In the United States, the concept of a working class remains vaguely defined, and classifying people or jobs into this class can be contentious. Economists and pollsters in the United States generally define "working class" adults as those lacking a college degree, rather than by occupation or income. Many members of the working class, as defined by academic models, are often identified in the vernacular as being middle-class, there is considerable ambiguity over the term's meaning. According to Frank Newport, "for some, working class is a more literal label; namely, an indication that one is working." Sociologists such as Dennis Gilbert and Joseph Kahl see the working class as the most populous in the United States, while other sociologists such as William Thompson, Joseph Hickey and Jame
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| - Working class in the United States (en)
- 美國工人階級 (zh)
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| - In the United States, the concept of a working class remains vaguely defined, and classifying people or jobs into this class can be contentious. Economists and pollsters in the United States generally define "working class" adults as those lacking a college degree, rather than by occupation or income. Many members of the working class, as defined by academic models, are often identified in the vernacular as being middle-class, there is considerable ambiguity over the term's meaning. According to Frank Newport, "for some, working class is a more literal label; namely, an indication that one is working." Sociologists such as Dennis Gilbert and Joseph Kahl see the working class as the most populous in the United States, while other sociologists such as William Thompson, Joseph Hickey and Jame (en)
- 在美國，工人階級的概念仍然模糊不清，將人或工作劃分為這一階層可能會引起爭議。美國的經濟學家和民意測驗專家通常將“工人階級”成年人定義為沒有大學學位的人，而不是按職業或收入來定義的人。根據學術模型的定義，許多工人階級成員在白話中通常被認定為中產階級，這個詞的含義相當模糊。根據弗蘭克·紐波特的說法，“對一些人來說，工人階級是一個更字面的標籤；丹尼斯·吉爾伯特（Dennis Gilbert）和約瑟夫·卡爾（Joseph Kahl）等社會學家將工人階級視為美國人口最多的群體，而威廉·湯普森（William Thompson）等其他社會學家，約瑟夫·希基（Joseph Hickey）和詹姆斯·亨斯林（James Henslin）認為中下層階級的人口稍微多一些。在這些社會學家設計的階級模型中，工人階級占人口的30%到35%，與中下層階級的比例大致相同。根據丹尼斯·吉爾伯特（Dennis Gilbert）的階級模型，工人階級由社會第25和55百分比特之間的人組成。2018年，31%的美國人自稱為工人階級。退休的美國成年人不太可能自稱為“工人階級”，不管成年人的實際收入或教育水准如何。工人階級通常從事文書、零售和低技能體力勞動職業。低層白領也包括在這個階層中。 (zh)
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| - In the United States, the concept of a working class remains vaguely defined, and classifying people or jobs into this class can be contentious. Economists and pollsters in the United States generally define "working class" adults as those lacking a college degree, rather than by occupation or income. Many members of the working class, as defined by academic models, are often identified in the vernacular as being middle-class, there is considerable ambiguity over the term's meaning. According to Frank Newport, "for some, working class is a more literal label; namely, an indication that one is working." Sociologists such as Dennis Gilbert and Joseph Kahl see the working class as the most populous in the United States, while other sociologists such as William Thompson, Joseph Hickey and James Henslin deem the lower middle class slightly more populous. In the class models devised by these sociologists, the working class comprises between 30% and 35% of the population, roughly the same percentages as the lower middle class. According to the class model by Dennis Gilbert, the working class comprises those between the 25th and 55th percentile of society. In 2018, 31% of Americans self described themselves as working class. Retired American adults are less likely to describe themselves as "working class", regardless of the actual income or education level of the adult. Those in the working class are commonly employed in clerical, retail sales, and low-skill manual labor occupations. Low-level white-collar workers are included in this class. For purposes of political science, and less scientific or journalistic political analysis, defining the working class as less well educated workers is useful. One can then meaningfully analyze the political opinions and political behavior of, say, the white working class in the United States. In the case of the United States, for example, the white working class is often defined as "white" (i.e. non-Hispanic) workers who have not completed college. (en)
- 在美國，工人階級的概念仍然模糊不清，將人或工作劃分為這一階層可能會引起爭議。美國的經濟學家和民意測驗專家通常將“工人階級”成年人定義為沒有大學學位的人，而不是按職業或收入來定義的人。根據學術模型的定義，許多工人階級成員在白話中通常被認定為中產階級，這個詞的含義相當模糊。根據弗蘭克·紐波特的說法，“對一些人來說，工人階級是一個更字面的標籤；丹尼斯·吉爾伯特（Dennis Gilbert）和約瑟夫·卡爾（Joseph Kahl）等社會學家將工人階級視為美國人口最多的群體，而威廉·湯普森（William Thompson）等其他社會學家，約瑟夫·希基（Joseph Hickey）和詹姆斯·亨斯林（James Henslin）認為中下層階級的人口稍微多一些。在這些社會學家設計的階級模型中，工人階級占人口的30%到35%，與中下層階級的比例大致相同。根據丹尼斯·吉爾伯特（Dennis Gilbert）的階級模型，工人階級由社會第25和55百分比特之間的人組成。2018年，31%的美國人自稱為工人階級。退休的美國成年人不太可能自稱為“工人階級”，不管成年人的實際收入或教育水准如何。工人階級通常從事文書、零售和低技能體力勞動職業。低層白領也包括在這個階層中。 出於政治學和不太科學或新聞政治分析的目的，將工人階級定義為受教育程度較低的工人是有用的。人們可以有意義地分析美國白人工人階級的政治觀點和政治行為。例如，在美國，白人工人階級通常被定義為未完成大學學業的“白人”（即非西班牙裔）工人。 (zh)
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