"Reise \u00FCber drei Meere"@de . . . . . . "Die Reise \u00FCber drei Meere (russisch \u0425\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u044F / Choschenije sa tri morja, wiss. Transliteration Cho\u017Eenie za tri morja) des russischen Kaufmannes Afanassi Nikitin (gest. Ende 1472 bei Smolensk) in den Jahren 1466\u20131472 war eine Reise, bei der der Kaufmann Nikitin von Twer an der Wolga nach Indien reiste und vor der R\u00FCckkehr in seine Heimatstadt starb. Sein Reisebericht ist in Abschriften \u00FCberliefert und wurde erstmals 1821 gedruckt. Er gilt als \u201Eder erste Reisebericht in der altrussischen Literatur \u00FCberhaupt\u201C."@de . . . . . . . "3345"^^ . . . . . . "Un viatge m\u00E9s enll\u00E0 dels Tres Mars"@ca . "\u0425\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u044F"@ru . . . . . "Un viatge m\u00E9s enll\u00E0 dels Tres Mars (rus: \u0425\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u044F, Khojd\u00E9nie za tri m\u00F3ria) \u00E9s un monument literari rus en forma de notes de viatge, feta per un comerciant de Tver, Afanasi Nikitin durant el seu viatge a l'\u00CDndia en 1466-1472."@ca . . . "A Journey Beyond the Three Seas (Russian: \u0425\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u044F, Khozheniye za tri morya) is a Russian literary monument in the form of travel notes, made by a merchant from Tver, Afanasiy Nikitin during his journey to India in 1466\u20131472."@en . . . . "1067837"^^ . "A Journey Beyond the Three Seas (Russian: \u0425\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u044F, Khozheniye za tri morya) is a Russian literary monument in the form of travel notes, made by a merchant from Tver, Afanasiy Nikitin during his journey to India in 1466\u20131472. A Journey Beyond the Three Seas was the first Russian literary work to depict a strictly commercial, non-religious trip. Prior texts were pilgrimage texts, which depicted travel to holy sites and were more standardized, dry and conventional. The author visited the Caucasus, Persia, India and the Crimea. However, most of the notes are dedicated to India, its political structure, trade, agriculture, customs and ceremonies. The work is full of lyrical digressions and autobiographic passages. There is a strong individual, authorial presence. Its last page is in Turkic and broken Arabic; these are, in fact, typical Muslim prayers, indicating that Nikitin might have converted to Islam while he was in India, although his lapse from Christianity bothered him as he mentions several times in the text. On the other hand Nikitin consistently prays to Blessed Virgin Mary as Theotokos, Christian Orthodox Saints, tries to observe Christian rites, and so on.The author did not make his way back to his native land; he died on the trip home. In 1475, the manuscript made its way to Moscow into the hands of a government official by the name of Vasili Mamyrev. Later on, it was incorporated into the annalistic code of 1489, the Sofia Second Chronicle and the Lvov Chronicle."@en . . . . . "1031508542"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u00AB\u0425\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u044F\u00BB (\u00AB\u0425\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u044F\u00BB) \u2014 \u043F\u0430\u043C\u044F\u0442\u043D\u0438\u043A \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044B \u0432 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0435 \u043F\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 (\u0436\u0430\u043D\u0440 \u0445\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F), \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043A\u0443\u043F\u0446\u043E\u043C \u0438\u0437 \u0422\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0435\u043C \u041D\u0438\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0432\u043E \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u0435\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0411\u0430\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438 \u0432 1468\u20141474 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0445 (\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0430 \u041B. \u0421. \u0421\u0435\u043C\u0451\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u0418. \u0418. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C 1466\u20141472 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0438)."@ru . . . . "\u00AB\u0425\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u044F\u00BB (\u00AB\u0425\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u044F\u00BB) \u2014 \u043F\u0430\u043C\u044F\u0442\u043D\u0438\u043A \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044B \u0432 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0435 \u043F\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 (\u0436\u0430\u043D\u0440 \u0445\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F), \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043A\u0443\u043F\u0446\u043E\u043C \u0438\u0437 \u0422\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0435\u043C \u041D\u0438\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0432\u043E \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u0435\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0411\u0430\u0445\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438 \u0432 1468\u20141474 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0445 (\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0430 \u041B. \u0421. \u0421\u0435\u043C\u0451\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u0418. \u0418. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C 1466\u20141472 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0438)."@ru . . . . . . "Die Reise \u00FCber drei Meere (russisch \u0425\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u044F / Choschenije sa tri morja, wiss. Transliteration Cho\u017Eenie za tri morja) des russischen Kaufmannes Afanassi Nikitin (gest. Ende 1472 bei Smolensk) in den Jahren 1466\u20131472 war eine Reise, bei der der Kaufmann Nikitin von Twer an der Wolga nach Indien reiste und vor der R\u00FCckkehr in seine Heimatstadt starb. Sein Reisebericht ist in Abschriften \u00FCberliefert und wurde erstmals 1821 gedruckt. Er gilt als \u201Eder erste Reisebericht in der altrussischen Literatur \u00FCberhaupt\u201C."@de . "A Journey Beyond the Three Seas"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Un viatge m\u00E9s enll\u00E0 dels Tres Mars (rus: \u0425\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u044F, Khojd\u00E9nie za tri m\u00F3ria) \u00E9s un monument literari rus en forma de notes de viatge, feta per un comerciant de Tver, Afanasi Nikitin durant el seu viatge a l'\u00CDndia en 1466-1472. Un viatge m\u00E9s enll\u00E0 dels Tres Mars fou la primera obra liter\u00E0ria de R\u00FAssia que descriu un viatge comercial no religi\u00F3s. Els textos anteriors eren textos de peregrinaci\u00F3, que representaven viatges als llocs sagrats i eren m\u00E9s estandarditzats, secs i convencionals. L'autor va visitar el Caucas, P\u00E8rsia, l'\u00CDndia i la pen\u00EDnsula de Crimea. No obstant aix\u00F2, la majoria de les notes es dediquen a l'\u00CDndia, la seva estructura pol\u00EDtica, comercial, agricultura, costums i tradicions. L'obra est\u00E0 plena de digressions l\u00EDriques i passatges autobiogr\u00E0fics. Hi ha una forta pres\u00E8ncia de l'autor. La seva \u00FAltima p\u00E0gina est\u00E0 escrita en turc i parts en \u00E0rab; aquestes s\u00F3n, de fet, les preg\u00E0ries t\u00EDpiques musulmans, el que indica que Nikitin podria haver-se convertit a l'islam mentre era a l'\u00CDndia. D'altra banda, per\u00F2, Nikitin en tot moment resa a la Benaurada Mare de D\u00E9u com a Theotokos, sants dels cristians ortodoxos, tracta d'observar els ritus cristians, i aix\u00ED successivament. L'autor no va fer el seu cam\u00ED de retorn a la seva terra natal; va morir en el viatge de tornada. En 1475, el manuscrit va fer el seu cam\u00ED a Moscou a les mans d'un funcionari del govern, Vassili M\u00F3mirev. M\u00E9s tard, es va incorporar en el codi annal\u00EDstic de 1489, a la i la ."@ca . . . . . .