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通信协助执法法 Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act CALEA
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The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), also known as the "Digital Telephony Act," is a United States wiretapping law passed in 1994, during the presidency of Bill Clinton (Pub. L. No. 103-414, 108 Stat. 4279, codified at 47 USC 1001-1010). In the years since CALEA was passed it has been greatly expanded to include all VoIP and broadband Internet traffic. From 2004 to 2007 there was a 62 percent growth in the number of wiretaps performed under CALEA – and more than 3,000 percent growth in interception of Internet data such as email. Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) — закон США о прослушивании, принятый 25 октября 1994 года при президенте Билле Клинтоне как «Pub. L. No. 103—414, 108 Stat. 4279», кодифицирован в «47 USC 1001—1010». Вступил в силу с 1 января 1995 года. CALEA несколько раз значительно расширялся, чтобы перехватывать все звонки через Интернет и другой интернет-трафик, в частности, в 2004 году. В период с 2004 по 2007 количество перехватов телефонов по CALEA выросло на 62 %, а перехватов интернет-данных, например, электронной почты — более чем в 30 раз. 通信协助执法法 （Communication Assistance for Law Enforcement Act，縮寫：CALEA）是美国於1994年于比尔·克林顿任内通过的一项窃听法。 通信协助执法法的目的是增强执法和情报机构进行电子监听的能力。该法要求电信运营商和电信设备制造商修改并设计其设备、设施及服务，以确保它们带有监听功能，以允许联邦机构对所有电话、宽带互联网，以及VoIP通信内容进行实时监听。 起用通信协助执法法的最初目的是联邦调查局担心数字电话交换机的普及将使得在电话公司中心局进行的窃听工作变得困难和缓慢， 或者在一些情况下无法进行。为了增设通信协助执法法兼容接口，电话公司需要更替其系统中的软件或硬件，因此美国国会曾一度为这类网络改造提供经费支援。通信协助执法法于1994年10月25日通过，1995年1月1日生效。 在通信协助执法法通过后的数年中，该法经历了大范围扩张，使其覆盖VoIP和宽带互联网通信内容。从2004年到2007年，在通信协助执法法下进行的窃听行动数量增长了62%，而有关互联网数据（如電子郵件）的截获的增长则超过3,000%。 至2007年，联邦调查局已經在其系统上花费了 $39,000,000 美元，用于收集、存储、索引和分析通信数据。 A Lei de Auxílio das Comunicações para a aplicação do Direito (em inglês, Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act), abreviada como CALEA, é uma lei de grampos dos Estados Unidos da América aprovada em 1994, durante a presidência de Bill Clinton (Pub. L. No. 103-414, 108 Stat. 4279, codified at 47 USC 1001-1010).
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通信协助执法法 （Communication Assistance for Law Enforcement Act，縮寫：CALEA）是美国於1994年于比尔·克林顿任内通过的一项窃听法。 通信协助执法法的目的是增强执法和情报机构进行电子监听的能力。该法要求电信运营商和电信设备制造商修改并设计其设备、设施及服务，以确保它们带有监听功能，以允许联邦机构对所有电话、宽带互联网，以及VoIP通信内容进行实时监听。 起用通信协助执法法的最初目的是联邦调查局担心数字电话交换机的普及将使得在电话公司中心局进行的窃听工作变得困难和缓慢， 或者在一些情况下无法进行。为了增设通信协助执法法兼容接口，电话公司需要更替其系统中的软件或硬件，因此美国国会曾一度为这类网络改造提供经费支援。通信协助执法法于1994年10月25日通过，1995年1月1日生效。 在通信协助执法法通过后的数年中，该法经历了大范围扩张，使其覆盖VoIP和宽带互联网通信内容。从2004年到2007年，在通信协助执法法下进行的窃听行动数量增长了62%，而有关互联网数据（如電子郵件）的截获的增长则超过3,000%。 至2007年，联邦调查局已經在其系统上花费了 $39,000,000 美元，用于收集、存储、索引和分析通信数据。 Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) — закон США о прослушивании, принятый 25 октября 1994 года при президенте Билле Клинтоне как «Pub. L. No. 103—414, 108 Stat. 4279», кодифицирован в «47 USC 1001—1010». Вступил в силу с 1 января 1995 года. Целью CALEA было усилить возможности правоохранительных органов по проведению негласного электронного наблюдения, вынудив телекоммуникационные компании и производителей телекоммуникационного оборудования встроить в свои системы и сервисы возможности по перехвату переговоров. Таким образом федеральные агентства США получили возможности по прослушиванию телефонных переговоров, интернет-связи и даже звонков по VoIP. Изначальными причинами подготовки CALEA стали беспокойства ФБР из-за начала перехода с аналоговых телефонных коммутаторов на цифровые АТС, что могло бы замедлить, усложнить или сделать невозможным процесс подключения к телефонным линиям на телефонных станциях. Так как закон требовал обязательного добавления интерфейсов CALEA к оборудованию телефонных компаний, Конгресс США предоставил ограниченное по времени финансирование, покрывающее возникшие затраты на обновление телефонных сетей. CALEA несколько раз значительно расширялся, чтобы перехватывать все звонки через Интернет и другой интернет-трафик, в частности, в 2004 году. В период с 2004 по 2007 количество перехватов телефонов по CALEA