propres forces militaires, la noblesse fran\u00E7aise \u00E9tant divis\u00E9e entre les deux confessions, y compris la haute noblesse. Le fondement religieux de cette division est le mouvement de r\u00E9forme de l'\u00C9glise catholique initi\u00E9 en 1517 par le moine allemand Martin Luther, excommuni\u00E9 et mis au ban de l'Empire en 1520, mais qui, soutenu contre l'empereur Charles Quint par plusieurs princes allemands (surnomm\u00E9s \u00AB protestants \u00BB \u00E0 partir de 1529), est \u00E0 l'origine d'un long conflit dans le Saint-Empire, conclu en 1555 par la paix d'Augsbourg qui permet \u00E0 chaque prince de choisir la confession de ses \u00C9tats, selon le principe du cujus regio, ejus religio. En France, le protestantisme, r\u00E9prim\u00E9 d\u00E8s les ann\u00E9es 1520, ne se d\u00E9veloppe que dans les ann\u00E9es 1540 avec le calvinisme, initi\u00E9 par le Fran\u00E7ais Jean Calvin, chef religieux des r\u00E9form\u00E9s (calvinistes) fran\u00E7ais. \u00C0 la fin du r\u00E8gne d'Henri II, il se forme une faction protestante et une faction catholique. L'affaiblissement du pouvoir royal apr\u00E8s la mort d'Henri II, sous la r\u00E9gence de Catherine de M\u00E9dicis, permet \u00E0 l'antagonisme entre protestants et catholiques de prendre la forme de guerre civile. Les conflits se succ\u00E8dent d\u00E8s lors, entrecoup\u00E9s de p\u00E9riodes de paix pr\u00E9caire, apr\u00E8s la promulgation d'un \u00E9dit de pacification autorisant plus ou moins le culte protestant, solution que refusent les plus extr\u00E9mistes, notamment la famille de Guise qui dirige la faction catholique. La huiti\u00E8me guerre de religion est particuli\u00E8rement longue et violente, parce qu'\u00E0 partir de 1584, il s'agit pour la faction catholique devenue un parti (la Ligue catholique), d'emp\u00EAcher Henri de Navarre, chef de la faction protestante, de devenir roi de France \u00E0 la mort d'Henri III. Apr\u00E8s l'assassinat du roi en 1589 par un catholique fanatique, le roi protestant Henri IV monte sur le tr\u00F4ne avec le soutien d'une partie de la noblesse catholique ; ce n'est cependant qu'apr\u00E8s sa conversion au catholicisme (1593) et au bout de neuf ans de combats qu'a lieu la reddition des derniers rebelles : vainqueur le 28 mars 1598 du duc de Merc\u0153ur retranch\u00E9 dans Nantes, Henri IV promulgue en avril le huiti\u00E8me \u00E9dit de tol\u00E9rance, l'\u00E9dit de Nantes, qui, cette fois, est respect\u00E9. Par la suite, le protestantisme n'est plus combattu que par le gouvernement : si\u00E8ge de La Rochelle men\u00E9 par le cardinal de Richelieu, principal ministre de Louis XIII, (1627-1628), et la Paix d'Al\u00E8s l'ann\u00E9e suivante, en 1629, prive les protestants de leur potentiel militaire, l'\u00E9dit de Fontainebleau (1685), r\u00E9voque l'\u00E9dit de Nantes (1598) constatant que \"la meilleure et la plus grande partie de nos sujets de ladite Religion Pr\u00E9tendue R\u00E9form\u00E9e ont embrass\u00E9 la catholique [...]\", guerre des Camisards au d\u00E9but du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle, jusqu'\u00E0 la suspension des pers\u00E9cutions par Louis XVI en 1787 (\u00E9dit de Versailles)."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "French Wars of Religion"@en . . . . "French Wars of Religion"@en . . . . . . . . . . "\u0420\u0435\u043B\u0456\u0433\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438 \u0443 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u2014 \u043D\u0438\u0437\u043A\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0434\u044F\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u043C\u0456\u0436 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0456 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u044E \u043C\u0435\u043D\u0448\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044E, \u0449\u043E \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u041A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0432\u0456\u043D\u0456\u0437\u043C."@uk . "Hugenottkrigen (franska: Guerres de Religion) kallas de \u00E5tta religionspolitiska konflikterna mellan reformerta protestanter (hugenotter) och katoliker i Frankrike under den andra halvan av 1500-talet. Omst\u00E4ndigheterna kring dessa krig \u00E4r mycket komplicerade eftersom det bakom konfrontationen mellan religioner utspelade sig ett politiskt st\u00E4llningskrig: Storbritannien intervenerade p\u00E5 protestanternas sida och Spanien p\u00E5 katolikernas; den inflytelserika \u00E4tten Guise st\u00E4llde sig under parollen \"un roi, une foi, une loi\" (\"en kung, en tro, en lag\") i spetsen f\u00F6r den katolska heliga ligan mot husen Cond\u00E9 och under ledning av Henrik av Navarra p\u00E5 den protestantiska sidan. Mellan dessa tv\u00E5 l\u00E4ger fanns de som f\u00F6rs\u00F6kte uppr\u00E4tth\u00E5lla statens kontinuitet under konflikten samt inf\u00F6ra religionsfrihet, t"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "18"^^ . . . . "141480"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "St. Bartholomew's Day massacre by Fran\u00E7ois Dubois"@en . . . "Le guerre di religione francesi furono una serie di otto conflitti che, opponendo cattolici e protestanti, devastarono il regno di Francia nella seconda met\u00E0 del XVI secolo. Lo sviluppo, nel secolo del Rinascimento, di un pensiero umanistico critico e individualistico, volto alla verifica delle acquisizioni culturali ereditate dal passato, provoc\u00F2, fra l'altro, la messa in discussione dei principi dogmatici della religione cristiana e della legittimit\u00E0 delle istituzioni ecclesiastiche, fino ad allora insegnati e tutelati dalla Chiesa