. . . . . "Is s\u00E9ard \u00E9 s\u00E9anadh creidimh san Ioslam (: \u0631\u062F\u0629\u200E\u200E riddah n\u00F3 \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F irtid\u0101d) n\u00E1 an tr\u00E9igean leis duine Moslamach, mar at\u00E1 s\u00E9 leagtha amach go coitianta, tr\u00ED focal n\u00F3 gn\u00EDomh. Ina theannta sin, t\u00E1 an gn\u00EDomh ina thiont\u00F3idh duine go creideamh eile, duine a rugadh ina teaghlach Moslamach n\u00F3, roimhe sin, duine an t-Ioslam a ghlacadh acu. An l\u00E9argas traidisi\u00FAnta, a chlo\u00EDnn le seasamh leis an formh\u00F3r na scol\u00E1ir\u00ED Ioslamach Thoir, go bhfuil an pion\u00F3s i gcomhair s\u00E9anadh creidimh n\u00E1 b\u00E1s"@ga . . "Ridda"@it . . . "\u30A4\u30B9\u30E9\u30E0\u6559\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u68C4\u6559\u3067\u306F\u3001\u30E0\u30B9\u30EA\u30E0\u304C\u30A4\u30B9\u30E9\u30FC\u30E0\u306E\u4FE1\u4EF0\u3092\u90E8\u5206\u7684\u3001\u3082\u3057\u304F\u306F\u5168\u9762\u7684\u306B\u653E\u68C4\u3059\u308B\u30B1\u30FC\u30B9\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8A18\u8FF0\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . "Ridda (in arabo: \u0631\u062F\u0629\u200E riddah) \u00E8 un termine della lingua araba che significa \"apostasia dall'Islam\". La riddah, secondo le interpretazioni date dalla maggioranza degli esegeti del Corano, \u00E8 sanzionabile con la pena di morte: questa, per essere esplicitamente indicata nel testo sacro, \u00E8 definita \"\" (nel senso che Dio impone un \"limite\" all'operato umano). Altre pene che per lo pi\u00F9 sono considerate meritevoli di morte sono l'omicidio di un musulmano e l'adulterio conclamato. L'apostata (murtadd), una volta catturato, ha di fronte a s\u00E9 la scelta tra la morte e il pentimento con ritorno alla fede islamica."@it . . "L\u2019apostasie en islam (arabe : riddah, \u0631\u062F\u0629 ou irtid\u0101d, \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F, \u00AB recul, d\u00E9fection, rebond \u00BB) est commun\u00E9ment d\u00E9finie comme le fait pour un musulman d'abandonner consciemment l'islam, que ce soit au travers de ses paroles ou de ses actes. Cela comprend l\u2019acte de conversion \u00E0 une autre religion ou le rejet de la foi pour devenir irr\u00E9ligieux par une personne n\u00E9e dans une famille musulmane ou ayant auparavant accept\u00E9 l\u2019islam. La d\u00E9finition de l\u2019apostasie en islam, et la question de savoir si et comment elle devrait \u00EAtre punie, sont des sujets de controverse et les opinions diff\u00E8rent \u00E0 ce sujet. Selon la doctrine juridique classique, l\u2019apostasie de l\u2019islam comprend non seulement la renonciation explicite \u00E0 la foi islamique (que ce soit pour une autre religion ou n'importe quelle forme d'irr\u00E9ligiosit\u00E9 : d\u00E9isme, agnosticisme, ath\u00E9isme, antith\u00E9isme etc.), mais aussi tout acte ou toute parole qui implique la m\u00E9cr\u00E9ance, comme le fait de nier un \u00AB principe ou une croyance fondamentale \u00BB de l\u2019islam. Les jurisconsultes musulmans n\u2019ont pas formul\u00E9 de r\u00E8gles g\u00E9n\u00E9rales pour \u00E9tablir la m\u00E9cr\u00E9ance, mais ont plut\u00F4t dress\u00E9 des listes, parfois longues, de paroles et d\u2019actes qui rel\u00E8vent, selon eux, de l\u2019apostasie. Les r\u00E8gles relatives \u00E0 l'apostasie ne concernent pas les personnes qui ont \u00E9t\u00E9 contraintes d'embrasser l'islam, ou bien \u00E0 l'inverse qui ont \u00E9t\u00E9 contraintes de prononcer des paroles ou d'effectuer des actes de m\u00E9cr\u00E9ance pour pr\u00E9server leurs vies dans un contexte de pers\u00E9cution ou de guerre (voir Taqiyyah ou Kitman). Jusqu'\u00E0 la fin du XIXe si\u00E8cle, l'\u00E9crasante majorit\u00E9 des fuqaha sunnites et chiites s'accordaient \u00E0 dire que l'apostasie \u00E9tait un crime, un p\u00EAch\u00E9 et un acte de trahison passible de la peine de mort, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement apr\u00E8s une p\u00E9riode d'attente pour permettre \u00E0 l'apostat de se repentir et de retourner \u00E0 l'islam. Le type d\u2019apostasie que les juristes jugeaient g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement punissable \u00E9tait de nature politique, bien qu\u2019il y ait des divergences d\u2019opinion juridiques consid\u00E9rables \u00E0 ce sujet. Wael B. Hallaq affirme que \u00AB [dans] une culture dont la religion, les principes religieux et la moralit\u00E9 religieuse sont la pierre angulaire, l\u2019apostasie est en quelque sorte l'\u00E9quivalent de la haute trahison dans l\u2019\u00C9tat-nation moderne. \u00BB. Les premiers fuqaha ont d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 des institutions juridiques pour contourner cette punition s\u00E9v\u00E8re, et la ligne rouge pour condamner quelqu'un \u00E0 la peine de l'apostat a \u00E9t\u00E9 plac\u00E9e si haut que pratiquement aucun verdict n'a \u00E9t\u00E9 rendu dans ce sens avant le XIXe si\u00E8cle du calendrier julien. Cependant, par la suite, les fuqaha ont abaiss\u00E9 cette ligne rouge pour appliquer la peine de mort, laissant aux Qadah une plus large libert\u00E9 d\u2019interpr\u00E9tation pour caract\u00E9riser l'apostasie, ce qui s'est traduit