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- Jamaican Maroon language, Maroon Spirit language, Kromanti, Jamaican Maroon Creole or Deep patwa is a ritual language and formerly mother tongue of Jamaican Maroons. It is an English-based creole with a strong Akan component, specifically from the Fante dialect of the Central Region of Ghana. It is distinct from usual Jamaican Creole, being similar to the creoles of Sierra Leone (Krio) and Suriname such as Sranan and Ndyuka. It is also more purely Akan than regular Patois, with little to no contribution from other African languages. Today, the Maroon Spirit language is used by Jamaican Maroons (largely Coromantees). Another distinct ritual language (also called Kromanti) consisting mostly of words and phrases from Akan languages, is also used by Jamaican Maroons in certain rituals including some involving possession by ancestral spirits during Kromanti ceremonies or when addressing those who are possessed and sometimes used as a kind of code. The term "Kromanti" is used by participants in such ceremonies to refer to an African language spoken by ancestors in the distant past, prior to the creolization of Jamaican Maroon Creole. This term is used to refer to a language which is "clearly not a form of Jamaican Creole and displays very little English content" (Bilby 1983: 38). While Kromanti is not a functioning language, those possessed by ancestral spirits are attributed the ability to speak it. More remote ancestors are compared with more recent ancestors on a gradient, such that increasing strength and ability in the use of the non-creolized Kromanti are attributed to increasingly remote ancestors (as opposed to the Jamaican Maroon Creole used to address these ancestors). The language was brought along by the maroon population to Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) to Nova Scotia in 1796, where they were sent in exile. They eventually traveled to Sierra Leone in 1800. Their creole language highly influenced the local creole language that evolved into present day Krio. (en)
- A língua maroon jamaicana, também chamada língua do espírito maroon, Kromanti ou crioulo jamaicano maroon, é uma língua ritual, sendo também a antiga língua materna dos maroons (quilombolas) da Jamaica. Trata-se de uma língua crioula baseada no inglês, com um forte componente acã, especificamente do fante, uma variante falada na região central de Gana. É uma língua distinta do patoá jamaicano, sendo mais próxima das línguas crioulas do Suriname, tal como a Sranan. (pt)
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- A língua maroon jamaicana, também chamada língua do espírito maroon, Kromanti ou crioulo jamaicano maroon, é uma língua ritual, sendo também a antiga língua materna dos maroons (quilombolas) da Jamaica. Trata-se de uma língua crioula baseada no inglês, com um forte componente acã, especificamente do fante, uma variante falada na região central de Gana. É uma língua distinta do patoá jamaicano, sendo mais próxima das línguas crioulas do Suriname, tal como a Sranan. (pt)
- Jamaican Maroon language, Maroon Spirit language, Kromanti, Jamaican Maroon Creole or Deep patwa is a ritual language and formerly mother tongue of Jamaican Maroons. It is an English-based creole with a strong Akan component, specifically from the Fante dialect of the Central Region of Ghana. It is distinct from usual Jamaican Creole, being similar to the creoles of Sierra Leone (Krio) and Suriname such as Sranan and Ndyuka. It is also more purely Akan than regular Patois, with little to no contribution from other African languages. Today, the Maroon Spirit language is used by Jamaican Maroons (largely Coromantees). Another distinct ritual language (also called Kromanti) consisting mostly of words and phrases from Akan languages, is also used by Jamaican Maroons in certain rituals includin (en)
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- Jamaican Maroon Creole (en)
- Língua maroon jamaicana (pt)
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