di Roma, alla quale si contestava da tempo anche la corruzione dei costumi. Nacque cos\u00EC in Europa, su impulso di Martin Lutero, il movimento della Riforma protestante, alla quale il cattolicesimo tradizionale oppose sia un intransigente conservatorismo, sia un"@it . . . . . . . . . "1595"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "As Guerras Religiosas Francesas foram um per\u00EDodo prolongado de guerra e agita\u00E7\u00E3o popular entre cat\u00F3licos e huguenotes (protestantes reformados/calvinistas) no Reino da Fran\u00E7a, entre 1562 e 1598. Estima-se que tr\u00EAs milh\u00F5es de pessoas morreram nesse per\u00EDodo, por viol\u00EAncia, fome ou doen\u00E7a no que \u00E9 considerado a segunda guerra religiosa mais mort\u00EDfera da hist\u00F3ria da Europa (superada apenas pela Guerra dos Trinta Anos, que tirou oito milh\u00F5es de vidas). Grande parte do conflito ocorreu durante a longa reg\u00EAncia da rainha Catarina de M\u00E9dici, vi\u00FAva de Henrique II da Fran\u00E7a, para seus filhos menores. Envolveu tamb\u00E9m uma luta de poder din\u00E1stico entre poderosas fam\u00EDlias nobres na linha de sucess\u00E3o ao trono franc\u00EAs: a rica, ambiciosa e fervorosamente cat\u00F3lica Casa ducal de Guise (um ramo de cadete da Casa de Lorena, que reivindicou a descend\u00EAncia de Carlos Magno) e seu aliado Anne de Montmorency, condest\u00E1vel da Fran\u00E7a (ou seja, comandante-chefe das for\u00E7as armadas francesas) contra a menos rica Casa de Cond\u00E9 (um ramo da Casa de Bourbon), que tinha pr\u00EDncipes de sangue na linha de sucess\u00E3o ao trono que simpatizavam com o Calvinismo. Aliados estrangeiros financiaram e prestaram assist\u00EAncia a ambos os lados, como a Espanha Habsburgo e o Ducado de Saboia apoiando os Guises, e Inglaterra apoiando o lado protestante liderado pelos Cond\u00E9s e pela protestante Joana de Albret, esposa de Ant\u00F4nio de Bourbon, Rei de Navarra, e seu filho, Henrique de Navarra. Moderados, principalmente associados \u00E0 monarquia francesa dos Valois e seus conselheiros, tentaram equilibrar a situa\u00E7\u00E3o e evitar o derramamento de sangue aberto. Este grupo (pejorativamente conhecido como ) colocou suas esperan\u00E7as na capacidade de um governo forte e centralizado para manter a ordem e a harmonia. Em contraste com as anteriores pol\u00EDticas de linha dura de Henrique II e seu pai Francisco I, eles come\u00E7aram a introduzir concess\u00F5es graduais a Huguenotes. Uma das mais not\u00E1veis moderadas, pelo menos inicialmente, foi a rainha m\u00E3e, Catarina de M\u00E9dici. Catarina, por\u00E9m, mais tarde, endureceu sua postura e, na \u00E9poca do massacre da noite de S\u00E3o Bartolomeu em 1572, ficou ao lado dos guises. Este evento hist\u00F3rico decisivo envolveu uma quebra completa do controle do Estado resultando em uma s\u00E9rie de motins e massacres nos quais multid\u00F5es cat\u00F3licas mataram entre 5 000 e 30 000 protestantes durante um per\u00EDodo de semanas em todo o reino. Na conclus\u00E3o do conflito em 1598, o protestante Henrique de Navarra, herdeiro do trono franc\u00EAs, converteu-se ao catolicismo e foi coroado Henrique IV da Fran\u00E7a. Ele emitiu o \u00C9dito de Nantes, que concedeu a Huguenotes direitos e liberdades substanciais, embora isso n\u00E3o tenha acabado com a hostilidade cat\u00F3lica para com eles ou para com ele, pessoalmente. As guerras religiosas amea\u00E7avam a autoridade da monarquia, j\u00E1 fr\u00E1gil sob o dom\u00EDnio dos tr\u00EAs filhos de Catarina e dos \u00FAltimos reis valois: Francisco II, Carlos IX, e Henrique III. Isso mudou sob o reinado de seu sucessor, Henrique IV. O \u00C9dito de Nantes foi revogado mais tarde, em 1685, com o \u00C9dito de Fontainebleau, por Lu\u00EDs XIV da Fran\u00E7a. A s\u00E1bia governan\u00E7a de Henrique IV e a sele\u00E7\u00E3o de administradores capazes deixaram um legado de um forte governo centralizado, estabilidade e prosperidade econ\u00F4mica que lhe rendeu a reputa\u00E7\u00E3o de melhor e mais amado monarca da Fran\u00E7a, ganhando-lhe a designa\u00E7\u00E3o de \"Bom Rei Henrique\"."@pt . . . "88368"^^ . . . . . . . . . "\u0420\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043E\u0437\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B \u0432\u043E \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0438"@ru . "Hugenotsk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky"@cs . "Tuscany" . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Catholics retain their hegemony in France and France remains a Catholic state; Edict of Nantes; Peace of Vervins"@en . . . . . . . "Hernando Portocarrero"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Perang Agama Prancis (1562\u201398) adalah istilah yang mengacu pada periode perang saudara antara orang-orang Katolik dan Protestan di Kerajaan Prancis. Konflik ini melibatkan wangsa-wangsa aristokrat seperti Wangsa Bourbon dan Wangsa Guise, dan kedua belah pihak menerima bantuan asing. Sejarawan hingga kini masih memperdebatkan lama berlangsungnya perang ini; beberapa sejarawan meyakini bahwa Maklumat Nantes pada tahun 1598 mengakhiri perang ini, walaupun masih berlanjut sehingga menurut sejarawan lain pada tahun 1629 merupakan peristiwa yang mengakhiri perang ini. Namun, Pembantaian Vassy pada tahun 1562 dianggap sebagai awal mula Perang Agama Prancis. Diperkirakan 2.000.000 hingga 4.000.000 orang tewas akibat perang, kelaparan, dan penyakit. Saat konflik berakhir pada tahun 1598, Maklumat Nantes memberikan berbagai hak dan kebebasan untuk Huguenot, walaupun maklumat ini tidak mengakhiri permusuhan antara Katolik dengan Protestan. Perang ini melemahkan otoritas monarki, walaupun nantinya Raja Henri IV berhasil memperkuatnya kembali."@in . "Catholicsretain their hegemony in France andFranceremains aCatholicstate;Edict of Nantes;Peace of Vervins" . . . . . . . . "Die Hugenottenkriege 1562 bis 1598 waren eine Reihe von acht B\u00FCrgerkriegen in Frankreich. Sie sind durch das Massaker an den franz\u00F6sischen Protestanten oder genauer den Calvinisten, den sogenannten Hugenotten, in der Bartholom\u00E4usnacht und die politische Beendigung durch den popul\u00E4ren K\u00F6nig Heinrich IV. den Franzosen heute noch bewusst. Ziel einer katholischen Adelspartei war es, die Hugenotten mindestens von den staatlichen und kirchlichen Pfr\u00FCnden auszuschlie\u00DFen und zugleich das K\u00F6nigtum zu kontrollieren. Sie markierten das letzte Aufb\u00E4umen regionaler Kr\u00E4fte gegen die absolutistische Zentralmacht in Frankreich und waren \u2013 auf beiden Seiten gleicherma\u00DFen \u2013 gekennzeichnet von Machtgier, Verrat und Rachsucht. \u00C4hnlich wie der sp\u00E4tere Drei\u00DFigj\u00E4hrige Krieg waren die Hugenottenkriege keine reinen Religionskriege; dynastische und machtpolitische Hintergr\u00FCnde spielten eine ebenso gro\u00DFe Rolle. In den Hugenottenkriegen, die in Frankreich ausgetragen wurden, ging es also nicht nur um die Frage der richtigen Glaubenszugeh\u00F6rigkeit. Der franz\u00F6sische Adel k\u00E4mpfte auch um seine Privilegien und Handlungsfreir\u00E4ume gegen\u00FCber dem Ausbau einer zentralistischen Monarchie, der unter der Herrschaft von Franz I. begann.Auf dem europ\u00E4ischen Schauplatz wiederum war das Bestreben neue Koalitionspartner zu finden, um das als \u00FCberm\u00E4chtig eingesch\u00E4tzte habsburgische Spanien Philipps II. zu kontrollieren. Dies vor dem Hintergrund des schwelenden Konfliktes zwischen den K\u00F6nigreichen England \u2013 Elisabeth I. wurde 1558 inthronisiert (Elisabethanisches Zeitalter) \u2013 und dem habsburgischen Spanien."@de . . . "En France, on appelle Guerres de Religion les huit guerres civiles d'origine religieuse qui se sont succ\u00E9d\u00E9 dans le royaume de France de 1562 \u00E0 1598, opposant partisans du catholicisme et partisans du protestantisme (les \u00AB huguenots \u00BB) dans des op\u00E9rations militaires pouvant aller jusqu'\u00E0 la bataille rang\u00E9e. Les catholiques sont en g\u00E9n\u00E9ral soutenus par le pouvoir royal et son arm\u00E9e, mais les deux camps disposent de leurs propres forces militaires, la noblesse fran\u00E7aise \u00E9tant divis\u00E9e entre les deux confessions, y compris la haute noblesse."@fr . . . . . . . . "The French Wars of Religion is the term which is used in reference to a period of civil war between French Catholics and Protestants, commonly called Huguenots, which lasted from 1562 to 1598. According to estimates, between two and four million people died from violence, famine or diseases which were directly caused by the conflict; additionally, the conflict severely damaged the power of the French monarchy. The fighting ended in 1598 when Henry of Navarre, who had converted to Catholicism in 1593, was proclaimed Henry IV of France and issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted substantial rights and freedoms to the Huguenots. However, the Catholics continued to have a hostile opinion of Protestants in general and they also continued to have a hostile opinion of him as a person, and his assassination in 1610 triggered a fresh round of Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s. Tensions between the two religions had been building since the 1530s, exacerbating existing regional divisions. The death of Henry II of France in July 1559 initiated a prolonged struggle for power between his widow Catherine de' Medici and powerful nobles. These included a fervently Catholic faction led by the Guise and Montmorency families and Protestants headed by the House of Cond\u00E9 and Jeanne d'Albret. Both sides received assistance from external powers, Spain and Savoy supporting the Catholics, while England and the Dutch Republic backed the Protestants. Moderates, also known as Politiques, hoped to maintain order by centralising power and making concessions to Huguenots, rather than the policies of repression pursued by Henry II and his father Francis I. They were initially supported by Catherine de' Medici, whose January 1562 Edict of Saint-Germain was strongly opposed by the Guise faction and led to the outbreak of widespread fighting in March. She later hardened her stance and backed the 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris, which resulted in Catholic mobs killing between 5,000 and 30,000 Protestants throughout France. The wars threatened the authority of the monarchy and the last Valois kings, Catherine's three sons Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Their Bourbon successor Henry IV responded by creating a strong central state and extending toleration to Huguenots; the latter policy would last until 1685, when Henry's grandson, Louis XIV of France, revoked the Edict of Nantes."@en . . . "Frantziako Erlijio Gerrak Frantziako erresuman XVI. mendeko bigarren zatian izandako borroka zibilak izan ziren. Nahiz eta 1562 eta 1598 artean zortzi gerra ezberdin izan, denbora tarte hartan alde biek etengabe borrokatu zuten elkarren kontra. Erlijio Gerren eztanda-eragile nagusiak katoliko eta protestante kalbinisten higanot izenaz ezagunak- arteko tirabira erlijiosoak izan baziren ere, alde biek zuzentzen zituzten leinuen, Borboitarrak eta Guisekoak hurrenez hurren, arteko borrokak gorrotoa areagotu zuen."@eu . . . 