parfois par de la cl\u00E9mence et d'autres fois par de la s\u00E9v\u00E9rit\u00E9. \u00C0 la fin du XIXe si\u00E8cle, le recours \u00E0 des sanctions p\u00E9nales pour l\u2019apostasie est tomb\u00E9 en d\u00E9su\u00E9tude, bien que des sanctions civiles soient toujours appliqu\u00E9es. Selon Abdul Rashied Omar, la majorit\u00E9 des fuqaha contemporains continuent de consid\u00E9rer l\u2019apostasie comme un crime m\u00E9ritant la peine de mort. Certains la consid\u00E8rent comme une forme de crime religieux, d'autres non. D\u2019autres soutiennent que la peine de mort est une sanction inappropri\u00E9e, incompatible avec les injonctions coraniques comme \u00AB Nulle contrainte en religion \u00BB ou les versets 21 et 22 de la sourate 88, Al-Ghashiya (L\u2019Enveloppante) et/ou qu\u2019il s\u2019agissait d\u2019une loi humaine adopt\u00E9e par la premi\u00E8re communaut\u00E9 musulmane pour pr\u00E9venir et punir l\u2019\u00E9quivalent de la d\u00E9sertion ou de la trahison, et qu'elle ne devrait \u00EAtre appliqu\u00E9e que si l\u2019apostasie devient un m\u00E9canisme de d\u00E9sob\u00E9issance et de trouble \u00E0 l'ordre public (fitna). Selon Khaled Abou El Fadl, les (en) ne croient pas que l\u2019apostasie requiert une peine. Les critiques font valoir que la peine de mort ou tout autre peine pour l'apostasie de l'islam constitue une violation des droits universels de la personne, et que cette question devrait uniquement relever de la libert\u00E9 de religion ou de pens\u00E9e. En 2014, les lois de divers pays \u00E0 majorit\u00E9 musulmane prescrivent pour l\u2019apostat (arabe : \u0645\u0631\u062A\u062F, murtadd) des peines allant de l'emprisonnement \u00E0 l\u2019ex\u00E9cution. Dans certains pays, les tribunaux de la charia se servent du code civil pour dissoudre le mariage de l\u2019apostat et le priver de ses droits \u00E0 la garde des enfants ou \u00E0 l\u2019h\u00E9ritage. En 2013, l'apostasie de l'islam \u00E9tait couvert par les lois p\u00E9nales de 23 pays \u00E0 majorit\u00E9 musulmane. L'article 6 de la Constitution tunisienne de 2014 prohibe les accusations d\u2019apostasie (takfir). Selon un sondage du Pew Research Center, men\u00E9 entre 2008 et 2012, la proportion de musulmans soutenant la peine capitale pour l'apostat allait de 0,4 % au Kazakhstan \u00E0 78,2% en Afghanistan."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Apostas\u00EDa en el islam"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ridda (Arabisch: \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F, irtid\u0101d of \u0631\u062F\u0629, ridda) is een term voor de daad waarmee een moslim formeel afstand doet van de islam. Met deze daad kan een persoon die in een islamitisch gezin is opgevoed of voorheen de islam aanhing zich bekeren tot een andere religie of zich volledig afkeren van geloof (apostasie) en niet-religieus worden. De definitie van ridda en of, en zo ja hoe, deze daad zou moeten worden bestraft zijn omstreden kwesties \u2013 islamgeleerden zijn het erover oneens. Volgens het merendeel van de islamitische fiqhgeleerden en theologen verdient een moslim die van het geloof afvalt de doodstraf, maar men verschilt van mening of dit gepleegde feit wel voldoende is om een oordeel te vellen en uit te voeren. Doorgaans moet eerst geprobeerd worden de afvallige terug te brengen tot het geloof. In tegenstelling tot moord of ontucht is ridda omkeerbaar, waarvoor dan geen vaste straf gegeven kan worden. Een afvallige dient zijn leven lang geadviseerd te worden terug te keren naar de islam, behalve als deze zich agressief ten opzichte van de islam opstelt. Een moslim zal zich dan eveneens vijandig opstellen tegenover de afvallige, maar zelfs dat is controversieel."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L'apostasia en l'islam (en \u00E0rab \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F o \u0631\u062F\u0629, irtid\u0101d o ridda) \u00E9s una noci\u00F3 pol\u00E8mica, ja que segons algunes interpretacions ha de ser castigada amb la pena de mort, malgrat que no hi ha cap versicle de l'Alcor\u00E0 que estableixi un c\u00E0stig terrenal per a l'apostasia (nom\u00E9s estableix que aquesta existeix i que D\u00E9u la menysprea). Com en moltes altres tradicions musulmanes, hi ha difer\u00E8ncies entre les diverses escoles de pensament sobre com tractar l'apostasia. Malgrat que hi ha un cert consens te\u00F2ric entre les quatre fiqh (escoles de jurisprud\u00E8ncia) que un ap\u00F2stata mereix la mort, d'altres interpretacions no hi estan d'acord i, en acabat, en la majoria pa\u00EFsos musulmans rarament s'aplica aquesta pena. En general, l'islam considera que no nom\u00E9s \u00E9s ap\u00F2stata el qui ren\u00FAncia a la fe musulmana de manera expressada expl\u00EDcitament, de paraula o per escrit, sin\u00F3 que tamb\u00E9 ho \u00E9s qui du a terme actes de deslleialtat o blasfems."