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Thraco-Cimmerian is a historiographical and archaeological term, composed of the names of the Thracians and the Cimmerians. It refers to 8th to 7th century BC cultures that are linked in Eastern Central Europe and in the area west of the Black Sea.

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  • Traco-Cimmero (it)
  • Thraco-Cimmerisch (nl)
  • Thraco-Cimmerian (en)
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  • Tracio-Cimmero è un termine archeologico composto dal nome di due popolazioni: i Traci e i Cimmeri. Viene usato per indicare degli oggetti di fattura orientale (Steppe, Caucaso) che si diffusero nella prima età del ferro (VII secolo a.C.) in larga parte dell'Europa centro-orientale, raggiungendo anche la Svizzera e la Danimarca. Assieme a questi oggetti apparvero per la prima volta nell'Europa centrale manufatti in ferro, che accompagnarono la diffusione della cultura protoceltica di Hallstatt. (it)
  • Thraco-Cimmerian is a historiographical and archaeological term, composed of the names of the Thracians and the Cimmerians. It refers to 8th to 7th century BC cultures that are linked in Eastern Central Europe and in the area west of the Black Sea. (en)
  • Thraco-Cimmerisch is een archeologische term die wordt gebruikt voor een groep vondsten uit de 8e-7e eeuw v.Chr. in een groot gebied van van de Pontisch-Kaspische Steppe tot Centraal-Europa. De benaming is afgeleid van de historisch bekende volkeren der Thraciërs en Cimmeriërs, waarmee een verband werd verondersteld. (nl)
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  • Thraco-Cimmerian is a historiographical and archaeological term, composed of the names of the Thracians and the Cimmerians. It refers to 8th to 7th century BC cultures that are linked in Eastern Central Europe and in the area west of the Black Sea. Paul Reinecke in 1925 postulated a North-Thracian-Cimmerian cultural sphere (nordthrakisch-kimmerischer Kulturkreis) overlapping with the younger Hallstatt culture of the Eastern Alps. The term Thraco-Cimmerian (thrako-kimmerisch) was first introduced by Romanian archaeologist and historian Ion Nestor in the 1930s. It reflects a "migrationist" tendency in the archaeology of the first half of the 20th century to equate material archaeology with historical ethnicities. Nestor intended to suggest that there was a historical migration of Cimmerians into Eastern Europe from the area of the former Srubna culture, perhaps triggered by the Scythian expansion, at the beginning of the European Iron Age. This "migrationist" or "invasionist" theory, assuming that the development of the mature Hallstatt culture (Hallstatt C) was triggered by a Cimmerian invasion, was the scholarly mainstream until the 1980s. In the 1980s and 1990s, more systematic studies of the artefacts revealed a more gradual development over the period covering the 9th to 7th centuries, so that the term "Thraco-Cimmerian" is now rather used by convention and does not necessarily imply a direct connection with either the Thracians or the Cimmerians. Archaeologically, Thraco-Cimmerian artifacts consist of grave goods and hoards. The artifacts labelled Thraco-Cimmerian all belong to a category of upper class, luxury objects, like weapons, horse tacks and jewelry, and they are recovered only from a small percentage of graves of the period. They are metal (usually bronze) items, particularly parts of horse tacks, found in a late Urnfield context, but without local Urnfield predecessors for their type. They appear rather to spread from the Koban culture of the Caucasus and northern Georgia, which together with the Srubna culture, blends into the 9th to 7th centuries pre-Scythian Chernogorovka and Novocherkassk cultures. By the 7th century, Thraco-Cimmerian objects are spread further west over most of Eastern and Central Europe, locations of finds reaching to Denmark and eastern Prussia in the north and to Lake Zürich in the west. Together with these bronze artifacts, earliest Iron items appear, ushering in the European Iron Age, corresponding to the Proto-Celtic expansion from the Hallstatt culture. (en)
  • Tracio-Cimmero è un termine archeologico composto dal nome di due popolazioni: i Traci e i Cimmeri. Viene usato per indicare degli oggetti di fattura orientale (Steppe, Caucaso) che si diffusero nella prima età del ferro (VII secolo a.C.) in larga parte dell'Europa centro-orientale, raggiungendo anche la Svizzera e la Danimarca. Assieme a questi oggetti apparvero per la prima volta nell'Europa centrale manufatti in ferro, che accompagnarono la diffusione della cultura protoceltica di Hallstatt. (it)
  • Thraco-Cimmerisch is een archeologische term die wordt gebruikt voor een groep vondsten uit de 8e-7e eeuw v.Chr. in een groot gebied van van de Pontisch-Kaspische Steppe tot Centraal-Europa. De benaming is afgeleid van de historisch bekende volkeren der Thraciërs en Cimmeriërs, waarmee een verband werd verondersteld. In 1925 postuleerde Paul Reinecke een zogenaamde "Noordthrakisch-Cimmerische cultuurregio" (nordthrakisch-kimmerischer Kulturkreis) welke overlapte met de vroege Hallstattcultuur van de oostelijke Alpen. De term Thraco-Cimmerisch (thrako-kimmerisch) werd voor het eerst gebruikt door de Roemeense archeoloog Ion Nestor in de jaren 1930. Nestor veronderstelde een migratie van Cimmeriërs naar Centraal-Europa uit het gebied van de sroebnacultuur, mogelijk veroorzaakt door een Scythische expansie uit Centraal-Azië, aan het begin van de Europese IJzertijd. Deze zou van bepalende invloed zijn op de late Lausitzcultuur en de zich ontwikkelende Hallstattcultuur. De Thraco-Cimmerische vondsten bestaan uit grafgiften en depotvondsten. Alle artefacten zijn luxe- en prestigeartikelen zoals zwaarden, paardentuig en sieraden, en worden slechts in een klein deel van de graven uit de betreffende periode gevonden. De metalen, meest bronzen voorwerpen worden gevonden in de context van de late urnenveldencultuur, maar hebben geen typologische voorgangers in die cultuur. Daarentegen lijken ze hun oorsprong te hebben bij de Kobancultuur van de Noordelijke Kaukasus, welke tezamen met de sroebnacultuur aan de basis lag van de Tsjernogorovskcultuur van de 9-7 eeuw v.Chr. Vanaf de 7e eeuw v.Chr. verspreidden deze Thraco-Cimmerische objecten zich westwaarts tot in Centraal-Europa, met vondsten tot in Denemarken en Zwitserland. Gelijktijdig met deze bronzen voorwerpen verschijnen vroege ijzeren voorwerpen, waarmee de Europese IJzertijd begint. (nl)
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