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Ray L. Birdwhistell (September 29, 1918 – October 19, 1994) was an American anthropologist who founded kinesics as a field of inquiry and research. Birdwhistell coined the term kinesics, meaning "facial expression, gestures, posture and gait, and visible arm and body movements". He estimated that "no more than 30 to 35 percent of the social meaning of a conversation or an interaction is carried by the words." Stated more broadly, he argued that "words are not the only containers of social knowledge." He proposed other technical terms, including kineme, and many others less frequently used today. Birdwhistell had at least as much impact on the study of language and social interaction generally as just nonverbal communication because he was interested in the study of communication more broad

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  • Ray Birdwhistell (de)
  • Ray Birdwhistell (es)
  • Ray Birdwhistell (fr)
  • Ray Birdwhistell (it)
  • Ray Birdwhistell (en)
  • Ray Birdwhistell (pt)
  • Бердвистел, Рэй (ru)
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  • Raymond L. Birdwhistell (* 29. September 1918 in Cincinnati, Ohio; † 19. Oktober 1994) war ein US-amerikanischer Anthropologe, Ethnologe und Linguist. Ray Birdwhistell studierte an der Miami University in Oxford (B.A., 1940), der Ohio State University (M.A., 1941) und der University of Chicago (Ph.D., 1951). Er war ein bedeutender Vertreter des Kulturrelativismus, der davon ausgeht, dass emotionale Ausdrucksformen kulturbedingt sind.Birdwhistell war ein Schüler von Margaret Mead. (de)
  • Ray Lee Birdwhistell (Cincinnati, Ohio, 18 de septiembre de 1918-Brigantine, Nueva Jersey, 19 de octubre de 1994),​ fue un antropólogo estadounidense. Un pionero de la comunicación no verbal, que fundó la cinésica como un campo de investigación y estudio.​ Birdwhistell acuñó el término cinésica o kinésica, del inglés kinesics, a aquellos movimientos comunicativos como lo son la «expresión facial, gestos, postura y andar, y los movimientos visibles del brazo y el cuerpo».​ Aludiendo acerca del tema, argumentó que «las palabras no son las únicas contenedoras de conocimiento social».​ Él también propuso otros términos técnicos, incluyendo kineme,​ y muchos otros de uso menos frecuente en la actualidad.​ (es)
  • Ray L. Birdwhistell, né le 28 septembre 1918 à Cincinnati et mort le 19 octobre 1994, est un anthropologue américain particulièrement versé dans l'étude de la kinésique, il n'a pas étudié les processus interculturels, contrairement à ce qui est parfois dit. (fr)
  • Рэй Бердвистел (англ. Ray Birdwhistell; 28 сентября 1918, Цинциннати, Огайо, США — 19 октября 1994) — американский антрополог, один из основателей науки кинесики. Термин был придуман Р. Бердвистелом и под ним он понимал изучение в комплексе: лицевой экспрессии, позы, походки, а также видимые движения рук и тела. Он считал, что только 35 % информации при социальной интеракции передается при помощи слов, остальная часть приходится на невербальную экспрессию. Бердвистел считал, что язык тела большей частью определяется культурной средой, а не универсальными генетическими программами. Поэтому его ученикам приходилось изучать дополнительно такие науки как антропологию и лингвистику. Он также тесно сотрудничал с такими учеными как Маргарет Мид, Грегори Бейтсон, а позже с Erving Goffman и . (ru)
  • Ray L. Birdwhistell (September 29, 1918 – October 19, 1994) was an American anthropologist who founded kinesics as a field of inquiry and research. Birdwhistell coined the term kinesics, meaning "facial expression, gestures, posture and gait, and visible arm and body movements". He estimated that "no more than 30 to 35 percent of the social meaning of a conversation or an interaction is carried by the words." Stated more broadly, he argued that "words are not the only containers of social knowledge." He proposed other technical terms, including kineme, and many others less frequently used today. Birdwhistell had at least as much impact on the study of language and social interaction generally as just nonverbal communication because he was interested in the study of communication more broad (en)
  • Ray Louis Birdwhistell (Cincinnati, 28 settembre 1918 – 19 ottobre 1994) è stato un antropologo statunitense. Pioniere nel campo della comunicazione non verbale, si è occupato in modo specifico del movimento e ha creato la cinesica, una metodologia che si occupa degli aspetti comunicativi appresi ed eseguiti attraverso i movimenti del corpo. Questo autore ha trovato un parallelismo tra la linguistica e la cinesica, infatti definisce il termine “cinèma” come la più piccola unità di azione percepibile, per analogia con il fonema linguistico (Mancini, 1997). Birdwhistell, rifacendosi alla linguistica descrittiva, sosteneva che tutti i movimenti del corpo hanno un senso (non essendo casuali), e che la grammatica di questo paralinguaggio si può analizzare analogamente al linguaggio verbale. (it)
  • Ray Birdwhistell (Cincinnati, 28 de setembro de 1918 - Brigantine, 19 de outubro de 1994) foi um antropólogo norte-americano que desenvolveu estudos sobre a [en], assim denominada por ele como sendo a "expressão facial, gestual, postura e movimentos corporais", que se traduzem em comunicação não verbal.. Em suas pesquisas, estimou que "não mais do que 30% a 35% do significado social de uma conversa ou interação é transmitido por palavras". Mais amplamente, argumentou que as palavras não são os únicos recipientes do conhecimento social. (pt)
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  • Ray Birdwhistell (en)
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  • Ray Birdwhistell (en)
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