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30A4\u30B9\u30E9\u30E0\u6559\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u68C4\u6559"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . "Apostasie im Islam, im Arabischen Ridda (arabisch \u0631\u062F\u0629) oder Irtid\u0101d (\u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F) genannt, bezeichnet den \u201EAbfall vom Islam\u201C. Der Abtr\u00FCnnige selbst wird Murtadd (\u0645\u0631\u062A\u062F) genannt. Auf Grundlage von Hadithen und Idschm\u0101\u02BF ist die Apostasie islamrechtlich mit der Todesstrafe zu ahnden, obwohl der Koran selbst keine Strafe im Diesseits vorsieht. In L\u00E4ndern, deren staatliche Rechtsordnung sich an der Scharia orientiert, die aber keine islamischen Gerichtsh\u00F6fe mehr haben, kann der bekundete \u201EAbfall vom islamischen Glauben\u201C zivilrechtliche (Erbrecht, Eherecht) und strafrechtliche Konsequenzen haben."@de . . . . . . . . . . . "Ridda (Arabisch: \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F, irtid\u0101d of \u0631\u062F\u0629, ridda) is een term voor de daad waarmee een moslim formeel afstand doet van de islam. Met deze daad kan een persoon die in een islamitisch gezin is opgevoed of voorheen de islam aanhing zich bekeren tot een andere religie of zich volledig afkeren van geloof (apostasie) en niet-religieus worden. De definitie van ridda en of, en zo ja hoe, deze daad zou moeten worden bestraft zijn omstreden kwesties \u2013 islamgeleerden zijn het erover oneens."@nl . . . . . "La apostas\u00EDa en el Islam o ridda (en \u00E1rabe, \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F, irtid\u0101d o ridda\u200E) es com\u00FAnmente definida como el rechazo de palabra u obra de la antigua religi\u00F3n (apostas\u00EDa) por parte de una persona que anteriormente profesaba el Islam. El propio Cor\u00E1n no prescribe castigo terrenal alguno para la apostas\u00EDa; las autoridades isl\u00E1micas difieren en cuanto al castigo, que va desde la pena de muerte (sobre la base de una interpretaci\u00F3n de ciertas hadiz) a la ausencia de castigo en tanto \u00ABno trabajen contra la sociedad o naci\u00F3n musulmana\u00BB.\u200B Un ap\u00F3stata recibe el nombre de murtad (en \u00E1rabe, \u0645\u0631\u062A\u062F, murtad\u200E). La mayor\u00EDa de autoridades musulmanes mantienen la idea tradicional de que la apostas\u00EDa es castigable con la muerte o encarcelamiento hasta el arrepentimiento, por lo menos, para el caso de hombres adultos en su sano juicio.\u200B\u200B Varios islamistas contempor\u00E1neos, incluyendo influyentes reformistas, han rechazado esta posici\u00F3n y, en cambio, han argumentado en favor de la libertad de credo.\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B Seg\u00FAn la ley isl\u00E1mica, la apostas\u00EDa es identificada por una lista de acciones, tales como la conversi\u00F3n a otra religi\u00F3n, la negaci\u00F3n de la existencia de Dios, el rechazo de los profetas, burlarse de Dios o de los profetas, la adoraci\u00F3n de \u00EDdolos, el rechazo de la sharia o permitirse un comportamiento que sea prohibido por la sharia, como el adulterio.\u200B"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Kemurtadan menurut Islam (Bahasa Arab: \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F, irtid\u0101d or ridda) didefinisikan oleh kaum Muslimin sebagai keadaan penolakan dalam ucapan atau perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh seseorang yang dulunya memeluk agama Islam. Termasuk dalam hal ini ialah tindakan meninggalkan Islam dan sejumlah tindakan pemfitnahan terhadap Islam. Konsep inilah yang membedakan dengan sistem keagamaan lainnya."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "yes"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Ridda (arab. \u200F\u0631\u062F\u0629\u200E) lub irtid\u0101d (\u200F\u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F\u200E) \u2013 apostazja w islamie. Osoba dopuszczaj\u0105ca si\u0119 apostazji to murtadd."@pl . "A apostasia no Isl\u00E3 (em \u00E1rabe: \u0631\u062F\u0629 riddah ou \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F irtid\u0101d) \u00E9 comumente definida como o abandono consciente do Isl\u00E3 por um mu\u00E7ulmano, seja verbalmente ou por escrito. O conceito inclui o ato de convers\u00E3o para outra religi\u00E3o por uma pessoa que nasceu em uma fam\u00EDlia mu\u00E7ulmana ou que tinha anteriormente aceito o Isl\u00E3. A defini\u00E7\u00E3o de apostasia do Islamismo e se e como deve ser punida \u00E9 controversa e as opini\u00F5es variam entre os estudiosos isl\u00E2micos. A apostasia no Isl\u00E3 inclui no seu \u00E2mbito n\u00E3o s\u00F3 a deliberada ren\u00FAncia \u00E0 f\u00E9 Isl\u00E2mica (se for de outra religi\u00E3o ou a irreligiosidade) pelo ato espec\u00EDfico de se submeter a rituais de convers\u00E3o para outra religi\u00E3o, mas tamb\u00E9m simplesmente negar ou meramente questionar qualquer \"princ\u00EDpio fundamental ou credo\" do Isl\u00E3, tais como a divindade de Al\u00E1, a miss\u00E3o prof\u00E9tica de Maom\u00E9, zombar de Al\u00E1 ou adorar um ou mais \u00EDdolos. Diferentes denomina\u00E7\u00F5es e escolas de pensamento mu\u00E7ulmanas tamb\u00E9m podem interpretar diferentes evid\u00EAncias adicionais sobre o que cada um considera um princ\u00EDpio fundamental da f\u00E9. No entanto, os juristas mu\u00E7ulmanos desde o in\u00EDcio desenvolveram institui\u00E7\u00F5es jur\u00EDdicas para burlar a puni\u00E7\u00E3o severa em den\u00FAncias ou acusa\u00E7\u00F5es de apostasia. Estas institui\u00E7\u00F5es definiam o que era