| rdfs:comment
| - Un tote board (ou totalisator / totalizator ) (qui peut être traduit totalisateur), est un affichage numérique ou alphanumérique utilisé pour transmettre des informations, généralement sur une piste de course (pour afficher les cotes ou les gains de chaque cheval) ou lors d'un téléthon (pour afficher le montant total des dons à l'organisation caritative qui parraine l'événement). (fr)
- A tote board (or totalisator/totalizator) is a numeric or alphanumeric display used to convey information, typically at a race track (to display the odds or payoffs for each horse) or at a telethon (to display the total amount donated to the charitable organization sponsoring the event). Totalisators have been superseded by general purpose computers running specialised wagering software such as Autotote. In many cases beyond older systems, telethon tote boards have either been replaced by LCD displays showing totals, or scoreboards adapted to display dollar amounts. (en)
- 토트 보드(tote board) 또는 토틀리제이터(totalisator/totalizator)는 북메이커 시스템과는 대조적인 것으로서, 1860년대에 프랑스에서 처음 시도되었었다. 프랑스에서는 파리 뮈튀엘(Pari mutuel)이라고 말하는데 참가하는 사람들이 패를 갈라 승부를 겨루고 이긴 사람, 즉 적중한 사람들이 일정한 규칙에 의해서 진 사람들이 걸어놓은 돈을 공평하게 분배한다는 것이 이 시스템의 근본적인 방법이다. 경마·경륜(競輪) 등의 주최자는 운영자이고, 걸어놓은 돈은 계산 뒤이기는 하지만 북메이커와 같이 내기의 대상은 결코 아니다.토틀리제이터 시스템을 오늘날에 생각해 본다면 아무것도 아닌 제도인 것처럼 생각되지만 이 시스템의 발명은 북메이커의 발상(發祥)보다는 스포츠를 대상으로 하는 내기(노름)의 발전에 커다란 공헌을 한 것으로서 갬블 사상(史上) 특기할 만한 일이다. 실제로 세계 각국이 각종의 스포츠 노름을 공인한 것은 토틀리제이터 시스템이 보급된 19세기 말부터 20세기에 걸쳐서 이루어지고 있다. (ko)
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| has abstract
| - Un tote board (ou totalisator / totalizator ) (qui peut être traduit totalisateur), est un affichage numérique ou alphanumérique utilisé pour transmettre des informations, généralement sur une piste de course (pour afficher les cotes ou les gains de chaque cheval) ou lors d'un téléthon (pour afficher le montant total des dons à l'organisation caritative qui parraine l'événement). Le terme "tote board" vient de l'expression familière "totalizator" (ou "totalisateur"), nom du système automatisé qui gère le pari mutuel, calcule les cotes de gain, les affiche et produit des billets en fonction des paris reçus. Les systèmes de pari mutuel utilisaient des panneaux de totalisateurs depuis les années 1860 et ils étaient souvent installés dans des bâtiments importants. Cependant, les systèmes manuels entraînaient souvent des retards importants dans le calcul des gains des clients. Le premier totalisateur entièrement mécanique a été inventé par George Julius. Julius était un ingénieur-conseil, basé à Sydney. Son père, Churchill Julius, un évêque anglican, avait fait campagne, dans les premières années du vingtième siècle, contre les iniquités des jeux d'argent utilisant des totalisateurs et leurs dommages à la société néo-zélandaise. Cette attitude a changé à la fin de l'année 1907, lorsqu'il a fait valoir que le totalisateur éliminait une grande partie de l'iniquité des jeux d'argent chez les bookmakers. L'évêque Churchill était lui-même un mécanicien amateur qui avait la réputation de réparer les horloges et les orgues des paroisses qu'il visitait. Au départ, George Julius tentait de mettre au point une machine à calculer les votes pour le gouvernement australien, afin de réduire automatiquement les cas de fraude électorale et de créer un environnement politique sans tricherie. Il a ensuite présenté son invention unique, mais sa conception a été rejetée car elle était jugée excessive. La première machine entièrement mécanique a été installée à l'hippodrome d'Ellerslie en Nouvelle-Zélande en 1913 (utilisée pour la première fois lors des courses du samedi saint le 22 mars 1913), et la seconde a été installée à l'hippodrome de Gloucester Park en Australie occidentale en 1917. George Julius a fondé Automatic Totalisators Limited (ATL) en 1917, qui a fourni le "Premier Totalisator : now including