. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lorsque le Royaume-Uni d\u00E9clara la guerre \u00E0 l'Allemagne nazie en septembre 1939 au d\u00E9but de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le Royaume-Uni contr\u00F4lait \u00E0 des degr\u00E9s divers de nombreuses colonies de la couronne, des protectorats et l'Empire indien. Il maintint \u00E9galement des liens politiques uniques avec quatre des cinq dominions ind\u00E9pendants \u2014 l'Australie, le Canada, l'Afrique du Sud et la Nouvelle-Z\u00E9lande \u2014 en tant que co-membres (avec le Royaume-Uni) du \u00AB Commonwealth britannique \u00BB d'alors. En 1939, l'Empire britannique et le Commonwealth constituaient ensemble une puissance mondiale, avec un contr\u00F4le politique et \u00E9conomique direct ou de facto de 25% de la population mondiale et de 30% de sa masse terrestre."@fr . . . . . . . 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"When the United Kingdom declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939 at the start of World War II, the UK controlled to varying degrees numerous crown colonies, protectorates and the India. It also maintained unique political ties to four of the five independent Dominions\u2014Australia, Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand\u2014as co-members (with the UK) of the then \"British Commonwealth\". In 1939 the British Empire and the Commonwealth together comprised a global power, with direct or de facto political and economic control of 25% of the world's population, and of 30% of its land mass."@en . . . . "When the United Kingdom declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939 at the start of World War II, the UK controlled to varying degrees numerous crown colonies, protectorates and the India. It also maintained unique political ties to four of the five independent Dominions\u2014Australia, Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand\u2014as co-members (with the UK) of the then \"British Commonwealth\". In 1939 the British Empire and the Commonwealth together comprised a global power, with direct or de facto political and economic control of 25% of the world's population, and of 30% of its land mass. The contribution of the British Empire and Commonwealth in terms of manpower and materiel was critical to the Allied war-effort. From September 1939 to mid-1942, the UK led Allied efforts in multiple global military theatres. Commonwealth, Colonial and Imperial Indian forces, totalling close to 15 million serving men and women, fought the German, Italian, Japanese and other Axis armies, air-forces and navies across Europe, Africa, Asia, and in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific and Arctic Oceans. Commonwealth forces based in Britain operated across Northwestern Europe in the effort to slow or stop Axis advances. Commonwealth airforces fought the Luftwaffe to a standstill over Britain, and Commonwealth armies defeated Italian forces in East Africa and North Africa and occupied several overseas colonies of German-occupied European nations. Following successful engagements against Axis forces, Commonwealth troops invaded and occupied Libya, Italian Somaliland, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Madagascar. The Commonwealth defeated, held back or slowed the Axis powers for three years while mobilizing its globally-integrated economy, military, and industrial infrastructure to build what became, by 1942, the most extensive military apparatus of the war. These efforts came at the cost of 150,000 military deaths, 400,000 wounded, 100,000 prisoners, over 300,000 civilian deaths, and the loss of 70 major warships, 39 submarines, 3,500 aircraft, 1,100 tanks and 65,000 vehicles. During this period the Commonwealth built an enormous military and industrial capacity. Britain became the nucleus of the Allied war-effort in Western Europe, and hosted governments-in-exile in London to rally support in occupied Europe for the Allied cause. Canada delivered almost $4 billion in direct financial aid to the United Kingdom, and Australia and New Zealand began shifting to domestic production to provide material aid to US forces in the Pacific. Following the US entry into the war in December 1941, the Commonwealth and the United States coordinated their military efforts and resources globally. As the scale of the US military involvement and industrial production increased, the US undertook command in many theatres, relieving Commonwealth forces for duty elsewhere, and expanding the scope and intensity of Allied military efforts. Co-operation with the Soviet Union also developed. However, it proved difficult to co-ordinate the defence of far-flung colonies and Commonwealth countries from simultaneous attacks by the Axis powers. In part this difficulty was exacerbated by disagreements over priorities and objectives, as well as over the deployment and control of joint forces. The governments of Britain and Australia, in particular, turned to the United States for support. Although the British Empire and the Commonwealth countries all emerged from the war as joint victors together with the USA, the USSR and the other Allies, and the conquered territories were returned to British rule, the costs of the war and the nationalist fervour that it had stoked became a catalyst for the decolonisation which took place in the following decades."