apostasia e at\u00E9 pelo menos antes do s\u00E9culo XI, praticamente n\u00E3o houve julgamento de apostasia, embora isto n\u00E3o tenha sido aplicado de forma consistente em todo o mundo isl\u00E2mico. O termo ap\u00F3stata tamb\u00E9m tem sido usado para pessoas de religi\u00F5es que tra\u00E7am suas origens no Isl\u00E3, tal como os Bah\u00E1'\u00EDs no Ir\u00E3. A apostasia no Isl\u00E3 n\u00E3o inclui atos contra o Isl\u00E3 ou a convers\u00E3o a outra religi\u00E3o que \u00E9 involunt\u00E1ria, for\u00E7ada ou feita por medo de persegui\u00E7\u00E3o ou durante a guerra (Taqiyya ou Kitman). At\u00E9 o final de 1800, a grande maioria dos estudiosos Isl\u00E2micos nas escolas de jurisprud\u00EAncia Madhhab e Imamah (xiita) consideravam que para os homens adultos, a apostasia era um crime bem como um pecado, um ato de trai\u00E7\u00E3o pun\u00EDvel com a pena de morte, normalmente ap\u00F3s um per\u00EDodo de espera para permitir que o ap\u00F3stata arrependa-se e volte ao Isl\u00E3. O tipo de apostasia geralmente considerada pun\u00EDvel pelos juristas era a do tipo pol\u00EDtico, embora houvesse consider\u00E1vel diferen\u00E7a de opini\u00E3o sobre este assunto no meio jur\u00EDdico isl\u00E2mico. afirma que \"em uma cultura cujo fundamento \u00E9 a religi\u00E3o, os princ\u00EDpios religiosos e a moral religiosa, a apostasia \u00E9, de alguma forma, equivalente a alta trai\u00E7\u00E3o no moderno Estado-na\u00E7\u00E3o.\" No final dos anos 1800, a utiliza\u00E7\u00E3o de san\u00E7\u00F5es penais por apostasia, ca\u00EDu em desuso, apesar de san\u00E7\u00F5es civis terem sido aplicadas. De acordo com Abdul Rashied Omar, a maioria dos estudiosos mu\u00E7ulmanos modernos continuam a manter uma vis\u00E3o tradicional de que a pena de morte por apostasia \u00E9 necess\u00E1ria de acordo com os h\u00E1dices e a Xaria. Os juristas mu\u00E7ulmanos que apoiam a execu\u00E7\u00E3o dos ap\u00F3statas apontam frequentemente para um h\u00E1dice - uma tradi\u00E7\u00E3o atribu\u00EDda ao Profeta Maom\u00E9 no s\u00E9culo VII - que afirma que um mu\u00E7ulmano que deixa a religi\u00E3o deve ser morto. Outros argumentam que a pena de morte \u00E9 uma puni\u00E7\u00E3o inadequada, inconsistente com as injun\u00E7\u00F5es do Cor\u00E3o, visto que foi promulgada em um momento em que a primeira comunidade isl\u00E2mica enfrentava inimigos internos que amea\u00E7avam a sua unidade e seguran\u00E7a, sendo necess\u00E1rio impedir e punir o que seria equivalente a uma deser\u00E7\u00E3o ou trai\u00E7\u00E3o e devia ser aplicada somente se a apostasia passasse a se tornar um mecanismo de desobedi\u00EAncia civil e de desordem (fitna). Como tal, mu\u00E7ulmanos moderados rejeitam tal pena. De acordo com cr\u00EDticos, a pena de morte ou outra puni\u00E7\u00E3o por apostasia no Isl\u00E3 \u00E9 uma viola\u00E7\u00E3o de direitos humanos universais e um problema de liberdade religiosa e de consci\u00EAncia. Alguns consideram que a apostasia no Isl\u00E3 \u00E9 um tipo de crime religioso, embora outros n\u00E3o. Ahmed Mohamed el-Tayeb o im\u00E3 da Mesquita de al-Azhar do Cairo desde 2010, afirma que os estudiosos isl\u00E2micos cl\u00E1ssicos e contempor\u00E2neos concordam que a apostasia \u00E9 um crime potencialmente pun\u00EDvel com a morte. Para ele, n\u00E3o h\u00E1 contradi\u00E7\u00E3o entre defender o princ\u00EDpio da liberdade religiosa e sancionar o assassinato de cidad\u00E3os simplesmente por mudar suas cren\u00E7as religiosas\u02D0 \"a liberdade de cren\u00E7a \u00E9 uma coisa e a liberdade de renunciar a uma cren\u00E7a religiosa particular (i.\u00E9, o Isl\u00E3o) \u00E9 outra coisa\". Sob as leis atuais em pa\u00EDses isl\u00E2micos, a puni\u00E7\u00E3o prescrita para o ap\u00F3stata (oumurtadd \u0645\u0631\u062A\u062F) varia de execu\u00E7\u00E3o, pris\u00E3o ou nenhuma puni\u00E7\u00E3o. Tribunais da Charia em alguns pa\u00EDses, usam o c\u00F3digo civil para anular o casamento de um mu\u00E7ulmano ap\u00F3stata e negam os direitos de guarda de seus filhos, bem como seus direitos de heran\u00E7a. Entre 1985 e 2006, quatro pessoas foram executadas por governos isl\u00E2micos por apostasia: \"no Sud\u00E3o, em 1985; dois no Ir\u00E3, em 1989 e 1998; e Ar\u00E1bia Saudita, em 1992.\" Em 2013, 23 pa\u00EDses de maioria mu\u00E7ulmana tinham a apostasia em suas leis penais. e 13 consideravam-na pun\u00EDvel com a pena capital. Entre 2008 e 2012, o Pew Research Center conduziu um inqu\u00E9rito, baseado em entrevistas presenciais de milhares de mu\u00E7ulmanos \u2014 defensores da Xaria como a Lei dos respectivos pa\u00EDses \u2014 em muitas na\u00E7\u00F5es, e encontrou opini\u00F5es variadas sobre a pena de morte para aqueles que deixam o Isl\u00E3o pelo ate\u00EDsmo ou qualquer outra religi\u00E3o. Em alguns pa\u00EDses ( por exemplo B\u00F3snia, Kosovo, Turquia, Alb\u00E2nia e Casaquistao) o apoio \u00E0 pena de morte por apostasia estava confinado a uma pequena franja; noutros pa\u00EDses (como o Egito, Afeganist\u00E3o, Iraque, Palestina, Jord\u00E2nia, Paquist\u00E3o e Mal\u00E1sia ) a grande maioria dos entrevistados apoiavam a pena de morte."