The Widal test, developed in 1896 and named after its inventor, Georges-Fernand Widal, is an indirect agglutination test for enteric fever or undulant fever whereby bacteria causing typhoid fever is mixed with a serum containing specific antibodies obtained from an infected individual. In cases of Salmonella infection, it is a demonstration of the presence of O-soma false-positive result. Test results need to be interpreted carefully to account for any history of enteric fever, typhoid vaccination, and the general level of antibodies in the populations in endemic areas of the world. As with all serological tests, the rise in antibody levels needed to perform the diagnosis takes 7–14 days, which limits its applicability in early diagnosis. Other means of diagnosing Salmonella typhi (and par
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| - Gruber-Widal-Reaktion (de)
- Widal (in)
- Test di Widal (it)
- ビダール反応 (ja)
- Reação de Widal (pt)
- Widal test (en)
- Реакція Відаля (uk)
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| - Die Gruber-Widal-Reaktion, benannt nach dem Hygieniker Max von Gruber (1853–1927) und dem französischen Pathologen Fernand Widal (1862–1929), dient dem Nachweis von spezifischen Antikörpern mit Hilfe von Antigenen auf bekannten Bakterien. Durch die Ermittlung des Titers erlaubt die Gruber-Widal-Reaktion einen Schluss auf die Konzentration dieser Antikörper im Blutserum eines Patienten. (de)
- Widal atau uji Widal adalah prosedur uji serologi untuk mendeteksi bakteri Salmonella enterica yang mengakibatkan penyakit Thipoid. Uji ini akan memperlihatkan reaksi antibodi Salmonella terhadap antigen O-somatik dan H-flagellar di dalam darah. (in)
- Il test di Widal è un metodo utile per la diagnosi di malattie infettive caratterizzate da febbre persistente. (it)
- ビダール反応（ビダールはんのう）とは腸チフスやパラチフスの診断に使う血清反応のこと。凝集反応を応用した診断方法。（ビダール）が創始し、普通は腸チフス菌とA型及びB型パラチフス菌の及びを凝集原にして、腸チフス及びパラチフスに感染していると思われる患者に血清を倍数希釈し、それぞれに凝集原を滴下した後に凝集の有無を検査した後、200倍以上が陽性の場合にチフスに感染している可能性が非常に高いということになる。 (ja)
- Реакція Відаля (англ. Widal test; Widal reaction to О-, Н-, Vi- antigen) — серологічний тест для діагностики черевного тифу. (uk)
- The Widal test, developed in 1896 and named after its inventor, Georges-Fernand Widal, is an indirect agglutination test for enteric fever or undulant fever whereby bacteria causing typhoid fever is mixed with a serum containing specific antibodies obtained from an infected individual. In cases of Salmonella infection, it is a demonstration of the presence of O-soma false-positive result. Test results need to be interpreted carefully to account for any history of enteric fever, typhoid vaccination, and the general level of antibodies in the populations in endemic areas of the world. As with all serological tests, the rise in antibody levels needed to perform the diagnosis takes 7–14 days, which limits its applicability in early diagnosis. Other means of diagnosing Salmonella typhi (and par (en)
- A reacção de Widal, ou teste de Gruber-Widal, é um teste serológico presuntivo que permite detectar a infecção por bactérias do género Salmonella, em geral aplicado em indivíduos que apresentam sintomas de febre tifóide ou de brucelose. O teste consiste em verificar a aglutinação de anticorpos numa amostra de sangue após a adição de uma pequena quantidade dos antigénios O-somático e H-flagelar. Sendo apenas presuntiva e sujeita a frequentes falsos positivos, caiu em desuso na prática clínica, substituída por métodos de detecção directa em hemocultura e coprocultura e por testes de diagnóstico rápido como o Dip-S-Ticks (IgG), TyphiDot (IgG,IgM) e TUBEX (IgM). O nome do teste resulta de ter sido inventado pelo médico francês Fernand Widal (1862-1929), com base no trabalho do higienista alem (pt)
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| - Seropositivity: immune agglutination reaction to specific infectious agent (en)
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| - serological test for enteric fever (en)
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| - Die Gruber-Widal-Reaktion, benannt nach dem Hygieniker Max von Gruber (1853–1927) und dem französischen Pathologen Fernand Widal (1862–1929), dient dem Nachweis von spezifischen Antikörpern mit Hilfe von Antigenen auf bekannten Bakterien. Durch die Ermittlung des Titers erlaubt die Gruber-Widal-Reaktion einen Schluss auf die Konzentration dieser Antikörper im Blutserum eines Patienten. (de)
- Widal atau uji Widal adalah prosedur uji serologi untuk mendeteksi bakteri Salmonella enterica yang mengakibatkan penyakit Thipoid. Uji ini akan memperlihatkan reaksi antibodi Salmonella terhadap antigen O-somatik dan H-flagellar di dalam darah. (in)
- The Widal test, developed in 1896 and named after its inventor, Georges-Fernand Widal, is an indirect agglutination test for enteric fever or undulant fever whereby bacteria causing typhoid fever is mixed with a serum containing specific antibodies obtained from an infected individual. In cases of Salmonella infection, it is a demonstration of the presence of O-soma false-positive result. Test results need to be interpreted carefully to account for any history of enteric fever, typhoid vaccination, and the general level of antibodies in the populations in endemic areas of the world. As with all serological tests, the rise in antibody levels needed to perform the diagnosis takes 7–14 days, which limits its applicability in early diagnosis. Other means of diagnosing Salmonella typhi (and paratyphi) include cultures of blood, urine and faeces. These organisms produce H2S from thiosulfate and can be identified easily on differential media such as bismuth sulfite agar. Typhidot is the other test used to ascertain the diagnosis of typhoid fever. A new serological test called the Tubex test is neither superior nor better performing than the Widal test. Therefore, Tubex test is not recommended for diagnosis of typhoid fever. 2-mercaptoethanol is often added to the Widal test. This agent more easily denatures the IgM class of antibodies, so if a decrease in the titer is seen after using this agent, it means that the contribution of IgM has been removed leaving the IgG component. This differentiation of antibody classes is important as it allows for the distinction of a recent (IgM) from an old infection (IgG). The Widal test is positive if TO antigen titer is more than 1:160 in an active infection, or if TH antigen titer is more than 1:160 in past infection or in immunized persons. A single Widal test is of little clinical relevance especially in endemic areas such as Indian subcontinent, Africa and South-east Asia. This is due to recurrent exposure to the typhoid causing bacteria, immunization and high chances of cross-reaction from infections, such as malaria and non typhoidal salmonella. If no other tests (either bacteriologic culture or more specific serology) are available, a fourfold increase in the titer (e.g., from 1:40 to 1:640) in the course of the infection, or a conversion from an IgM reaction to an IgG reaction of at least the same titer, would be consistent with a typhoid infection. (en)
- Il test di Widal è un metodo utile per la diagnosi di malattie infettive caratterizzate da febbre persistente. (it)
- ビダール反応（ビダールはんのう）とは腸チフスやパラチフスの診断に使う血清反応のこと。凝集反応を応用した診断方法。（ビダール）が創始し、普通は腸チフス菌とA型及びB型パラチフス菌の及びを凝集原にして、腸チフス及びパラチフスに感染していると思われる患者に血清を倍数希釈し、それぞれに凝集原を滴下した後に凝集の有無を検査した後、200倍以上が陽性の場合にチフスに感染している可能性が非常に高いということになる。 (ja)
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