выросло на 62 %, а перехватов интернет-данных, например, электронной почты — более чем в 30 раз. К 2007 ФБР потратило 39 миллионов долларов на систему DCSNet, которая собирает, хранит, индексирует и анализирует данные о переговорах эффективнее чем CALEA. Electronic Frontier Foundation предупреждает: * Закон CALEA приводит к тому, что программное и аппаратное обеспечение, созданное в США, стало менее привлекательным у мировых потребителей. * Закон CALEA может стать причиной вывода исследовательских подразделений из США. * Устройства, свободные от закладок CALEA, вероятно, доступны на сером рынке. A Lei de Auxílio das Comunicações para a aplicação do Direito (em inglês, Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act), abreviada como CALEA, é uma lei de grampos dos Estados Unidos da América aprovada em 1994, durante a presidência de Bill Clinton (Pub. L. No. 103-414, 108 Stat. 4279, codified at 47 USC 1001-1010). O propósito da CALEA é ampliar a capacidade da agências de inteligência na aplicação do direito e na condução de vigilância eletrônica, ao exigir que operadoras de telecomunicações e fabricantes de equipamentos de telecomunicações modifiquem e projetem seus equipamentos, instalações e serviços para garantir que eles tenha capacidades de vigilância embutidas. Originalmente, a CALEA excluía expressamente a regulação do tráfego de dados pela Internet, limitando-se à comunicação telefônica digital. Mas em 2005, a partir de uma requisição do Departmento de Justiça, do FBI e do DEA, a FCC expediu uma regulação que ampliou sua aplicação para incluir todo o tráfego de VoIP e Internet banda larga. A Electronic Frontier Foundation apresentou diversas ações judiciais para impedir a FCC de garantir essas capacidades ampliadas de vigilância doméstica, mas a constitucionalidade dessa interpretação foi ratificada pelo Poder Judiciário. De 2004 a 2007 houve um aumento de 62% no número de grampos realizados sob a CALEA, com um crescimento de mais de 3.000% na interceptação de dados de internet, tais como email. The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), also known as the "Digital Telephony Act," is a United States wiretapping law passed in 1994, during the presidency of Bill Clinton (Pub. L. No. 103-414, 108 Stat. 4279, codified at 47 USC 1001-1010). CALEA's purpose is to enhance the ability of law enforcement agencies to conduct lawful interception of communication by requiring that telecommunications carriers and manufacturers of telecommunications equipment modify and design their equipment, facilities, and services to ensure that they have built-in capabilities for targeted surveillance, allowing federal agencies to selectively wiretap any telephone traffic; it has since been extended to cover broadband Internet and VoIP traffic. Some government agencies argue that it covers mass surveillance of communications rather than just tapping specific lines and that not all CALEA-based access requires a warrant. The original reason for adopting CALEA was the Federal Bureau of Investigation's worry that increasing use of digital telephone exchange switches would make tapping phones at the phone company's central office harder and slower to execute, or in some cases impossible. Since the original requirement to add CALEA-compliant interfaces required phone companies to modify or replace hardware and software in their systems, U.S. Congress included funding for a limited time period to cover such network upgrades. CALEA was passed into law on October 25, 1994 and came into force on January 1, 1995. In the years since CALEA was passed it has been greatly expanded to include all VoIP and broadband Internet traffic. From 2004 to 2007 there was a 62 percent growth in the number of wiretaps performed under CALEA – and more than 3,000 percent growth in interception of Internet data such as email. By 2007, the FBI had spent $39 million on its Digital Collection System Network (DCSNet) system, which collects, stores, indexes, and analyzes communications data. Wikisource has original text related to this article:Doha
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