@pt . . "\u30A4\u30B9\u30E9\u30E0\u6559\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u68C4\u6559\u3067\u306F\u3001\u30E0\u30B9\u30EA\u30E0\u304C\u30A4\u30B9\u30E9\u30FC\u30E0\u306E\u4FE1\u4EF0\u3092\u90E8\u5206\u7684\u3001\u3082\u3057\u304F\u306F\u5168\u9762\u7684\u306B\u653E\u68C4\u3059\u308B\u30B1\u30FC\u30B9\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8A18\u8FF0\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . "Apostasy in Islam (Arabic: \u0631\u062F\u0629, riddah or \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F, irtid\u0101d) is commonly defined as the abandonment of Islam by a Muslim, in thought, word, or through deed. An apostate from Islam is referred to by using the Arabic and Islamic term murt\u0101d (\u0645\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0651). It includes not only explicit renunciations of the Islamic faith by converting to another religion or abandoning religion altogether, but also blasphemy or heresy, through any action or utterance which implies unbelief, including those who deny a \"fundamental tenet or creed\" of Islam."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "La apostas\u00EDa en el Islam o ridda (en \u00E1rabe, \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F, irtid\u0101d o ridda\u200E) es com\u00FAnmente definida como el rechazo de palabra u obra de la antigua religi\u00F3n (apostas\u00EDa) por parte de una persona que anteriormente profesaba el Islam. El propio Cor\u00E1n no prescribe castigo terrenal alguno para la apostas\u00EDa; las autoridades isl\u00E1micas difieren en cuanto al castigo, que va desde la pena de muerte (sobre la base de una interpretaci\u00F3n de ciertas hadiz) a la ausencia de castigo en tanto \u00ABno trabajen contra la sociedad o naci\u00F3n musulmana\u00BB.\u200B Un ap\u00F3stata recibe el nombre de murtad (en \u00E1rabe, \u0645\u0631\u062A\u062F, murtad\u200E)."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "S\u00E9anadh creidimh san Ioslam"@ga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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1% \u0641\u064A \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062E\u0633\u062A\u0627\u0646."@ar . . . . . . . . . . "L'apostasia en l'islam (en \u00E0rab \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F o \u0631\u062F\u0629, irtid\u0101d o ridda) \u00E9s una noci\u00F3 pol\u00E8mica, ja que segons algunes interpretacions ha de ser castigada amb la pena de mort, malgrat que no hi ha cap versicle de l'Alcor\u00E0 que estableixi un c\u00E0stig terrenal per a l'apostasia (nom\u00E9s estableix que aquesta existeix i que D\u00E9u la menysprea). En general, l'islam considera que no nom\u00E9s \u00E9s ap\u00F2stata el qui ren\u00FAncia a la fe musulmana de manera expressada expl\u00EDcitament, de paraula o per escrit, sin\u00F3 que tamb\u00E9 ho \u00E9s qui du a terme actes de deslleialtat o blasfems."@ca . . . . . . . "\u0418\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0301\u0434 (\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431. \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F \u2014 \u043E\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0435) \u2014 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0430, \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u044B\u0445 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u043D\u0451\u043C. \u0421\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0438\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0434 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043C\u0443\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0434\u043E\u043C. \u041A \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0410\u043B\u043B\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u043D\u0435\u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0432, \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043E\u0432, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435, \u043D\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043C \u043D\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u044B\u043C (\u043A\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043C) \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u0414\u043B\u044F \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u0447\u0442\u043E\u0431\u044B \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044F, \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043C\u043E \u0432\u044B\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439:"@ru . . . . . . . . . "\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u6559\u6240\u8C13\u7684\u53DB\u6559\uFF08\u963F\u62C9\u4F2F\u8BED\uFF1A\u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F\u200E\uFF1Birtid\u0101d \u6216 riddah\uFF09\u901A\u5E38\u88AB\u5B9A\u7FA9\u70BA\u4E00\u4F4D\u5148\u524D\u4FE1\u5949\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u6559\uFF08\u5305\u62EC\u51FA\u751F\u5728\u7A46\u65AF\u6797\u5BB6\u5EAD\uFF09\u7684\u4EBA\u5728\u8A00\u8A9E\u6216\u884C\u70BA\u4E0A\u6452\u68C4\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u6559\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982\u516C\u958B\u5BA3\u7A31\u6216\u88AB\u8B49\u5BE6\u653E\u68C4\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u4FE1\u4EF0\u3001\u6301\u7570\u7AEF\u4E3B\u5F35\u3001\u5C0D\u6212\u5F8B\u660E\u77E5\u6545\u72AF\u4E14\u62D2\u7D55\u6094\u6539\uFF08\u4E0D\u884C\u4E94\u529F\u3001\u6545\u610F\u9055\u72AF\u7981\u4EE4\u3001\u8DDF\u5361\u83F2\u723E\u806F\u5408\u5C0D\u6297\u6559\u80DE\u7B49\u5747\u5C6C\u4E4B\uFF09\u3001\u6545\u610F\u8FB1\u6559\u3001\u516C\u958B\u8CEA\u7591\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u4FE1\u4EF0\u672C\u8EAB\u7B49\u3002 \u905C\u5C3C\u6D3E\u7684\u56DB\u500B\u4E3B\u8981\u90FD\u8A8D\u540C\u4E00\u500B\u4EBA\u975E\u56E0\u7121\u77E5\uFF08\u5982\u7236\u89AA\u662F\u507D\u4FE1\u8005\uFF0C\u81F4\u5B50\u5973\u5F9E\u5C0F\u7F3A\u4E4F\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u6559\u80B2\uFF09\u6216\u53D7\u8105\u8FEB\uFF08\u5982\u56E0\u751F\u547D\u5B89\u5168\u8003\u91CF\u800C\u89F8\u72AF\u7981\u4EE4\uFF09\u800C\u53DB\u6559\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u7F6A\u3002\u4ED6\u5011\u4E5F\u628A\u56B4\u91CD\u53DB\u6559\uFF08\u5982\u4E0A\u8FF0\u884C\u70BA\uFF09\u8207\u8F15\u5FAE\u53DB\u6559\uFF08\u5982\u8868\u793A\u81EA\u5DF1\u4E0D\u8654\u8AA0\uFF09\u5340\u5206\u3002\u6839\u64DA\uFF08Wael Hallaq\uFF09\u7684\u8AAA\u6CD5\uFF0C\u95DC\u65BC\u53DB\u6559\u7684\u5F8B\u6CD5\u4E0D\u662F\u5F9E\u300A\u53E4\u862D\u7D93\u300B\u800C\u4F86\u3002 \u6709\u4E9B\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u6559\u6CD5\u5B78\u5BB6\uFF0C\u8AF8\u5982\u54C8\u4E43\u6590\u6D3E\u6559\u6CD5\u5B78\u5BB6\uFF08Sarakhsi\uFF09\u3001\u99AC\u7ACB\u514B\u6D3E\u6559\u6CD5\u5B78\u5BB6\u53CA\u7F55\u767E\u91CC\u6D3E\u6559\u6CD5\u5B78\u5BB6\u4F0A\u672C\u00B7\u6CF0\u7C73\u8449\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u4E00\u4E9B\u7576\u4EE3\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u6559\u6CD5\u5B78\u5BB6\uFF0C\u8AF8\u5982\u6C99\u6590\u5100\u6D3E\u5927\u7A46\u592B\u63D0\uFF08Ali Gomaa\uFF09\u53CA\u4EC0\u8449\u6D3E\u7684\u5927\u963F\u4E9E\u5716\u62C9\u4FAF\u8CFD\u56E0-\u963F\u91CC\u00B7\u8499\u5854\u6FA4\u91CC\uFF0C\u8A8D\u70BA\u6539\u8B8A\u5B97\u6559\u4FE1\u4EF0\u4E0D\u61C9\u53D7\u300C\u5730\u4E0A\u7684\u300D\u61F2\u7F70\uFF0C\u6216\u8005\u50C5\u5728\u7279\u5B9A\u60C5\u6CC1\u4E0B\u624D\u61C9\u53D7\u61F2\u7F70\u3002 \u73FE\u4EE3\u4E5F\u6709\u4E00\u4E9B\u56E0\u70BA\u53DB\u6559\u800C\u88AB\u5224\u6B7B\u5211\u6216\u53D7\u6B7B\u5211\u5A01\u8105\u7684\u77E5\u540D\u4E8B\u4F8B\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u963F\u5BCC\u6C57\u7537\u5B50\u963F\u535C\u675C\u52D2\u00B7\u62C9\u8D6B\u66FC\u56E0\u70BA\u6539\u4FE1\u57FA\u7763\u6559\u800C\u65BC2006\u5E74\u88AB\u62D8\u6355\u53CA\u9762\u81E8\u6B7B\u5211\uFF0C\u5F8C\u4F86\u7576\u5C40\u4EE5\u4ED6\u300C\u7CBE\u795E\u4E0D\u5065\u5168\u300D\u800C\u91CB\u653E\u4ED6\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . "Ridda"@pl . "Apostasie dans l'islam"@fr . "Is s\u00E9ard \u00E9 s\u00E9anadh creidimh san Ioslam (: \u0631\u062F\u0629\u200E\u200E riddah n\u00F3 \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F irtid\u0101d) n\u00E1 an tr\u00E9igean leis duine Moslamach, mar at\u00E1 s\u00E9 leagtha amach go coitianta, tr\u00ED focal n\u00F3 gn\u00EDomh. Ina theannta sin, t\u00E1 an gn\u00EDomh ina thiont\u00F3idh duine go creideamh eile, duine a rugadh ina teaghlach Moslamach n\u00F3, roimhe sin, duine an t-Ioslam a ghlacadh acu. An l\u00E9argas traidisi\u00FAnta, a chlo\u00EDnn le seasamh leis an formh\u00F3r na scol\u00E1ir\u00ED Ioslamach Thoir, go bhfuil an pion\u00F3s i gcomhair s\u00E9anadh creidimh n\u00E1 b\u00E1s"@ga . . . . . "\u0410\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0456\u044F \u0432 \u0456\u0441\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0456"@uk . . . . . . "\u0631\u062F\u0629 (\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645)"@ar . . . "189708"^^ . . . . "Apostasy in Islam"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Apostasie im Islam"@de . . . . "Ridda (arab. \u200F\u0631\u062F\u0629\u200E) lub irtid\u0101d (\u200F\u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F\u200E) \u2013 apostazja w islamie. Osoba dopuszczaj\u0105ca si\u0119 apostazji to murtadd."@pl . . . . . . . . . . "Ridda"@nl . . . "\u0418\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0301\u0434 (\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431. \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F \u2014 \u043E\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0435) \u2014 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0430, \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u044B\u0445 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u043D\u0451\u043C. \u0421\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0438\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0434 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043C\u0443\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0434\u043E\u043C. \u041A \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0410\u043B\u043B\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u043D\u0435\u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0432, \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043E\u0432, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435, \u043D\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043C \u043D\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u044B\u043C (\u043A\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043C) \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u0414\u043B\u044F \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u0447\u0442\u043E\u0431\u044B \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044F, \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043C\u043E \u0432\u044B\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439: 1. \n* \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u043A \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u0435\u043D \u0431\u044B\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u043E\u0446\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C. 2. \n* \u0437\u0430\u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043E \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043D\u0435 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E \u0431\u044B\u0442\u044C \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0430\u043D\u043E \u043F\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E. \u041C\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043B\u044C\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044B (\u0444\u0430\u043A\u0438\u0445\u0438) \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0432\u0437\u0440\u043E\u0441\u043B\u044B\u0435 \u043C\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043D\u044B-\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u044B \u0431\u044B\u0442\u044C \u043A\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0435\u043D\u044B. 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\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0425\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0442\u0430.."@ru . "L\u2019apostasie en islam (arabe : riddah, \u0631\u062F\u0629 ou irtid\u0101d, \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F, \u00AB recul, d\u00E9fection, rebond \u00BB) est commun\u00E9ment d\u00E9finie comme le fait pour un musulman d'abandonner consciemment l'islam, que ce soit au travers de ses paroles ou de ses actes. Cela comprend l\u2019acte de conversion \u00E0 une autre religion ou le rejet de la foi pour devenir irr\u00E9ligieux par une personne n\u00E9e dans une famille musulmane ou ayant auparavant accept\u00E9 l\u2019islam. La d\u00E9finition de l\u2019apostasie en islam, et la question de savoir si et comment elle devrait \u00EAtre punie, sont des sujets de controverse et les opinions diff\u00E8rent \u00E0 ce sujet."@fr . . "A apostasia no Isl\u00E3 (em \u00E1rabe: \u0631\u062F\u0629 riddah ou \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F irtid\u0101d) \u00E9 comumente definida como o abandono consciente do Isl\u00E3 por um mu\u00E7ulmano, seja verbalmente ou por escrito. O conceito inclui o ato de convers\u00E3o para outra religi\u00E3o por uma pessoa que nasceu em uma fam\u00EDlia mu\u00E7ulmana ou que tinha anteriormente aceito o Isl\u00E3. A defini\u00E7\u00E3o de apostasia do Islamismo e se e como deve ser punida \u00E9 controversa e as opini\u00F5es variam entre os estudiosos isl\u00E2micos."@pt . 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"\u0418\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0434"@ru . "Kemurtadan menurut Islam"@in . "January 2022"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Apostasie im Islam, im Arabischen Ridda (arabisch \u0631\u062F\u0629) oder Irtid\u0101d (\u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F) genannt, bezeichnet den \u201EAbfall vom Islam\u201C. Der Abtr\u00FCnnige selbst wird Murtadd (\u0645\u0631\u062A\u062F) genannt. Auf Grundlage von Hadithen und Idschm\u0101\u02BF ist die Apostasie islamrechtlich mit der Todesstrafe zu ahnden, obwohl der Koran selbst keine Strafe im Diesseits vorsieht. In L\u00E4ndern, deren staatliche Rechtsordnung sich an der Scharia orientiert, die aber keine islamischen Gerichtsh\u00F6fe mehr haben, kann der bekundete \u201EAbfall vom islamischen Glauben\u201C zivilrechtliche (Erbrecht, Eherecht) und strafrechtliche Konsequenzen haben."@de . . "Ridda (in arabo: \u0631\u062F\u0629\u200E riddah) \u00E8 un termine della lingua araba che significa \"apostasia dall'Islam\". La riddah, secondo le interpretazioni date dalla maggioranza degli esegeti del Corano, \u00E8 sanzionabile con la pena di morte: questa, per essere esplicitamente indicata nel testo sacro, \u00E8 definita \"\" (nel senso che Dio impone un \"limite\" all'operato umano). Altre pene che per lo pi\u00F9 sono considerate meritevoli di morte sono l'omicidio di un musulmano e l'adulterio conclamato. L'apostata (murtadd), una volta catturato, ha di fronte a s\u00E9 la scelta tra la morte e il pentimento con ritorno alla fede islamica. A mitigare la severit\u00E0 della sanzione del testo sacro dei musulmani sono per\u00F2 i diversi dispositivi di applicazione della pena elaborati dalle scuole giuridiche islamiche (madhhab, pl. madh\u0101hib), che possono prevedere una breve reclusione \"di riflessione\" o anche una reclusione a tempo non determinato."