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"French Wars of Religion"@en . . . . . . . . . "\u30E6\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u6226\u4E89\uFF08\u30E6\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u305B\u3093\u305D\u3046\u3001\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u8A9E\uFF1AGuerres de religion, 1562\u5E74 - 1598\u5E74\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u306E\u30AB\u30C8\u30EA\u30C3\u30AF\u3068\u30D7\u30ED\u30C6\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u30C8\u304C\u4F11\u6226\u3092\u631F\u3093\u30678\u56DE40\u5E74\u8FD1\u304F\u306B\u308F\u305F\u308A\u6226\u3063\u305F\u5185\u6226\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u30C9\u30A4\u30C4\u306B\u59CB\u307E\u3063\u305F\u5B97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u904B\u52D5\u306F\u5404\u56FD\u306B\u5E83\u307E\u3063\u305F\u304C\u3001\u30B8\u30E3\u30F3\u30FB\u30AB\u30EB\u30F4\u30A1\u30F3\u306E\u601D\u60F3\u304C\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u3067\u3082\u52E2\u529B\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3001\u30D7\u30ED\u30C6\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u30C8\u306F\u30AB\u30C8\u30EA\u30C3\u30AF\u5074\u304B\u3089\u30E6\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\uFF08huguenot\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u305F\u3002\u30E6\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u306B\u306F\u8CB4\u65CF\u3082\u52A0\u308F\u308A\u3001\u5F3E\u5727\u306B\u3082\u304B\u304B\u308F\u3089\u305A\u52E2\u529B\u3092\u5E83\u3052\u3066\u3044\u3063\u305F\u30021562\u5E74\u306B\u30AB\u30C8\u30EA\u30C3\u30AF\u306E\u4E2D\u5FC3\u4EBA\u7269\u30AE\u30FC\u30BA\u516C\u306B\u3088\u308B\u30F4\u30A1\u30B7\u30FC\u3067\u306E\u30E6\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u8650\u6BBA\u4E8B\u4EF6\uFF08\u30F4\u30A1\u30B7\u30FC\u306E\u8650\u6BBA\uFF09\u304C\u5951\u6A5F\u3068\u306A\u308A\u3001\u5185\u4E71\u72B6\u614B\u306B\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3002\u59A5\u5354\u7684\u306A\u548C\u5E73\u3092\u631F\u3093\u3060\u6570\u6B21\u306E\u6226\u4E89\u306E\u5F8C\u306E1572\u5E748\u670824\u65E5\u306B\u306F\u3001\u30AB\u30C8\u30EA\u30C3\u30AF\u304C\u30E6\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u6570\u5343\u4EBA\u3092\u8650\u6BBA\u3059\u308B\u30B5\u30F3\u30FB\u30D0\u30EB\u30C6\u30EB\u30DF\u306E\u8650\u6BBA\u304C\u8D77\u3053\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002 \u5B97\u6559\u4E0A\u306E\u5BFE\u7ACB\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306B\u3001\u30D6\u30EB\u30DC\u30F3\u5BB6\uFF08\u30D7\u30ED\u30C6\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u30C8\uFF09\u3084\u30AE\u30FC\u30BA\u5BB6\uFF08\u30AB\u30C8\u30EA\u30C3\u30AF\uFF09\u306A\u3069\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u8CB4\u65CF\u9593\u306E\u515A\u6D3E\u4E89\u3044\u3067\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002\u52A0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306E\u6226\u4E89\u306F\u30AB\u30C8\u30EA\u30C3\u30AF\u306E\u30B9\u30DA\u30A4\u30F3\u738B\u30D5\u30A7\u30EA\u30DA2\u4E16\u3068\u30D7\u30ED\u30C6\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u30C8\u306E\u30A4\u30F3\u30B0\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u5973\u738B\u30A8\u30EA\u30B6\u30D9\u30B91\u4E16\u3068\u306E\u4EE3\u7406\u6226\u4E89\u306E\u6027\u683C\u3082\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u30021589\u5E74\u306B\u30AE\u30FC\u30BA\u516C\u30A2\u30F3\u30EA\u3001\u6B21\u3044\u3067\u56FD\u738B\u30A2\u30F3\u30EA3\u4E16\u304C\u6697\u6BBA\u3055\u308C\u3066\u30F4\u30A1\u30ED\u30EF\u671D\u304C\u65AD\u7D76\u3057\u3001\u30A2\u30F3\u30EA4\u4E16\u304C\u5373\u4F4D\u3057\u3066\u30D6\u30EB\u30DC\u30F3\u671D\u304C\u8208\u3063\u305F\u3002\u30D1\u30EA\u3067\u306F\u30AB\u30C8\u30EA\u30C3\u30AF\u306E\u52E2\u529B\u304C\u5F37\u304F\u3001\u30D7\u30ED\u30C6\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u30C8\u306E\u738B\u3092\u8A8D\u3081\u306A\u304B\u3063\u305F\u305F\u3081\u3001\u30A2\u30F3\u30EA4\u4E16\u306F\u30AB\u30C8\u30EA\u30C3\u30AF\u306B\u6539\u5B97\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u65B9\u3067\u30CA\u30F3\u30C8\u306E\u52C5\u4EE4\uFF081598\u5E74\uFF09\u3092\u767A\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30D7\u30ED\u30C6\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u30C8\u306B\u4E00\u5B9A\u306E\u5236\u9650\u306E\u4E0B\u3067\u306F\u3042\u308B\u304C\u4FE1\u4EF0\u306E\u81EA\u7531\u3092\u8A8D\u3081\u3001\u6226\u4E89\u306F\u7D42\u7D50\u3057\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . "\u6CD5\u56FD\u5B97\u6559\u6218\u4E89"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0398\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03AF \u03A0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03B9 (\u0393\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1)"@el . . "\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . . . ""@en . . . . "Guerres de religi\u00F3 a Fran\u00E7a"@ca . . "Luis de Velasco y Velasco, 2nd Count of Salazar"@en . "Frantziako Erlijio Gerrak"@eu . . . "Hugenotsk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky, t\u00E9\u017E n\u00E1bo\u017Eensk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky (francouzsky guerres de Religion) byl konflikt prob\u00EDhaj\u00EDc\u00ED ve Francii mezi hugenoty a katol\u00EDky v letech 1562\u20131598. Historici v\u011Bt\u0161inou uv\u00E1d\u011Bj\u00ED t\u011Bchto v\u00E1lek osm."