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "British Empire in World War II"@en . "20854645"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "60827"^^ . . . . . . . "Lorsque le Royaume-Uni d\u00E9clara la guerre \u00E0 l'Allemagne nazie en septembre 1939 au d\u00E9but de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le Royaume-Uni contr\u00F4lait \u00E0 des degr\u00E9s divers de nombreuses colonies de la couronne, des protectorats et l'Empire indien. Il maintint \u00E9galement des liens politiques uniques avec quatre des cinq dominions ind\u00E9pendants \u2014 l'Australie, le Canada, l'Afrique du Sud et la Nouvelle-Z\u00E9lande \u2014 en tant que co-membres (avec le Royaume-Uni) du \u00AB Commonwealth britannique \u00BB d'alors. En 1939, l'Empire britannique et le Commonwealth constituaient ensemble une puissance mondiale, avec un contr\u00F4le politique et \u00E9conomique direct ou de facto de 25% de la population mondiale et de 30% de sa masse terrestre. La contribution de l'Empire britannique et du Commonwealth en termes de main-d'\u0153uvre et de mat\u00E9riel \u00E9tait essentielle \u00E0 l'effort de guerre alli\u00E9. De septembre 1939 \u00E0 la mi-1942, le Royaume-Uni dirigea les efforts alli\u00E9s sur plusieurs th\u00E9\u00E2tres militaires mondiaux. Les forces indiennes du Commonwealth, coloniales et imp\u00E9riales, totalisant pr\u00E8s de 15 millions d'hommes et de femmes en service, ont combattu les arm\u00E9es, les forces a\u00E9riennes et les marines allemandes, italiennes, japonaises et autres de l'Axe \u00E0 travers l'Europe, l'Afrique, l'Asie et dans la mer M\u00E9diterran\u00E9e ou les oc\u00E9ans l'Atlantique, Indien, Pacifique et Arctique. Les forces du Commonwealth bas\u00E9es en Grande-Bretagne ont op\u00E9r\u00E9 \u00E0 travers l'Europe du Nord-Ouest dans le but de ralentir ou d'arr\u00EAter les avanc\u00E9es de l'Axe. Les forces a\u00E9riennes du Commonwealth ont combattu la Luftwaffe jusqu'\u00E0 l' arr\u00EAt au-dessus de la Grande-Bretagne, et les arm\u00E9es du Commonwealth ont combattu et d\u00E9truit les forces italiennes en Afrique du Nord et de l'Est et ont occup\u00E9 plusieurs colonies d'outre-mer des nations europ\u00E9ennes occup\u00E9es par l'Allemagne. \u00C0 la suite d'engagements r\u00E9ussis contre les forces de l'Axe, les troupes du Commonwealth ont envahi et occup\u00E9 la Libye, le Somaliland italien, l'\u00C9rythr\u00E9e, l'\u00C9thiopie, l'Iran, l'Irak, la Syrie, le Liban, l'Islande, les \u00EEles F\u00E9ro\u00E9 et Madagascar. Le Commonwealth a vaincu, retenu ou ralenti les puissances de l'Axe pendant trois ans tout en mobilisant son infrastructure \u00E9conomique, militaire et industrielle int\u00E9gr\u00E9e \u00E0 l'\u00E9chelle mondiale pour construire ce qui est devenu, en 1942, l'appareil militaire le plus \u00E9tendu de la guerre. Ces efforts ont co\u00FBt\u00E9 150 000 morts parmi les militaires, 400 000 bless\u00E9s, 100 000 prisonniers, plus de 300 000 morts parmi les civils et la perte de 70 grands navires de guerre, 39 sous-marins, 3 500 avions, 1 100 chars et 65 000 v\u00E9hicules. Pendant cette p\u00E9riode, le Commonwealth a construit une \u00E9norme capacit\u00E9 militaire et industrielle. La Grande-Bretagne est devenue le noyau de l'effort de guerre alli\u00E9 en Europe occidentale et a accueilli des gouvernements en exil \u00E0 Londres pour rallier le soutien de l'Europe occup\u00E9e \u00E0 la cause alli\u00E9e. Le Canada a fourni pr\u00E8s de 4 milliards de dollars d'aide financi\u00E8re directe au Royaume-Uni, et l'Australie et la Nouvelle-Z\u00E9lande ont commenc\u00E9 passage \u00E0 la production nationale pour fournir une aide mat\u00E9rielle aux forces am\u00E9ricaines dans le Pacifique. \u00C0 la suite de l'entr\u00E9e des \u00C9tats-Unis dans la guerre en d\u00E9cembre 1941, le Commonwealth et les \u00C9tats-Unis ont coordonn\u00E9 leurs efforts et ressources militaires \u00E0 l'\u00E9chelle mondiale. Au fur et \u00E0 mesure que l'ampleur de l'implication militaire et de la production industrielle des \u00C9tats-Unis augmentait, les \u00C9tats-Unis prirent le commandement sur de nombreux th\u00E9\u00E2tres, soulageant les forces du Commonwealth pour leur devoir ailleurs et \u00E9largissant la port\u00E9e et l'intensit\u00E9 des efforts militaires alli\u00E9s. La coop\u00E9ration avec l'Union sovi\u00E9tique s'est \u00E9galement d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e. Cependant, il s\u2019av\u00E9ra difficile de coordonner la d\u00E9fense des colonies \u00E9loign\u00E9es et des pays du Commonwealth contre les attaques simultan\u00E9es des puissances de l'Axe. Cette difficult\u00E9 fut en partie exacerb\u00E9e par des d\u00E9saccords sur les priorit\u00E9s et les objectifs, ainsi que sur le d\u00E9ploiement et le contr\u00F4le des forces conjointes. Les gouvernements britannique et australien, en particulier, se tourn\u00E8rent vers les \u00C9tats-Unis pour obtenir leur soutien. Bien que l'Empire britannique et les pays du Commonwealth aient tous \u00E9merg\u00E9 de la guerre en vainqueurs, ceux-ci ayant repris les territoires conquis revenant ainsi sous domination britannique, les co\u00FBts de la guerre et la ferveur nationaliste qu'elle avait attis\u00E9e devint un catalyseur pour la d\u00E9colonisation qui eut lieu dans les d\u00E9cennies suivantes."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Histoire de l'Empire britannique pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale"@fr . . "1121991300"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .