. . . . "\u5357\u4E9E\u7A46\u65AF\u6797\u7684\u7A2E\u59D3"@zh . . . . . . "Muslim communities in South Asia apply a system of religious stratification. It developed as a result of ethnic segregation between the foreign conquerors/ Upper caste Hindus who converted to Islam (Ashraf) (also known as tabqa-i ashrafiyya) and the local converts (Ajlaf) as well as the continuation of the Indian caste system among local converts. Non-Ashrafs are converts from Hinduism. The neologism Pasmandas include Ajlaf and Arzal Muslims, and Ajlafs' statuses are defined by them being descendants of converts to Islam and are also defined by their pesha (profession). The Biradari System is how social stratification manifests itself in Pakistan, and to an extent also India. Ashrafism, Syedism, Zatism, Sharifism, Biradarism, and the Quom System are aspects of the caste system among Muslims in South Asia. Concepts of \"paak\" (pure/clean) and \"naapak\" (religiously impure/unclean/polluted, which is also used to refer to infidels) are found in South Asian Muslims. The South Asian Muslim caste system also includes hierarchical classifications of khandan (dynasty, family, or lineage descent) and nasab (a group based on blood ties/lineage)."@en . . . . . . . . "Kasta Muslim merupakan salah satu unit stratifikasi sosial yang berkembang di kalangan Muslim di India dan Pakistan sebagai akibat dari kedekatan budaya Hindu. Sebagian besar di dari penduduk Hindu, meskipun prinsip Islam dan mualaf Muslim bertahan dalam kebiasaan sosial Hindu mereka. Hindu, pada gilirannya, mengakomodasi kelas penguasa Muslim dengan memberinya status tersendiri"@in . . . . . . . "Sistem kasta pada umat Muslim"@in . . . . . . "Kasta Muslim merupakan salah satu unit stratifikasi sosial yang berkembang di kalangan Muslim di India dan Pakistan sebagai akibat dari kedekatan budaya Hindu. Sebagian besar di dari penduduk Hindu, meskipun prinsip Islam dan mualaf Muslim bertahan dalam kebiasaan sosial Hindu mereka. Hindu, pada gilirannya, mengakomodasi kelas penguasa Muslim dengan memberinya status tersendiri"@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041A\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044B \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u042E\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 (\u041F\u0430\u043A\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D \u0438 \u0411\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0448) \u2014 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0448\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0443 \u0418\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u041C\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0441\u0441 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0443\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044F\u043C\u0438. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438\u043D \u00AB\u043A\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044B\u00BB \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043D\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F. \u00AB\u0418\u0441\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044B\u00BB \u2014 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u043C\u044F\u0433\u043A\u0430\u044F, \u0447\u0435\u043C \u043A\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044B \u0432 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0443\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0435, \u0434\u043E\u043F\u0443\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0430\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044B \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043F\u044B \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443\u044E. \u0421 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u044B, \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u044F\u043C\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043E\u043C, \u043E\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u043C \u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u043F\u043E \u043A\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443-\u043B\u0438\u0431\u043E \u0432\u043D\u0435\u0448\u043D\u0435\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043A\u0443. \u0410\u043D\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043A \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0443\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043D \u0418\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0438."@ru . . . . . . . "8397228"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "Muslim communities in South Asia apply a system of religious stratification. It developed as a result of ethnic segregation between the foreign conquerors/ Upper caste Hindus who converted to Islam (Ashraf) (also known as tabqa-i ashrafiyya) and the local converts (Ajlaf) as well as the continuation of the Indian caste system among local converts. Non-Ashrafs are converts from Hinduism. The neologism Pasmandas include Ajlaf and Arzal Muslims, and Ajlafs' statuses are defined by them being descendants of converts to Islam and are also defined by their pesha (profession)."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Caste system among South Asian Muslims"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041A\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044B \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u042E\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 (\u041F\u0430\u043A\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D \u0438 \u0411\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0448) \u2014 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0448\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0443 \u0418\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u041C\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0441\u0441 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0443\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044F\u043C\u0438. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438\u043D \u00AB\u043A\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044B\u00BB \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043D\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F. \u00AB\u0418\u0441\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044B\u00BB \u2014 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u043C\u044F\u0433\u043A\u0430\u044F, \u0447\u0435\u043C \u043A\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044B \u0432 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0443\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0435, \u0434\u043E\u043F\u0443\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0430\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044B \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043F\u044B \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443\u044E. \u0421 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u044B, \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u044F\u043C\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u0430\u043D\u043E\u043C, \u043E\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u043C \u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u043F\u043E \u043A\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443-\u043B\u0438\u0431\u043E \u0432\u043D\u0435\u0448\u043D\u0435\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043A\u0443. \u0410\u043D\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043A \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0443\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043D \u0418\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0438."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . "\u5357\u4E9E\u7684\u7A46\u65AF\u6797\u8207\u5176\u4ED6\u5730\u65B9\u7684\u7A46\u65AF\u6797\u4E0D\u540C\uFF0C\u4ED6\u5011\u53D7\u5370\u5EA6\u6587\u5316\u540C\u5316\u800C\u63A5\u53D7\u4E86\u7A2E\u59D3\u5236\u5EA6\u3002\u4F46\u7A0B\u5EA6\u4E0A\u8F03\u6E29\u548C\u3002"@zh . . . "\u041A\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044B \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u042E\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438"@ru . . . . . . . . . "40389"^^ . . . . . . . . "1122668086"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u5357\u4E9E\u7684\u7A46\u65AF\u6797\u8207\u5176\u4ED6\u5730\u65B9\u7684\u7A46\u65AF\u6797\u4E0D\u540C\uFF0C\u4ED6\u5011\u53D7\u5370\u5EA6\u6587\u5316\u540C\u5316\u800C\u63A5\u53D7\u4E86\u7A2E\u59D3\u5236\u5EA6\u3002\u4F46\u7A0B\u5EA6\u4E0A\u8F03\u6E29\u548C\u3002"@zh . . . . .