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Stratification is the separation of water in layers. Two main types of stratification of water are uniform and layered stratification. Layered stratification occurs in all ocean basins. Stratified layers act as a barrier to the mixing of water, which impacts the exchange of heat, carbon, oxygen and other nutrients. Due to upwelling and downwelling, which are both wind-driven, mixing of different layers can occur through the rise of cold nutrient-rich and warm water, respectively. Generally, layers are based on water density: heavier, and hence denser, water is below the lighter water, representing a stable stratification.

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  • Estratificación del agua (es)
  • Stratifikasi (air) (in)
  • Stratification de l'eau (fr)
  • Stratification (water) (en)
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  • Stratifikasi air adalah saat sekumpulan air dengan sifat berbeda - salinitas,, kepadatan, temperatur (termoklin) - membentuk lapisan-lapisan yang menjadi pembatas, yang dapat berujung pada anoksia atau euksinia. Lapisan-lapisan tersebut biasanya tersusun sesuai dengan kepadatannya, dan air yang paling tidak padat akan berada di atas lapisan yang lebih padat. (in)
  • La estratificación del agua se produce cuando las masas de agua con diferentes propiedades: salinidad (haloclina), oxigenación (quimioclina), densidad (picnoclina), temperatura (termoclina), forman capas que actúan como barreras para la mezcla del agua que podrían conducir a anoxia o euxinia.​ Estas capas normalmente están dispuestas de acuerdo con la densidad, con las masas de agua menos densas situadas por encima de las capas más densas. (es)
  • La stratification de l'eau se produit lorsque des masses d'eau ayant des propriétés différentes - salinité (halocline), (chimiocline), densité (pycnocline), température (thermocline) - forment des couches qui agissent comme des barrières au mélange de l'eau, ce qui pourrait conduire à l'anoxie ou à l'euxinisme. Ces couches sont normalement disposées en fonction de la densité, les masses d'eau les moins denses se trouvant au-dessus des couches les plus denses. (fr)
  • Stratification is the separation of water in layers. Two main types of stratification of water are uniform and layered stratification. Layered stratification occurs in all ocean basins. Stratified layers act as a barrier to the mixing of water, which impacts the exchange of heat, carbon, oxygen and other nutrients. Due to upwelling and downwelling, which are both wind-driven, mixing of different layers can occur through the rise of cold nutrient-rich and warm water, respectively. Generally, layers are based on water density: heavier, and hence denser, water is below the lighter water, representing a stable stratification. (en)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CLINES1.png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Change_of_mean_N%5E2.png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Densittydependence2.png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/MixedLayerDepth(1980-2020).png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/MixedLayerDepthChanges(1980-2020).png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/N2Change.png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Occurences_of_Pottemp_and_salinity.png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ST-plot_oceans.png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Schermafbeelding_2021-06-03_om_14.33.42.png
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  • La estratificación del agua se produce cuando las masas de agua con diferentes propiedades: salinidad (haloclina), oxigenación (quimioclina), densidad (picnoclina), temperatura (termoclina), forman capas que actúan como barreras para la mezcla del agua que podrían conducir a anoxia o euxinia.​ Estas capas normalmente están dispuestas de acuerdo con la densidad, con las masas de agua menos densas situadas por encima de las capas más densas. La estratificación del agua también crea barreras para la mezcla de nutrientes entre las capas. Esto puede afectar la producción primaria en un área al limitar los procesos fotosintéticos. Cuando los nutrientes del bentos no pueden viajar hacia la zona fotica, el fitoplancton puede estar limitado por la disponibilidad de nutrientes. Una producción primaria más baja también conduce a una productividad neta más baja en las aguas. ​ (es)
  • La stratification de l'eau se produit lorsque des masses d'eau ayant des propriétés différentes - salinité (halocline), (chimiocline), densité (pycnocline), température (thermocline) - forment des couches qui agissent comme des barrières au mélange de l'eau, ce qui pourrait conduire à l'anoxie ou à l'euxinisme. Ces couches sont normalement disposées en fonction de la densité, les masses d'eau les moins denses se trouvant au-dessus des couches les plus denses. La stratification de l'eau crée également des obstacles au mélange des éléments nutritifs entre les couches. Cela peut affecter la production primaire d'une zone en limitant les processus photosynthétiques. Lorsque les nutriments du benthos ne peuvent pas remonter dans la zone photique, le phytoplancton peut être limité par la disponibilité des nutriments. La baisse de la production primaire entraîne également une baisse de la productivité nette dans les eaux. (fr)
  • Stratifikasi air adalah saat sekumpulan air dengan sifat berbeda - salinitas,, kepadatan, temperatur (termoklin) - membentuk lapisan-lapisan yang menjadi pembatas, yang dapat berujung pada anoksia atau euksinia. Lapisan-lapisan tersebut biasanya tersusun sesuai dengan kepadatannya, dan air yang paling tidak padat akan berada di atas lapisan yang lebih padat. (in)
  • Stratification is the separation of water in layers. Two main types of stratification of water are uniform and layered stratification. Layered stratification occurs in all ocean basins. Stratified layers act as a barrier to the mixing of water, which impacts the exchange of heat, carbon, oxygen and other nutrients. Due to upwelling and downwelling, which are both wind-driven, mixing of different layers can occur through the rise of cold nutrient-rich and warm water, respectively. Generally, layers are based on water density: heavier, and hence denser, water is below the lighter water, representing a stable stratification. For example, the pycnocline is a layer in the ocean where the change in density is relatively large compared to that of other layers in the ocean. The thickness of the thermocline is not constant everywhere and depends on a variety of variables. Between 1960 and 2018, upper ocean stratification increased between 0.7-1.2% per decade. This means that the differences in density of the layers in the oceans increase, leading to larger mixing barriers and other effects. In the last few decades, stratification in all ocean basins has increased due to effects of climate change on oceans. Furthermore, the southern oceans (south of 30°S) experienced the strongest rate of stratification since 1960, followed by the Pacific, Atlantic, and the Indian Oceans. Increasing stratification is predominantly affected by changes in ocean temperature; salinity only plays a role locally. Average global summer stratification of the upper 200 m of the ocean has increased 1.3 ± 0.3% per decade between 1970 and 2018. Warmer summers heat the upper ocean more than they do deeper waters, slightly increasing upper-ocean stratification. (en)
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