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Censorship and the issue of media freedom in Russia have been main themes since the era of the telegraph. Radio was a major new technology in the 1920s, when the Communists had recently come to power. Soviet authorities realized that the "ham" operator was highly individualistic and encouraged private initiative – too much so for the totalitarian regime. Criminal penalties were imposed but the working solution was to avoid broadcasting over the air. Instead radio programs were transmitted by copper wire, using a hub and spoke system, to loudspeakers in approved listening stations, such as the "Red" corner of a factory. Due to the enormous size of the country Russia today leads in the number of TV broadcast stations and repeaters. There were few channels in the Soviet time, but in the past

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  • Telecommunications in Russia (en)
  • الاتصالات في روسيا (ar)
  • Связь в России (ru)
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  • كانت الرقابة وقضية حرية الإعلام في روسيا من المواضيع الرئيسية منذ عهد التلغراف. كانت الإذاعة تقنية جديدة في العشرينيات من القرن الماضي. عندما وصل الشيوعيون إلى السلطة، أدركت السلطات السوفيتية أن «هواية إذاعة الراديو» كانت تتَّسم بالفردية إلى حد كبير وتشجع على المبادرة الخاصة، وهذا ما لاينطبق على النظام الشمولي. فُرضَت العقوبات الجنائية ولكن الحل العملي كان تجنب البث على الهواء. بدلًا من ذلك، نُقلَت البرامج الإذاعية عبر الأسلاك النحاسية، باستخدام نظام التوزيع المحوري، إلى مكبرات الصوت في محطات الاستماع المعتمدة، مثل الركن «الأحمر» في المصنع. (ar)
  • Censorship and the issue of media freedom in Russia have been main themes since the era of the telegraph. Radio was a major new technology in the 1920s, when the Communists had recently come to power. Soviet authorities realized that the "ham" operator was highly individualistic and encouraged private initiative – too much so for the totalitarian regime. Criminal penalties were imposed but the working solution was to avoid broadcasting over the air. Instead radio programs were transmitted by copper wire, using a hub and spoke system, to loudspeakers in approved listening stations, such as the "Red" corner of a factory. Due to the enormous size of the country Russia today leads in the number of TV broadcast stations and repeaters. There were few channels in the Soviet time, but in the past (en)
  • Связь в России — одна из отраслей российской экономики. Огромные расстояния, присущие российским государствам разного времени, послужили почвой для образования богатейшей культуры пользования средствами связи и развития одного из самых своеобразных телекоммуникационных рынков мира. Джордж Сорос возлагал большие надежды на трансформированный советский рынок связи, но в итоге вывел свои активы через несколько лет. Существуют популярные российские конференции связистов, например, «», «». (ru)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/InfoCom-2004.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Moscow-MGTS-booth.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Shukhov_tower_shabolovka_moscow_02.jpg
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