. . "3849"^^ . . . "A derebey (Turkish: valley lord) was a feudal lord in Anatolia and the Pontic areas of Lazistan and Adjara in the 18th century, with considerable independence from the central government of the Ottoman Empire. The derebeys gradually Ottomanized, i.e. became part in the mechanics of the central government, with the re-strengthening of the Ottoman central power in the 19th century. Many members of derebey families left lasting works serving general welfare, while others were also involved in bitter struggles that gave rise to public revolts, such as that of At\u00E7al\u0131 Kel Mehmet Efe."@en . . . "Derebej (t\u00E9\u017E derebeg, turecky: Derebeyi) byl feud\u00E1ln\u00ED vlastn\u00EDk v Osmansk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161i (v Mal\u00E9 Asii a v oblastech L\u00E1zist\u00E1nu a Ad\u017E\u00E1rie kolem \u010Cern\u00E9ho mo\u0159e) v 18. stolet\u00ED; byli zna\u010Dn\u011B nez\u00E1visl\u00ED na \u00FAst\u0159edn\u00ED vl\u00E1d\u011B Osmansk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e. Derebejov\u00E9 m\u011Bli p\u016Fvodn\u011B m\u011Bli poskytovat sult\u00E1novi v dob\u011B v\u00E1lky voj\u00E1ky. Postupn\u011B se p\u0159em\u011Bnili ve sp\u00ED\u0161e zpupn\u00E9 vl\u00E1dce r\u016Fzn\u00FDch izolovan\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDch \u00FAdol\u00ED. Za vl\u00E1dy sult\u00E1na Selima III. v p\u00E1t\u00E9 Rusko-tureck\u00E9 v\u00E1lce v letech 1768-1774 byli derebejov\u00E9 d\u016Fle\u017Eitou slo\u017Ekou osmansk\u00E9h vojska, co\u017E jim umo\u017Enilo p\u0159ivlastnit si skoro celou Anatolii (Malou Asii). Derebejov\u00E9 m\u011Bli v osmansk\u00E9 politice a vl\u00E1d\u011B velk\u00FD vliv, kter\u00FD se ale za vl\u00E1dy n\u00E1stupce Selima III. Mahmuta II. postupn\u011B sni\u017Eoval v d\u016Fsledku centralizace st\u00E1tu."@cs . . "A derebey (Turkish: valley lord) was a feudal lord in Anatolia and the Pontic areas of Lazistan and Adjara in the 18th century, with considerable independence from the central government of the Ottoman Empire. Derebeys were required to provide military assistance in time of war, but ruled and administered their own territories, in full freedom in practical terms, and often forming local dynasties. Their emergence were often sparked by the gradual abandon of the timar system administered by the military fiefdom of sipahis, and the tendency of the central government to sub-contract tax revenues as of the 18th century, receiving a determined sum from the derebey and outsourcing on them the task of collecting from the taxpayers themselves. In official terminology, these intermediaries were often referred to as \u00E2y\u00E2n, although other terms were also used for describing this class whose official status, effective powers and the geographical extent of authority could greatly vary from one derebey to another, and could also evolve differently over time. The particular characteristics of their region of authority, such as economic development or its becoming an issue within contexts of international politics, also greatly influenced derebeys' destinies. While the derebeys did not seek to overthrow the Ottoman state, they did seek autonomy from the empire for themselves and their heirs. Through their collection and control of tax revenues in their region as well as only providing armed men for the sultan's wars when it benefitted their interests, the derebeys demonstrated a lack of centralized authority in the Ottoman state during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774 saw an increase in the power and influence of the derebeys, due to the reliance of the Ottoman government on their assistance. By the end of the 18th century, during the reign of Sultan Selim III, most of Anatolia was ruled by derebeys, and their role in Ottoman affairs was prominent. Selim's