@it . "Apostasia no Isl\u00E3"@pt . . . . . "Kemurtadan menurut Islam (Bahasa Arab: \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F, irtid\u0101d or ridda) didefinisikan oleh kaum Muslimin sebagai keadaan penolakan dalam ucapan atau perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh seseorang yang dulunya memeluk agama Islam. Termasuk dalam hal ini ialah tindakan meninggalkan Islam dan sejumlah tindakan pemfitnahan terhadap Islam. Konsep inilah yang membedakan dengan sistem keagamaan lainnya. Hal ini disebabkan karena Islam juga merupakan institusi yang tidak memisahkan urusannya dengan urusan politik. Pada masa awal penyebarannya di Madinah, orang yang murtad dianggap sebagai desertir atau yang membelot kepada institusi politik lain (dalam hal ini orang-orang Makkah), karena antara dua negara tersebut sedang berada dalam kondisi perang dan orang yang bergabung dalam Islam sendiri diikat dengan sumpah atau bay'at. Pada masa Khilafah Islam, kemurtadan dianggap sebagai pengkhianatan, dan karena itu diperlakukan sebagai pelanggaran hukum yang dikenakan hukuman mati (hudud). Tokoh kontemporer yang paling menonjol yang dicap sebagai murtadin secara individual adalah Salman Rushdie."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Apostasy in Islam (Arabic: \u0631\u062F\u0629, riddah or \u0627\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0627\u062F, irtid\u0101d) is commonly defined as the abandonment of Islam by a Muslim, in thought, word, or through deed. An apostate from Islam is referred to by using the Arabic and Islamic term murt\u0101d (\u0645\u0631\u062A\u062F\u0651). It includes not only explicit renunciations of the Islamic faith by converting to another religion or abandoning religion altogether, but also blasphemy or heresy, through any action or utterance which implies unbelief, including those who deny a \"fundamental tenet or creed\" of Islam. While classical Islamic jurisprudence calls for the death penalty of those who refuse to repent of apostasy from Islam, the definition of this act and whether and how it should be punished, are disputed among Islamic scholars and strongly opposed by Muslim and Non-Muslim supporters of the universal human right to freedom of faith. As of 2014, there were eight Muslim-majority countries where apostasy from Islam was punishable by death, and another thirteen where there were penal or civil penalties such as jail, fines or loss of child custody. From 1985 to 2006, only four individuals were officially executed for apostasy from Islam and unrelated political crimes by governments, but apostates have suffered from other legal punishments as well as extra-judicial punishments which have been inflicted upon them by vigilantes\u2014imprisonment, the annulment of their marriages, the loss of their rights of inheritance and the loss of custody of their children. Mainly, the loss of life has resulted from killings which have been perpetrated by jihadist and \"takfiri\" insurgents (al-Qaeda, ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh, the GIA, and the Taliban). Until the late 19th century, the majority of Sunni and Shia jurists held the view that for adult men, apostasy from Islam was a crime as well as a sin, an act of treason which was punishable with the death penalty, often (depending on the school of law) after a waiting period to allow the apostate time to repent and to return to Islam.But to protect against abuse, exemption was granted to those who were originally forced to embrace Islam, or who apostasized out of fear, or (according to the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i schools) who repented. In addition, early Islamic jurists developed legal standards to limit the imposition of the harsh punishment to apostasy of a political kind, which in a religious society is similar to high treason. According to classical Islamic law, an apostate can only be killed if there are two just Muslim eyewitnesses of the apostasy or if the apostate self confesses; according to some schools, both conditions are required. Jurists allowed flexibility in the application of the death penalty, allowing judges to interpret the apostasy law in different ways, sometimes, they leniently interpreted it and at other times, they strictly interpreted it. In the late 19th century, the use of legal criminal penalties for apostasy fell into disuse, although civil penalties were still applied. In the contemporary Muslim world, public support for capital punishment varies from 78% in Afghanistan to less than 1% in Kazakhstan; among Islamic jurists, the majority of them continue to regard apostasy as a crime which should be punishable by death.Those who disagree argue that its punishment should be less than death, the imposition of it should be left up to God, (human punishment being inconsistent with Quranic injunctions against compulsion in belief), or should be enforced only if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder (fitna). Secular critics of Islam argue that the death penalty or other punishment for apostasy in Islam is an issue of freedom of faith and conscience and a violation of universal human rights."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1121506803"^^ . . "\u53DB\u6559 (\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u6559)"@zh . . . . "Apostasia en l'islam"@ca . 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