@cs . . . "Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes"@en . . "Hugenottkrigen (franska: Guerres de Religion) kallas de \u00E5tta religionspolitiska konflikterna mellan reformerta protestanter (hugenotter) och katoliker i Frankrike under den andra halvan av 1500-talet. Omst\u00E4ndigheterna kring dessa krig \u00E4r mycket komplicerade eftersom det bakom konfrontationen mellan religioner utspelade sig ett politiskt st\u00E4llningskrig: Storbritannien intervenerade p\u00E5 protestanternas sida och Spanien p\u00E5 katolikernas; den inflytelserika \u00E4tten Guise st\u00E4llde sig under parollen \"un roi, une foi, une loi\" (\"en kung, en tro, en lag\") i spetsen f\u00F6r den katolska heliga ligan mot husen Cond\u00E9 och under ledning av Henrik av Navarra p\u00E5 den protestantiska sidan. Mellan dessa tv\u00E5 l\u00E4ger fanns de som f\u00F6rs\u00F6kte uppr\u00E4tth\u00E5lla statens kontinuitet under konflikten samt inf\u00F6ra religionsfrihet, till exempel Katarina av Medici, mor till Karl IX och Henrik III, och hennes kansler Michel de l'Hospital. Man kan urskilja \u00E5tta konflikter under kriget: \n* 1562\u20131563: Protestanter massakreras i Wassy av Frans av Guise 1 mars 1562 vilket leder till en konflikt som varar till 19 mars 1563 d\u00E5 som garanterar religionsfrihet undertecknas. \n* 1567\u20131568: Protestanter tar till vapen f\u00F6r att f\u00F6rm\u00E5 kungen att samla generalst\u00E4nderna. Ett misslyckat f\u00F6rs\u00F6k att kidnappa kungen i 1567 \u00E5tf\u00F6ljs av en massaker p\u00E5 katolska pr\u00E4ster vilket utl\u00F6ser ett nytt inb\u00F6rdeskrig. Kriget, med en avg\u00F6rande sammandrabbning i 10 november 1568, slutar i 23 mars 1568. \n* 1568\u20131570: Ett tredje krig utbryter i v\u00E4st d\u00E4r protestanterna har ett starkt f\u00E4ste d\u00E5 protestanterna Louis I av Cond\u00E9 och Gaspard de Coligny blir arresterade. Kriget inkluderar 13 mars 1569 och 3 oktober 1569 och slutade i som medger protestanterna \"s\u00E4kerhetszoner\", dvs. bef\u00E4sta st\u00E4der. \n* 1572\u20131573: Bartolomeinatten 24 augusti 1572, massakern p\u00E5 protestanter i Paris, i samband med br\u00F6llopet mellan Henrik av Navarra och Margareta av Valois, utl\u00F6ser fortsatta grymheter \u00F6ver hela landet som inte slutar f\u00F6rr\u00E4n f\u00F6ljande sommar d\u00E5 undertecknades i juli 1573. \n* 1574\u20131576: Inb\u00F6rdeskrig utbryter en femte g\u00E5ng d\u00E5 de protestantiska ledarna Henrik I av Cond\u00E9 och Henrik av Navarra lyckas fly fr\u00E5n sina \u00F6vervakade bost\u00E4der d\u00E4r vistats sedan Bartolomeimassakern. Efter 10 oktober 1575 avslutas kriget \u00E4nnu en g\u00E5ng med 6 maj 1576 som tillerk\u00E4nner protestanterna st\u00F6rre r\u00E4ttigheter. \n* 1576\u20131577: Den katolska heliga ligan startar ett nytt krig som utmynnar i 17 september 1577 och 8 oktober 1577 som p\u00E5 nytt inskr\u00E4nker protestanternas r\u00E4ttigheter. \n* 1579\u20131580: Henrik III utl\u00F6ser ett sjunde krig, i syfte att minska heliga ligans betydelse, vilket slutar i 26 november 1580 och 28 februari 1579. \n* 1585\u20131598: Konflikten mellan katoliker och protestanter ut\u00F6kas av allianser utanf\u00F6r landets gr\u00E4nser. Protestanterna st\u00F6der sina trosfr\u00E4nder i Nederl\u00E4nderna som revolterar mot Spanien och katolikerna finner st\u00F6d hos Filip II av Spanien. Slaget vid Coutras 20 oktober 1587 \u00E5tf\u00F6ljs av 12 maj 1588 d\u00E5 kungen Henrik III, som innerligt hatas av katolikerna, tvingas fly Paris. Samma \u00E5r f\u00F6rs\u00F6ker han g\u00F6ra slut p\u00E5 ligan genom att l\u00E5ta m\u00F6rda deras ledare, hertigen av Guise och hans bror kardinalen av Lorraine, i Blois. Henrik blir sj\u00E4lv m\u00F6rdad f\u00F6ljande \u00E5r av en fanatisk munk som d\u00E4rmed g\u00F6r Henrik av Navarra, protestanternas ledare, till ny fransk kung. Som Henrik IV tvingas han \u00E5terta sitt kungad\u00F6me fr\u00E5n den katolska ligan som v\u00E4grar erk\u00E4nna honom ( 21 september 1589; 14 mars 1590). D\u00E5 han konverterar till katolicismen 1593 \u00F6ppnas Paris portar och han lyckas samla m\u00E5nga trogna kring kronan. Ett krig mot Filip II 1595\u20131598 slutar med och att Filip II av Spanien tvingas l\u00E4mna Frankrike. Henrik g\u00F6r slutligen slut p\u00E5 de religi\u00F6sa krigen med ediktet i Nantes 1598."@sv . . . . . . "2012-07-17"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Les Guerres de religi\u00F3 a Fran\u00E7a van ser una s\u00E8rie d'enfrontaments civils que van tenir lloc al Regne de Fran\u00E7a durant un per\u00EDode i un territori molt ampli. Les primeres persecucions contra aquells que s'adhereixen a les noves idees a partir de la d\u00E8cada del 1520, per\u00F2 tradicionalment fan refer\u00E8ncia als anys 1560 a 1598, on es varen produir fins a vuit guerres de religi\u00F3, amb alternan\u00E7a de per\u00EDodes de viol\u00E8ncia i de pau. Aix\u00F2 no obstant, cal tenir present que entre el 1610 i el 1620 aquestes guerres es varen reprendre a Fran\u00E7a coincidint amb l'assassinat pol\u00EDtic del rei Enric IV de Fran\u00E7a a mans d'un cat\u00F2lic exaltat. El detonant de les guerres de religi\u00F3 van ser les disputes religioses entre cat\u00F2lics i protestants calvinistes, coneguts com a hugonots, alimentades per les disputes entre les diferents fam\u00EDlies de la noblesa que abanderaren aquestes faccions religioses, en especial els Borbons i els Guisa. A m\u00E9s, la guerra civil francesa va tenir dimensions internacionals, ja que implicaren en la lluita la pot\u00E8ncia protestant del moment, l'Anglaterra d'Elisabet I, amb la m\u00E0xima defensora del catolicisme i major pot\u00E8ncia de l'\u00E8poca, l'Imperi Espanyol de Felip II. Degut a aix\u00F2, el conflicte influ\u00ED de manera determinant en l'\u00E8xit de la rebel\u00B7li\u00F3 de les Prov\u00EDncies Unides contra el domini castell\u00E0 i en l'expansi\u00F3 de les confessions protestants al Sacre Imperi Romanogerm\u00E0nic, regit per l'oncle de Felip II, l'emperador Ferran I. El conflicte finalitz\u00E0 amb l'extinci\u00F3 de la dinastia Valois-Angulema i la pujada al tron d'Enric IV de Borb\u00F3, el qual, despr\u00E9s de la seva conversi\u00F3 al catolicisme, promulg\u00E0 l'Edicte de Nantes el 1598, que garantia una certa toler\u00E0ncia religiosa vers els protestants. Malgrat aix\u00F2, els conflictes entre la corona i els hugonots es revifaren peri\u00F2dicament, fins que el net d'Enric IV, Llu\u00EDs XIV, revoc\u00E0 tal toler\u00E0ncia mitjan\u00E7ant l'Edicte de Fontainebleau el 1685, que proscrivia tota religi\u00F3 de Fran\u00E7a llevat de la cat\u00F2lica, la qual cosa provoc\u00E0 l'exili de m\u00E9s de 200.000 hugonots."