successor, Mahmud II (who followed the year-long reign of Mustafa IV), oversaw the decline of the derebeys as Ottoman government became increasingly centralised and administration was conducted by appointed governors. In the 19th century, the term came to be applied to the powerful hereditary land-owners of southern and eastern Turkey. By 1866 the remaining derebeys were subjugated by a military expedition in the \u00C7ukurova region. The derebeys gradually Ottomanized, i.e. became part in the mechanics of the central government, with the re-strengthening of the Ottoman central power in the 19th century. Many members of derebey families left lasting works serving general welfare, while others were also involved in bitter struggles that gave rise to public revolts, such as that of At\u00E7al\u0131 Kel Mehmet Efe."@en . "\u30A2\u30FC\u30E4\u30FC\u30F3\u3068\u306F\u300118\u4E16\u7D00\u4EE5\u964D\u306E\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4E2D\u592E\u653F\u5E9C\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u534A\u3070\u72EC\u7ACB\u3057\u305F\u52E2\u529B\u3092\u7DAD\u6301\u3057\u305F\u5730\u65B9\u6709\u529B\u8005\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u65E5\u672C\u8A9E\u3067\u306F\u300C\u5730\u65B9\u540D\u58EB\u300D\u300C\u5730\u65B9\u540D\u671B\u5BB6\u300D\u306A\u3069\u3068\u8A33\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u305F\u3060\u3057\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u72ED\u7FA9\u306B\u306F\u3001\u884C\u653F\u30FB\u8ECD\u4E8B\u30FB\u5B97\u6559\u7B49\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u968E\u7D1A\u7D44\u7E54\u306E\u5730\u4F4D\u3084\u8CA1\u7523\u3092\u4FDD\u6301\u3059\u308B\u4EBA\u3073\u3068\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3001\u5BCC\u88D5\u306A\u90FD\u5E02\u6C11\u3084\u5730\u4E3B\u306A\u3069\u3082\u3053\u306E\u7BC4\u7587\u306B\u5165\u308B\u3002"@ja . "I derebey (in turco signori di valli) erano i signori locali feudatari di vasti territori in Anatolia e nelle aree pontiche del Lazistan e dell'Agiaria durante il XVIII secolo, con una notevole indipendenza dal governo centrale dell'Impero ottomano. I derebey erano tenuti a fornire l'assistenza militare in tempo di guerra, ma in termini pratici governavano e amministravano i propri territori in piena libert\u00E0, e formando spesso dinastie locali. La loro ascesa era spesso innescata dal graduale abbandono del sistema del timar che era amministrato dai feudi militari degli spahi (cavalleria) e, a partire dal XVIII secolo, dalla tendenza del governo centrale a subappaltare le entrate fiscali ricevendo una determinata somma dai derebey e esternalizzando su di loro il compito di riscossione dai contribuenti stessi. Nella terminologia ufficiale, questi intermediari erano spesso indicati come \u00E2y\u00E2n, sebbene per descrivere questa classe fossero anche usati altri termini. Lo status ufficiale, il potere effettivo e l'estensione geografica dell'autorit\u00E0 potevano variare notevolmente da un derebey all'altro e potevano anche evolvere in modo diverso nel corso tempo. Anche le caratteristiche peculiari della loro regione di autorit\u00E0, come lo sviluppo economico o il cambiamento all'interno di contesti di politica internazionale, influenzavano fortemente i destini dei derebey. I derebey non tentavano di rovesciare lo stato ottomano, ma cercavano l'autonomia dall'impero per se stessi e per i loro eredi. Attraverso la riscossione e il controllo delle entrate fiscali nella loro regione e con la fornitura di uomini armati per le guerre del sultano, e beneficiandone gli interessi, i derebey dimostrarono una mancanza dell'autorit\u00E0 centralizzata nello stato ottomano durante il XVIII e l'inizio del XIX secolo. La guerra russo-turca del 1768-1774 vide un aumento del potere e dell'influenza dei derebey, grazie alla dipendenza del governo ottomano