electrical components". Les premiers totalisateurs installés aux États-Unis l'ont été à Hialeah Park, en Floride, en 1932 (par ATL), et à l'hippodrome d'Arlington Park, à Chicago, en 1933 par American Totalisator. Le premier totalisateur entièrement électronique a été mis au point en 1966. Les totalisateurs ont été remplacés par des ordinateurs à usage général qui utilisent des logiciels de paris spécialisés tels que Autotote. Dans de nombreux cas, au-delà des anciens systèmes, les tableaux d'affichage du téléthon ont été remplacés par des écrans LCD affichant les totaux, ou des tableaux d'affichage adaptés pour afficher les montants en dollars. (fr)
- A tote board (or totalisator/totalizator) is a numeric or alphanumeric display used to convey information, typically at a race track (to display the odds or payoffs for each horse) or at a telethon (to display the total amount donated to the charitable organization sponsoring the event). The term "tote board" comes from the colloquialism for "totalizator" (or "totalisator"), the name for the automated system which runs parimutuel betting, calculating payoff odds, displaying them, and producing tickets based on incoming bets. Parimutuel systems had used totalisator boards since the 1860s and they were often housed in substantial buildings. However the manual systems often resulted in substantial delays in calculations of clients' payouts. The first all-mechanical totalisator was invented by George Julius. Julius was a consulting engineer, based in Sydney. His father, Churchill Julius, an Anglican Bishop, had campaigned, in the early years of the twentieth century, against the iniquities of gambling using totalisators and its damage to New Zealand society. That attitude had changed by late 1907 when he argued that the totalisator removed much of the evil of gambling with bookmakers. Bishop Churchill was himself an amateur mechanic with a reputation for fixing clocks and organs in parishes he visited. Initially, George Julius was attempting to develop a voting calculating machine for the Australian government, to automatically reduce the instances of voter fraud and create a cheat-free political environment. He went on to present his unique invention, only to have his design rejected as it was deemed to be excessive. The first all-mechanical machine was installed at Ellerslie Racecourse in New Zealand in 1913 (first used on the Holy Saturday races on 22 March 1913), and the second was installed at Gloucester Park Racetrack in Western Australia in 1917. George Julius founded Automatic Totalisators Limited (ATL) in 1917, which supplied the "Premier Totalisator: now including electrical components". The first totalisators installed in the United States were at Hialeah Park, Florida, in 1932 (by ATL), and at Arlington Park racecourse, Chicago, in 1933 by American Totalisator. The first entirely electronic totalisator was developed in 1966. Totalisators have been superseded by general purpose computers running specialised wagering software such as Autotote. In many cases beyond older systems, telethon tote boards have either been replaced by LCD displays showing totals, or scoreboards adapted to display dollar amounts. (en)
- 토트 보드(tote board) 또는 토틀리제이터(totalisator/totalizator)는 북메이커 시스템과는 대조적인 것으로서, 1860년대에 프랑스에서 처음 시도되었었다. 프랑스에서는 파리 뮈튀엘(Pari mutuel)이라고 말하는데 참가하는 사람들이 패를 갈라 승부를 겨루고 이긴 사람, 즉 적중한 사람들이 일정한 규칙에 의해서 진 사람들이 걸어놓은 돈을 공평하게 분배한다는 것이 이 시스템의 근본적인 방법이다. 경마·경륜(競輪) 등의 주최자는 운영자이고, 걸어놓은 돈은 계산 뒤이기는 하지만 북메이커와 같이 내기의 대상은 결코 아니다.토틀리제이터 시스템을 오늘날에 생각해 본다면 아무것도 아닌 제도인 것처럼 생각되지만 이 시스템의 발명은 북메이커의 발상(發祥)보다는 스포츠를 대상으로 하는 내기(노름)의 발전에 커다란 공헌을 한 것으로서 갬블 사상(史上) 특기할 만한 일이다. 실제로 세계 각국이 각종의 스포츠 노름을 공인한 것은 토틀리제이터 시스템이 보급된 19세기 말부터 20세기에 걸쳐서 이루어지고 있다. 이 문서에는 다음커뮤니케이션(현 카카오)에서 GFDL 또는 CC-SA 라이선스로 배포한 글로벌 세계대백과사전의 "토틀리제이터 시스템" 항목을 기초로 작성된 글이 포함되어 있습니다. (ko)
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