@ca . . . . . "\u6CD5\u56FD\u5B97\u6559\u6218\u4E89\uFF08\u6CD5\u8A9E\uFF1AGuerres de religion\uFF09\u53C8\u540D\u80E1\u683C\u8BFA\u6218\u4E89\uFF0C\u662F\u53D1\u751F\u57281562\u5E74\u81F31598\u5E74\u95F4\u6CD5\u5170\u897F\u738B\u56FD\u56FD\u5185\u7684\u5185\u6218\u548C\u6C11\u4F17\u9A9A\u52A8\u4E8B\u4EF6\uFF0C\u5185\u6218\u53CC\u65B9\u4E3A\u5FE0\u65BC\u8056\u5EA7\u7684\u5929\u4E3B\u6559\u5F92\u548C\u80E1\u683C\u8BFA\u6D3E\uFF08\u5C6C\u65BC\u5580\u723E\u6587\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF09\u3002\u6218\u4E89\u8FDB\u884C\u4E86\u8FDE\u7EED\u516B\u6B21\uFF0C\u5BF9\u5F53\u65F6\u7684\u6CD5\u56FD\u9020\u6210\u4E86\u4E25\u91CD\u7684\u7834\u574F\u3002\u636E\u4F30\u8BA1\u5728\u5F53\u65F6\u4E09\u767E\u4E07\u6C11\u4F17\u6B7B\u4E8E\u6218\u4E71\u53CA\u6218\u4E89\u5E26\u6765\u7684\u9965\u8352\u548C\u761F\u75AB\uFF0C\u5728\u5B97\u6559\u6218\u4E89\u4E2D\u4EC5\u6B21\u4E8E\u9020\u6210\u516B\u767E\u4E07\u4EBA\u4E27\u751F\u7684\u4E09\u5341\u5E74\u6218\u4E89\u3002"@zh . . . . "Francaj religiaj militoj"@eo . . . . . . . . . . . "Hugenottenkriege"@de . . . "Carlos Coloma"@en . . "Hugenotsk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky, t\u00E9\u017E n\u00E1bo\u017Eensk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky (francouzsky guerres de Religion) byl konflikt prob\u00EDhaj\u00EDc\u00ED ve Francii mezi hugenoty a katol\u00EDky v letech 1562\u20131598. Historici v\u011Bt\u0161inou uv\u00E1d\u011Bj\u00ED t\u011Bchto v\u00E1lek osm."@cs . . . . . . . . "300"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "1122422471"^^ . . . . "La francaj religiaj militoj a\u016D hugenotaj militoj de 1562 \u011Dis 1598 estis serio de ok enlandaj militoj en Francio. Ili estas konataj pro la masakro de la francaj protestantoj, la t.n. hugenotoj, fare de la katolikoj en la nokto de Sankta Bartolomeo. Politike ili estis finitaj per la re\u011Do Henriko la 4-a. Minimuma celo de katolika nobela partio estis forteni la hugenotojn de la \u015Dtataj kaj ekleziaj prebendoj kaj samtempe kontroli la re\u011Don. Simile kiel la posta Tridekjara Milito la hugenotaj militoj ne estis nuraj religiaj militoj; dinastiaj kaj kialoj de pov-politiko same estis fonaj ka\u016Dzoj. La militoj markas la lastan reziston de regionaj fortoj kontra\u016D la absolutisma centra povo en Francio."@eo . . "De Hugenotenoorlogen (Frans: Guerres de religion, \"Godsdienstoorlogen\") waren een reeks conflicten tussen katholieken en (protestantse) hugenoten in Frankrijk vanaf het midden van de zestiende eeuw tot de afkondiging van het edict van Nantes in 1598."@nl . . . . . . "Hugenotenoorlogen"@nl . . . . . . . . . . "Perang Agama Prancis"@in . "Juan Fern\u00E1ndez de Velasco y Tovar, 5th Duke of Fr\u00EDas"@en . . . "Hugenottkrigen"@sv . "the European wars of religion"@en . . . . . "\u0420\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043E\u0437\u043D\u044B\u0435 (\u0444\u0440. Guerres de Religion) \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0433\u0443\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0437\u0430\u0442\u044F\u0436\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438 (\u0433\u0443\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438), \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044F\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0430\u043B\u0443\u0430, \u0441 1562 \u043F\u043E 1598 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u044B. \u0412\u043E \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u0443\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043B\u0438 \u0411\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043E\u043D\u044B (\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0446 \u041A\u043E\u043D\u0434\u0435, \u0413\u0435\u043D\u0440\u0438\u0445 \u041D\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439) \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043B \u0434\u0435 \u041A\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043D\u044C\u0438, \u0432\u043E \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u2014 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043C\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u041C\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0438 \u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0413\u0438\u0437\u044B. \u041D\u0430 \u0445\u043E\u0434 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u044B\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043E \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u044B\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0432\u043B\u0438\u044F\u0442\u044C \u0435\u0451 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u2014 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0438 \u0415\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0422\u044E\u0434\u043E\u0440 