. . . . . "11076"^^ . . . . . "center"@en . "25"^^ . . "Right"@en . "The Hawaiian people practiced aquaculture through development of fish ponds (Hawaiian: loko i\u02BBa), the most advanced fish husbandry among the original peoples of the Pacific. While other cultures in places like Egypt and China also used the practice, Hawaii\u2019s aquaculture was very advanced considering the much smaller size of the area compared to others before it. These fishponds were typically shallow areas of a reef flat surrounded by a low lava rock wall (loko kuapa) built out from the shore. Several species of edible fish (such as mullet) thrive in such ponds, and Hawaiians developed methods to make them easy to catch."@en . . . . . . . . . "1900.0"^^ . "The Hawaiian people practiced aquaculture through development of fish ponds (Hawaiian: loko i\u02BBa), the most advanced fish husbandry among the original peoples of the Pacific. While other cultures in places like Egypt and China also used the practice, Hawaii\u2019s aquaculture was very advanced considering the much smaller size of the area compared to others before it. These fishponds were typically shallow areas of a reef flat surrounded by a low lava rock wall (loko kuapa) built out from the shore. Several species of edible fish (such as mullet) thrive in such ponds, and Hawaiians developed methods to make them easy to catch. \"The full-scale development of loko i\u2018a (fishponds) from mauka (the mountains) to makai (the ocean) dates back over half a millennium. Cultivation and propagation centered on many different fresh and salt-water plants and animals, with the primary species being the prized \u2018ama\u2018ama (mullet) and \u2018awa (milkfish). An inventory in the early 1900s found 360 loko i\u2018a in the islands and identified 99 active ponds with an estimated annual production total of about 680,000 pounds, including 486,000 pounds of \u2018ama\u2018ama and 194,000 pounds of \u2018awa. Loko i\u2018a were extensive operating systems that produced an average of 400\u2013600 pounds per acre per year, a significant amount considering the minimal amount of fishpond \u201Cinput\u201D and maintenance effort apparent by that time.\" \"A Manual on Hawaiian Fishpond Restoration and Management\" CTAHR University of Hawai'i The Hawaiian fishpond was primarily a grazing area in which the fishpond keeper cultivated algae; much in the way a cattle rancher cultivates grass for his cattle. The porous lava walls let in seawater (or sometimes fresh or brackish water, as in the case of the \"Menehune\" fishpond near L\u012Bhu\u02BBe, Kaua\u02BBi), but prevent the fish from escaping. Fishponds were located next to the mouth of a stream, so by opening a sluice gate the pondkeeper provided the fish with water rich in nutrients that had passed through inland, terraced pondfields and returned to the stream. At the time of Captain James Cook's arrival, there were at least 360 fishponds producing 2,000,000 pounds (900,000 kg) of fish per year. Several fishponds have been restored in recent years. Although fishponds were developed on most islands, the largest number were found in Ke\u02BBehi Lagoon, Pearl Harbor, Maunalua Bay (known as the largest on O\u02BBahu prior to it being filled for housing development), and K\u0101ne\u02BBohe Bay on O\u02BBahu, and along nearly the entire south shore of Moloka\u02BBi. Few remain today, although Moloka\u02BBi offers the best opportunities to view a Hawaiian loko. Three different styles of fish ponds are being reconstructed at the Kaloko-Honok\u014Dhau National Historical Park on the Big Island of Hawai\u02BBi. The non-profit \u02BBAo\u02BBao O Na Loko I\u02BBa O Maui is restoring Kalepolepo Fishpond also known as Ko\u02BBie\u02BBi.e. in K\u012Bhei on Maui using a mixture of volunteers and skilled stonemasons. On O\u02BBahu, the private non-profit organization Paepae o He\u02BBeia (\"Threshold of He\u02BBeia\") is rehabilitating the roughly 600-to\u2013800-year-old He\u02BBeia Fishpond, which is a walled (kuapa-style) enclosure in He\u02BBeia covering 88 acres (36 ha) of brackish water."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\"A Manual on Hawaiian Fishpond Restoration and Management\" CTAHR University of Hawai'i"@en . . . . "194718"^^ . . . . . . "Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture"@en . . . . "1100639346"^^ . . .