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- Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermal depolymerization process used to convert wet biomass, and other macromolecules, into crude-like oil under moderate temperature and high pressure. The crude-like oil has high energy density with a lower heating value of 33.8-36.9 MJ/kg and 5-20 wt% oxygen and renewable chemicals. The process has also been called hydrous pyrolysis. The reaction usually involves homogeneous and/or heterogeneous catalysts to improve the quality of products and yields. Carbon and hydrogen of an organic material, such as biomass, peat or low-ranked coals (lignite) are thermo-chemically converted into hydrophobic compounds with low viscosity and high solubility. Depending on the processing conditions, the fuel can be used as produced for heavy engines, including marine and rail or upgraded to transportation fuels, such as diesel, gasoline or jet-fuels. The process may be a significant in the creation of fossil fuels. Simple heating without water, anhydrous pyrolysis has long been considered to take place naturally during the catagenesis of kerogens to fossil fuels. In recent decades it has been found that water under pressure causes more efficient breakdown of kerogens at lower temperatures than without it. The carbon isotope ratio of natural gas also suggests that hydrogen from water has been added during creation of the gas. (en)
- Skraplanie hydrotermalne (ang. hydrothermal liquefaction, HTL) – proces (TDP) w której w umiarkowanej temperaturze i pod wysokim ciśnieniem następuje przetworzenie mokrej biomasy na substancję podobną do ropy naftowej, tzw. oleju HTL. Uzyskany surowiec cechuje się dużą gęstością energii oraz mniejszą wartością opałową (33,8–36,9 MJ/kg), 5–20% masy to tlen i odnawialne substancje chemiczne. Reakcja zwykle przebiega z udziałem katalizy homogenicznej lub heterogenicznej, w celu zwiększenia jakości oraz ilości produktu. Węgiel i wodór zawarty w materiale organicznym, takim jak biomasa, torf lub węgiel o niskiej wartości opałowej (węgiel brunatny) są przetwarzane termochemicznie w związki hydrofobowe o niskiej lepkości i wysokiej rozpuszczalności. W zależności od warunków przebiegu procesu, produkt może być wykorzystany jako paliwo napędowe dla silników o dużej mocy, jak silniki kolejowe i morskie lub być przetworzony na paliwo transportowe, takie jak olej napędowy, benzyna, czy paliwo lotnicze. (pl)
- A liquefação hidrotérmica (HTL) é um processo de despolimerização térmica usado para converter a biomassa úmida em óleo bruto, às vezes chamado de bio-óleo ou biocrude, sob temperatura moderada e alta pressão. O óleo do tipo bruto (ou bio-óleo) tem alta densidade de energia com um valor mais baixo de aquecimento de 33,8-36,9 MJ/kg e 5-20% em peso de oxigênio e produtos químicos renováveis. A reação geralmente envolve catalisadores homogêneos e/ou heterogêneos para melhorar a qualidade dos produtos e rendimentos. O carbono e o hidrogênio de um material orgânico, como biomassa, turfa ou carvão de baixa classificação (linhito) são termoquimicamente convertidos em compostos hidrofóbicos com baixa viscosidade e alta solubilidade. Dependendo das condições de processamento, o combustível pode ser usado como produzido para motores pesados, incluindo marítimos e ferroviários ou atualizado para combustíveis de transporte, como diesel, gasolina ou jet-fuel. (pt)
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- Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermal depolymerization process used to convert wet biomass, and other macromolecules, into crude-like oil under moderate temperature and high pressure. The crude-like oil has high energy density with a lower heating value of 33.8-36.9 MJ/kg and 5-20 wt% oxygen and renewable chemicals. The process has also been called hydrous pyrolysis. (en)
- Skraplanie hydrotermalne (ang. hydrothermal liquefaction, HTL) – proces (TDP) w której w umiarkowanej temperaturze i pod wysokim ciśnieniem następuje przetworzenie mokrej biomasy na substancję podobną do ropy naftowej, tzw. oleju HTL. Uzyskany surowiec cechuje się dużą gęstością energii oraz mniejszą wartością opałową (33,8–36,9 MJ/kg), 5–20% masy to tlen i odnawialne substancje chemiczne. (pl)
- A liquefação hidrotérmica (HTL) é um processo de despolimerização térmica usado para converter a biomassa úmida em óleo bruto, às vezes chamado de bio-óleo ou biocrude, sob temperatura moderada e alta pressão. O óleo do tipo bruto (ou bio-óleo) tem alta densidade de energia com um valor mais baixo de aquecimento de 33,8-36,9 MJ/kg e 5-20% em peso de oxigênio e produtos químicos renováveis. (pt)
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