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u0433\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432, \u0430 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0418\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0424\u0438\u043B\u0438\u043F\u043F \u0413\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2014 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432. \u0412\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0447\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043C \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0432 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043C \u0413\u0435\u043D\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0430 \u041D\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u041D\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u044D\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0442\u0430 (1598)."@ru . "Las Guerras de religi\u00F3n de Francia fueron una serie de enfrentamientos civiles que se desarrollaron en el reino de Francia y en el reino de Navarra durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI. Se distinguen hasta ocho guerras distintas acontecidas entre 1562 y 1598, si bien la violencia fue constante durante todo el periodo. El detonante de las Guerras de Religi\u00F3n fueron las disputas religiosas entre cat\u00F3licos y protestantes calvinistas, conocidos como hugonotes, exacerbadas por las disputas entre las casas nobiliarias que abanderaron estas facciones religiosas, en especial los Borb\u00F3n y los Guisa. Por a\u00F1adidura, la guerra civil francesa tuvo dimensiones internacionales, implicando en la lucha a la potencia protestante del momento, la Inglaterra de Isabel I, con la m\u00E1xima defensora del catolicismo y mayor potencia de la \u00E9poca, la Espa\u00F1a de Felipe II. Debido a ello, el conflicto influy\u00F3 de manera determinante en el \u00E9xito de la rebeli\u00F3n de las Provincias Unidas contra el dominio espa\u00F1ol y en la expansi\u00F3n de las confesiones protestantes en el Sacro Imperio Romano Germ\u00E1nico, regido por el t\u00EDo de Felipe II, el emperador Fernando I de Habsburgo. El conflicto acab\u00F3 con la extinci\u00F3n de la dinast\u00EDa Valois-Angulema y el ascenso al poder de Enrique IV de Borb\u00F3n, que tras su conversi\u00F3n al catolicismo promulg\u00F3 el Edicto de Nantes en 1598, garantizando una cierta tolerancia religiosa hacia los protestantes. Sin embargo, los conflictos entre la Corona y los hugonotes se reavivaron peri\u00F3dicamente, hasta que el nieto de Enrique IV, Luis XIV, revoc\u00F3 tal tolerancia con el Edicto de Fontainebleau de 1685, proscribiendo toda religi\u00F3n excepto la cat\u00F3lica, lo que provoc\u00F3 el exilio de m\u00E1s de 200 000 hugonotes."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u039F\u03B9 \u0393\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03AF \u03B8\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03AF \u03C0\u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03BF\u03B9 (1562\u20131598), \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BB\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03B7 \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BC\u03C6\u03CD\u03BB\u03B9\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C3\u03CD\u03B3\u03BA\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03C9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9\u03C1\u03AE\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u0393\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 16\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B1, \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u0393\u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03C9\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B8\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C4\u03B5\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD \u039F\u03C5\u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03CC\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD. \u039C\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD 2.000.000 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 4.000.000 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B8\u03C1\u03CE\u03C0\u03C9\u03BD \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03C9\u03C2 \u03C3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C4\u03CE\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B1\u03BD \u03BB\u03CC\u03B3\u03C9 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03AD\u03BC\u03C9\u03BD \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD, \u03C9\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C3\u03CD\u03C1\u03C1\u03B1\u03BE\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF 1598. \u0397 \u03C3\u03CD\u03B3\u03BA\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03C3\u03B7 \u03B5\u03AF\u03C7\u03B5 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03BA\u03AC\u03BD\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B8\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C6\u03B1\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03B8\u03AD\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u0393\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03B1\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03BF\u03AF\u03BA\u03C9\u03BD, \u03BA\u03C5\u03C1\u03AF\u03C9\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u0392\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03B2\u03CC\u03BD\u03C9\u03BD \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BD\u03CC\u03C4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C2 \u0393\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u0393\u03BA\u03AF\u03B9\u03B6 