della loro assistenza. Alla fine del XVIII secolo, durante il regno del sultano Selim III, la maggior parte dell'Anatolia era governata dai derebey e il loro ruolo negli affari ottomani era di primo piano. Il successore di Selim, Mahmud II (che segu\u00EC il regno di Mustafa IV, durato un anno), supervision\u00F2 il declino dei derebey mentre il governo ottomano diventava sempre pi\u00F9 centralizzato e l'amministrazione veniva condotta da governatori nominati. Nel XIX secolo, il termine venne applicato ai potenti proprietari terrieri ereditari della Turchia meridionale e orientale. Nel 1866 i rimanenti derebey furono soggiogati da una spedizione militare nella regione di \u00C7ukurova. I derebey si ottomanizzarono gradualmente, ovvero entrarono a far parte dei meccanismi del governo centrale, con il rafforzamento del potere centrale ottomano nel XIX secolo. Molti membri delle famiglie dei derebey lasciarono i lavori di lunga data al servizio del benessere generale, mentre altri furono anche coinvolti in aspre lotte che diedero origine a rivolte pubbliche, come quella di At\u00E7al\u0131 Kel Mehmet Efe."@it . . "\u30A2\u30FC\u30E4\u30FC\u30F3\u3068\u306F\u300118\u4E16\u7D00\u4EE5\u964D\u306E\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4E2D\u592E\u653F\u5E9C\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u534A\u3070\u72EC\u7ACB\u3057\u305F\u52E2\u529B\u3092\u7DAD\u6301\u3057\u305F\u5730\u65B9\u6709\u529B\u8005\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u65E5\u672C\u8A9E\u3067\u306F\u300C\u5730\u65B9\u540D\u58EB\u300D\u300C\u5730\u65B9\u540D\u671B\u5BB6\u300D\u306A\u3069\u3068\u8A33\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u305F\u3060\u3057\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u72ED\u7FA9\u306B\u306F\u3001\u884C\u653F\u30FB\u8ECD\u4E8B\u30FB\u5B97\u6559\u7B49\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u968E\u7D1A\u7D44\u7E54\u306E\u5730\u4F4D\u3084\u8CA1\u7523\u3092\u4FDD\u6301\u3059\u308B\u4EBA\u3073\u3068\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3001\u5BCC\u88D5\u306A\u90FD\u5E02\u6C11\u3084\u5730\u4E3B\u306A\u3069\u3082\u3053\u306E\u7BC4\u7587\u306B\u5165\u308B\u3002"@ja . "Die vom t\u00FCrkischen Volksmund gegebene Bezeichnung Derebey (\u00FCbersetzt: \u201ATalherr\u2018, \u201ATallord\u2018, \u201ATalf\u00FCrst\u2018) meint lokale Herrscher in Anatolien, der Levante und auf dem Balkan, die sich zwischen dem fr\u00FChen 12. und sp\u00E4ten 19. Jahrhundert weitgehend unabh\u00E4ngig von der osmanischen Zentralregierung in Istanbul machten. Osmanische Historiker bezeichnen sie in der Regel als m\u00FCtegallibe \u201AUsurpatoren\u2018 oder hanedan \u201Agro\u00DFe Familien\u2018. Der daraus abgeleitete Begriff Derebeylik wird zumeist mit \u201AFeudalismus\u2018 und Derebey mit \u201AFeudalherr\u2018 gleichgesetzt, was aber f\u00FCr Anatolien nur bedingt zutreffend ist."@de . . . . . . . "Derebey"@ca . . . "Derebej"@cs . . . . . . "Derebej (t\u00E9\u017E derebeg, turecky: Derebeyi) byl feud\u00E1ln\u00ED vlastn\u00EDk v Osmansk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161i (v Mal\u00E9 Asii a v oblastech L\u00E1zist\u00E1nu a Ad\u017E\u00E1rie kolem \u010Cern\u00E9ho mo\u0159e) v 18. stolet\u00ED; byli zna\u010Dn\u011B nez\u00E1visl\u00ED na \u00FAst\u0159edn\u00ED vl\u00E1d\u011B Osmansk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e. Derebejov\u00E9 m\u011Bli p\u016Fvodn\u011B m\u011Bli poskytovat sult\u00E1novi v dob\u011B v\u00E1lky voj\u00E1ky. Postupn\u011B se p\u0159em\u011Bnili ve sp\u00ED\u0161e zpupn\u00E9 vl\u00E1dce r\u016Fzn\u00FDch izolovan\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDch \u00FAdol\u00ED. Za vl\u00E1dy sult\u00E1na Selima III. v p\u00E1t\u00E9 Rusko-tureck\u00E9 v\u00E1lce v letech 1768-1774 byli derebejov\u00E9 d\u016Fle\u017Eitou slo\u017Ekou osmansk\u00E9h vojska, co\u017E jim umo\u017Enilo p\u0159ivlastnit si skoro celou Anatolii (Malou Asii)."