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In classical mechanics, the shell theorem gives gravitational simplifications that can be applied to objects inside or outside a spherically symmetrical body. This theorem has particular application to astronomy. Isaac Newton proved the shell theorem and stated that: These results were important to Newton's analysis of planetary motion; they are not immediately obvious, but they can be proven with calculus. (Gauss's law for gravity offers an alternative way to state the theorem.)

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  • نظرية القشرة الكروية (ar)
  • Newtonsches Kugelschalentheorem (de)
  • Théorèmes de Newton (fr)
  • Teorema del guscio sferico (it)
  • Bolschilstelling (nl)
  • Shell theorem (en)
  • Teorema das cascas esféricas (pt)
  • 殼層定理 (zh)
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  • Das Newtonsche Kugelschalentheorem, manchmal auch Newtonsches Schalentheorem (benannt nach Sir Isaac Newton), ist eine Folgerung des Newtonschen Gravitationsgesetzes. Das Theorem wurde bereits in Newtons Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica bewiesen. Eine allgemein relativistische Verallgemeinerung ist das sogenannte Birkhoff-Theorem. (de)
  • Les théorèmes de Newton sont deux relatifs au potentiel gravitationnel d'une distribution de masse à symétrie sphérique§ 2.2.1_1-0" class="reference">. Leur éponyme est Isaac Newton, qui les a tous deux démontrés. (fr)
  • 殼層定理(Shell Theorem)是古典重力學上的理論,其可簡化重力於對稱球體內部和外部的貢獻,並且在天文學上有特別的應用。殼層定理最先由牛頓在所推演出來,其闡明了 1. * 球對稱物體對於球體外的重力貢獻如同將球體質量集中於球心。 2. * 在對稱球體內部的物體不受其外部球殼的重力影響。 由殼層定理的結果亦可得知,在一質量均勻分布的球體,重力由表面至中心線性遞減至零。因為球殼不會對內部物體有重力之貢獻,而剩餘之質量(不包括球殼)是與r3成正比,而重力是正比於m/r2,因此重力與r3/r2 = r成正比。在星體運動的分析中,殼層定理是非常重要的,因為其隱含地表示可將星體視為一個質點來計算。除了重力之外,殼層定理亦可描述均勻帶電球體所貢獻的電場,或者是其他平方反比定律的物理現象。 (zh)
  • في الميكانيكا الكلاسيكية، تبسط نظرية القشرة الكروية أو نظرية سطح الكرة الجوفاء الحسابات المتعلقة بالجاذبية بشكل يمكن تطبيقه على الأجسام داخل وخارج جسم متناظر كرويًّا. لهذه النظرية تطبيقات محددة في علم الفلك. أثبت إسحاق نيوتن نظرية القشرة وقال: 1. * يجذب الجسم المتناظر كرويًّا الأجسام الخارجية كما لو كانت كتلته مركزة في نقطة في مركزه. 2. * إذا كان الجسم قشرةً متناظرةً كرويًّا (مثلًا كرة جوفاء)، لا تؤثر القشرة بقوى جذب صافٍ على أي جسم داخلها، مهما يكن موقع الجسم داخلها. (ar)
  • In classical mechanics, the shell theorem gives gravitational simplifications that can be applied to objects inside or outside a spherically symmetrical body. This theorem has particular application to astronomy. Isaac Newton proved the shell theorem and stated that: These results were important to Newton's analysis of planetary motion; they are not immediately obvious, but they can be proven with calculus. (Gauss's law for gravity offers an alternative way to state the theorem.) (en)
  • Nella meccanica classica, il teorema del guscio sferico (o semplicemente teorema del guscio) consente di semplificare lo studio della gravitazione in presenza di corpi con simmetria sferica. Formulato da Isaac Newton, che elaborò la teoria della gravitazione universale, esso si compone di due affermazioni: Le dimostrazioni originali di Newton fanno uso della geometria e di qualche passaggio al limite, e si trovano rispettivamente alle proposizioni 71 e 70 del libro primo dei suoi Principia. In tempi più recenti, lo stesso teorema viene dimostrato facendo ricorso all'analisi (vedi in seguito). (it)
  • In de klassieke mechanica leidt de bolschilstelling tot vereenvoudiging van de berekening van de zwaartekracht ten gevolge van een bolvormig lichaam. Deze stelling is van belang voor de sterrenkunde, de planetologie en de geofysica. Isaac Newton formuleerde de bolschilstelling en gaf het bewijs ervan. Een gevolg van deze beide uitspraken is: 1. * 2. * Binnen een massieve bol met constante dichtheid verloopt de zwaartekracht evenredig met de afstand tot het middelpunt. In het middelpunt is de zwaartekracht nul. (nl)
  • Na mecânica clássica, o teorema das cascas esféricas provê importantes simplificações no cálculo do campo gravitacional de corpos com simetria esférica. Este Teorema foi provado por Isaac Newton, aos 23 anos, através do uso do Cálculo Diferencial e Integral, o qual ele mesmo desenvolveu. O teorema afirma que: * Um corpo com simetria esférica afeta objetos externos como se toda a sua massa estivesse concentrada em um único ponto no seu centro; * Uma casca com simetria esférica (esfera oca) não exerce força gravitacional no seu interior. Um corolário dessas duas afirmações é: (pt)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wider_ring_with_inside_ring2.png
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