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u039B\u03C9\u03C1\u03B1\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u0392\u03CC\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u0393\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1, \u03CC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BF\u03B9 \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03C0\u03BB\u03B5\u03C5\u03C1\u03AD\u03C2 \u03AD\u03BB\u03B1\u03B2\u03B1\u03BD \u03B2\u03BF\u03AE\u03B8\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03AC\u03BC\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03BE\u03C9\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD, \u03BA\u03C5\u03C1\u03AF\u03C9\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0399\u03C3\u03C0\u03B1\u03BD\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2."@el . . "(until 1588)" . . . . . . . . "\u30E6\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u6226\u4E89\uFF08\u30E6\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u305B\u3093\u305D\u3046\u3001\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u8A9E\uFF1AGuerres de religion, 1562\u5E74 - 1598\u5E74\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u306E\u30AB\u30C8\u30EA\u30C3\u30AF\u3068\u30D7\u30ED\u30C6\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u30C8\u304C\u4F11\u6226\u3092\u631F\u3093\u30678\u56DE40\u5E74\u8FD1\u304F\u306B\u308F\u305F\u308A\u6226\u3063\u305F\u5185\u6226\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u30C9\u30A4\u30C4\u306B\u59CB\u307E\u3063\u305F\u5B97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u904B\u52D5\u306F\u5404\u56FD\u306B\u5E83\u307E\u3063\u305F\u304C\u3001\u30B8\u30E3\u30F3\u30FB\u30AB\u30EB\u30F4\u30A1\u30F3\u306E\u601D\u60F3\u304C\u30D5\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u3067\u3082\u52E2\u529B\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3001\u30D7\u30ED\u30C6\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u30C8\u306F\u30AB\u30C8\u30EA\u30C3\u30AF\u5074\u304B\u3089\u30E6\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\uFF08huguenot\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u305F\u3002\u30E6\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u306B\u306F\u8CB4\u65CF\u3082\u52A0\u308F\u308A\u3001\u5F3E\u5727\u306B\u3082\u304B\u304B\u308F\u3089\u305A\u52E2\u529B\u3092\u5E83\u3052\u3066\u3044\u3063\u305F\u30021562\u5E74\u306B\u30AB\u30C8\u30EA\u30C3\u30AF\u306E\u4E2D\u5FC3\u4EBA\u7269\u30AE\u30FC\u30BA\u516C\u306B\u3088\u308B\u30F4\u30A1\u30B7\u30FC\u3067\u306E\u30E6\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u8650\u6BBA\u4E8B\u4EF6\uFF08\u30F4\u30A1\u30B7\u30FC\u306E\u8650\u6BBA\uFF09\u304C\u5951\u6A5F\u3068\u306A\u308A\u3001\u5185\u4E71\u72B6\u614B\u306B\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3002\u59A5\u5354\u7684\u306A\u548C\u5E73\u3092\u631F\u3093\u3060\u6570\u6B21\u306E\u6226\u4E89\u306E\u5F8C\u306E1572\u5E748\u670824\u65E5\u306B\u306F\u3001\u30AB\u30C8\u30EA\u30C3\u30AF\u304C\u30E6\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u6570\u5343\u4EBA\u3092\u8650\u6BBA\u3059\u308B\u30B5\u30F3\u30FB\u30D0\u30EB\u30C6\u30EB\u30DF\u306E\u8650\u6BBA\u304C\u8D77\u3053\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The French Wars of Religion is the term which is used in reference to a period of civil war between French Catholics and Protestants, commonly called Huguenots, which lasted from 1562 to 1598. According to estimates, between two and four million people died from violence, famine or diseases which were directly caused by the conflict; additionally, the conflict severely damaged the power of the French monarchy. The fighting ended in 1598 when Henry of Navarre, who had converted to Catholicism in 1593, was proclaimed Henry IV of France and issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted substantial rights and freedoms to the Huguenots. However, the Catholics continued to have a hostile opinion of Protestants in general and they also continued to have a hostile opinion of him as a person, and his a"@en . . . "Die Hugenottenkriege 1562 bis 1598 waren eine Reihe von acht B\u00FCrgerkriegen in Frankreich. Sie sind durch das Massaker an den franz\u00F6sischen Protestanten oder genauer den Calvinisten, den sogenannten Hugenotten, in der Bartholom\u00E4usnacht und die politische Beendigung durch den popul\u00E4ren K\u00F6nig Heinrich IV. den Franzosen heute noch bewusst. Ziel einer katholischen Adelspartei war es, die Hugenotten mindestens von den staatlichen und kirchlichen Pfr\u00FCnden auszuschlie\u00DFen und zugleich das K\u00F6nigtum zu kontrollieren. Sie markierten das letzte Aufb\u00E4umen regionaler Kr\u00E4fte gegen die absolutistische Zentralmacht in Frankreich und waren \u2013 auf beiden Seiten gleicherma\u00DFen \u2013 gekennzeichnet von Machtgier, Verrat und Rachsucht."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Les Guerres de religi\u00F3 a Fran\u00E7a van ser una s\u00E8rie d'enfrontaments civils que van tenir lloc al Regne de Fran\u00E7a durant un per\u00EDode i un territori molt ampli. Les primeres persecucions contra aquells que s'adhereixen a les noves idees a partir de la d\u00E8cada del 1520, per\u00F2 tradicionalment fan refer\u00E8ncia als anys 1560 a 1598, on es varen produir fins a vuit guerres de religi\u00F3, amb alternan\u00E7a de per\u00EDodes de viol\u00E8ncia i de pau. Aix\u00F2 no obstant, cal tenir present que entre el 1610 i el 1620 aquestes guerres es varen reprendre a Fran\u00E7a coincidint amb l'assassinat pol\u00EDtic del rei Enric IV de Fran\u00E7a a mans d'un cat\u00F2lic exaltat."@ca .