@cs . . "Derebey"@de . . . . "Derebey"@en . . . . . . "\u30A2\u30FC\u30E4\u30FC\u30F3"@ja . "I derebey (in turco signori di valli) erano i signori locali feudatari di vasti territori in Anatolia e nelle aree pontiche del Lazistan e dell'Agiaria durante il XVIII secolo, con una notevole indipendenza dal governo centrale dell'Impero ottomano."@it . . . . . "1041149455"^^ . . . . "Die vom t\u00FCrkischen Volksmund gegebene Bezeichnung Derebey (\u00FCbersetzt: \u201ATalherr\u2018, \u201ATallord\u2018, \u201ATalf\u00FCrst\u2018) meint lokale Herrscher in Anatolien, der Levante und auf dem Balkan, die sich zwischen dem fr\u00FChen 12. und sp\u00E4ten 19. Jahrhundert weitgehend unabh\u00E4ngig von der osmanischen Zentralregierung in Istanbul machten. Osmanische Historiker bezeichnen sie in der Regel als m\u00FCtegallibe \u201AUsurpatoren\u2018 oder hanedan \u201Agro\u00DFe Familien\u2018. Der daraus abgeleitete Begriff Derebeylik wird zumeist mit \u201AFeudalismus\u2018 und Derebey mit \u201AFeudalherr\u2018 gleichgesetzt, was aber f\u00FCr Anatolien nur bedingt zutreffend ist."@de . . . . "Derebey fou un t\u00EDtol popular a l'Imperi Otom\u00E0, donat pel poble a alguns caps turcs que a partir del segle xviii es van fer virtualment independents a l'\u00C0sia Menor. Els historiadors oficials els anomenen mulaghallibe (\u2018usurpadors\u2019) o de vegades khanedan (\u2018grans fam\u00EDlies\u2019). El terme derebey va perdre significat pol\u00EDtic per\u00F2 va restar per designar els gran senyors hereditaris que encara exercien drets quasi feudals sobre els camperols."@ca . "Derebey"@it . . . . . . . . . . . "2041063"^^ . . . "Derebey fou un t\u00EDtol popular a l'Imperi Otom\u00E0, donat pel poble a alguns caps turcs que a partir del segle xviii es van fer virtualment independents a l'\u00C0sia Menor. Els historiadors oficials els anomenen mulaghallibe (\u2018usurpadors\u2019) o de vegades khanedan (\u2018grans fam\u00EDlies\u2019). Aquestos senyors tenien bases de poder en territoris de l'\u00C0sia Menor on gaudien d'un fort suport local. Deixaven les seves forces al sult\u00E0 per\u00F2 internament eren independents. Com que el seu c\u00E0rrec era hereditari la seva pol\u00EDtica era a m\u00E9s llarg termini que els paixes i per tant millor per la poblaci\u00F3 (a la que els paixes treien tot el possible en el menor temps possible). Degut al suport popular i a l'ajuda que donaven al govern, la Porta els va tolerar i nom\u00E9s actuava en cas de revolta oberta. Amb la guerra amb R\u00FAssia de 1768 a 1774 el sistema de derebeys es va estendre for\u00E7a i van dominar pr\u00E0cticament tota l'Anat\u00F2lia. El 1801 no hi havia cap part de l'eyalat d'Anadolu ni del de Karaman sota el control del govern. Sota Selim III va arribar al cim del poder destacant el Kara Othman-oghlu (Karaosmano\u011Flu) i els \u00C7apano\u011Flu al costat de les reformes del sult\u00E0, mentre els Djaniki s'oposaven a aquestes reformes. El suport dels derebeys va portar al poder al gran visir Mustaf\u00E0 Pasha, que va confirmar els drets i autonomia dels derebeys en una gran convenci\u00F3 a Istanbul (1808). Tanmateix, despr\u00E9s de la guerra amb R\u00FAssia (1812) el sult\u00E0 Mahmud II va decidir posar fi a la situaci\u00F3 i ho va aconseguir amb mesures pol\u00EDtiques, policials i militars. El sistema va ser substitu\u00EFt a molts llocs per paixes designats pel govern. El 1866 foren sotmesos els darrers derebeys als districtes de \u00C7ukurova i Kozan (b\u00E0sicament els Menemendjio\u011Flu, els K\u00F6k\u00FCl\u00FCo\u011Flu i els Kozano\u011Flu. El terme derebey va perdre significat pol\u00EDtic per\u00F2 va restar per designar els gran senyors hereditaris que encara exercien drets quasi feudals sobre els camperols."@ca . . . . . .