Unobtrusive research (or unobtrusive measures) is a method of data collection used primarily in the social sciences. The term "unobtrusive measures" was first coined by Webb, Campbell, Schwartz, & Sechrest in a 1966 book titled Unobtrusive Measures: nonreactive research in the social sciences. The authors described methodologies which do not involve direct elicitation of data from the research subjects. Unobtrusive measures are contrasted with interviews and questionnaires, in that they try to find indirect ways to obtain the necessary data. The unobtrusive approach often seeks unusual data sources, such as garbage, graffiti and obituaries, as well as more conventional ones such as published statistics.
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| - Unobtrusive research (en)
- 非介入性研究 (zh)
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| - 非介入性研究（Unobtrusive research），或譯非侵入性研究、暗地調查法等，是一種社會科學研究方法。研究者在不驚動調查對象的前提下，進行資料蒐集工作，從而避免「主體反應」（subject reaction）問題。在社會科學領域，由於研究對象是人，人們得知自己成為研究對象後，往往會試圖迎合研究者，而做出非預期或非常態行為，影響研究結果。為了避免這種情況發生，研究者改以不驚動研究對象的方法蒐集資料，包括隱瞞身分以便進入特定場域、分析研究對象的公開資訊，或暗中記錄研究對象的行為等。 非介入性研究這一概念，最早由美國社會學家等人於1966年在《非介入性方法：社會科學的非反應性研究》（Unobtrusive Measures: nonreactive research in the social sciences）這本書中提出。在這本書裡，韋伯等人藉由觀察人們留下的線索進行調查。舉例來說，要知道博物館裡最受歡迎的展覽品為何，比起發放問卷，觀察展覽品前地毯的磨損程度，也許更能反映真實情況。如同其它研究方法，非介入性方法同樣要面對信度與效度的問題；研究者並非隨意觀察，而是透過嚴謹的研究設計來瞭解社會行為。 常見的非介入性研究，包括內容分析法、分析一手統計資料、與歷史研究法等。 (zh)
- Unobtrusive research (or unobtrusive measures) is a method of data collection used primarily in the social sciences. The term "unobtrusive measures" was first coined by Webb, Campbell, Schwartz, & Sechrest in a 1966 book titled Unobtrusive Measures: nonreactive research in the social sciences. The authors described methodologies which do not involve direct elicitation of data from the research subjects. Unobtrusive measures are contrasted with interviews and questionnaires, in that they try to find indirect ways to obtain the necessary data. The unobtrusive approach often seeks unusual data sources, such as garbage, graffiti and obituaries, as well as more conventional ones such as published statistics. (en)
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| - Unobtrusive research (or unobtrusive measures) is a method of data collection used primarily in the social sciences. The term "unobtrusive measures" was first coined by Webb, Campbell, Schwartz, & Sechrest in a 1966 book titled Unobtrusive Measures: nonreactive research in the social sciences. The authors described methodologies which do not involve direct elicitation of data from the research subjects. Unobtrusive measures are contrasted with interviews and questionnaires, in that they try to find indirect ways to obtain the necessary data. The unobtrusive approach often seeks unusual data sources, such as garbage, graffiti and obituaries, as well as more conventional ones such as published statistics. Unobtrusive measures should not be perceived as an alternative to more reactive methods such as interviews, surveys and experiments, but rather as an additional tool in the tool chest of the social researcher. Unobtrusive measures can assist in tackling known biases such as selection bias and experimenter's bias. Webb and his colleagues emphasize the importance of triangulating the results obtained through various methodologies, each with its own unique set of (usually unknown) biases. The proliferation of digital media opened a new era for communication researchers in search of unobtrusively obtained data sources. Online communication creates digital footprints that can allow an analysis of data that are obtained through unobtrusive methods, and are also massively larger than any corpora obtained via elicitation and human transcription. These footprints can now be used to analyze topics such as the content of communication events, the process of communication, and the structure of the communicative network. The surge of Internet-sourced research data rekindled the discussion of the ethical aspects of using unobtrusively obtained data. For example, can all data collected in the public domain be used for research purposes? When should we seek consent, and is it realistic to require informed consent from sources of unobtrusively collected data? These questions do not have a simple answer, and the solution is a result of a careful and ongoing dialog between researchers, and between researchers and society. (en)
- 非介入性研究（Unobtrusive research），或譯非侵入性研究、暗地調查法等，是一種社會科學研究方法。研究者在不驚動調查對象的前提下，進行資料蒐集工作，從而避免「主體反應」（subject reaction）問題。在社會科學領域，由於研究對象是人，人們得知自己成為研究對象後，往往會試圖迎合研究者，而做出非預期或非常態行為，影響研究結果。為了避免這種情況發生，研究者改以不驚動研究對象的方法蒐集資料，包括隱瞞身分以便進入特定場域、分析研究對象的公開資訊，或暗中記錄研究對象的行為等。 非介入性研究這一概念，最早由美國社會學家等人於1966年在《非介入性方法：社會科學的非反應性研究》（Unobtrusive Measures: nonreactive research in the social sciences）這本書中提出。在這本書裡，韋伯等人藉由觀察人們留下的線索進行調查。舉例來說，要知道博物館裡最受歡迎的展覽品為何，比起發放問卷，觀察展覽品前地毯的磨損程度，也許更能反映真實情況。如同其它研究方法，非介入性方法同樣要面對信度與效度的問題；研究者並非隨意觀察，而是透過嚴謹的研究設計來瞭解社會行為。 常見的非介入性研究，包括內容分析法、分析一手統計資料、與歷史研究法等。 (zh)
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