The term professional–managerial class (PMC) refers to a social class within capitalism that, by controlling production processes through occupying a superior management position, is neither proletarian nor bourgeoisie. Conceived as "The New Class" by social scientists and critics such as Daniel Patrick Moynihan in the 1970s, this group of middle class professionals is distinguished from other social classes by their training and education, typically business qualifications and university degrees, with occupations thought to offer influence on society that would otherwise be available only to capital owners. The professional–managerial class tends to have incomes above the average for their country, with major exceptions being academia and print journalism.
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| - طبقة مهنية - إدارية (ar)
- Professional–managerial class (en)
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| - الطبقة المهنية - الإدارية كانت نظرية جديدة للطبقة الجديدة في العلوم الاجتماعية في الولايات المتحدة في السبعينيات من القرن العشرين على يد جون وباربارا إيرينرايش. وقد افترضت عائلة إيرينرايش وجود طبقة اجتماعية في الرأسمالية لم تكن، من خلال التحكم في عمليات الإنتاج من خلال مهارات الإدارة الفائقة، بروليتاريا ولا برجوازية. وقد ساهمت تلك النظرية بعد ذلك في المناقشات الماركسية حول الطبقة فيما يتعلق بالفوردية وقد تم استخدامها كفئة تحليلية أثناء فحص الموظفين غير البروليتاريين. (ar)
- The term professional–managerial class (PMC) refers to a social class within capitalism that, by controlling production processes through occupying a superior management position, is neither proletarian nor bourgeoisie. Conceived as "The New Class" by social scientists and critics such as Daniel Patrick Moynihan in the 1970s, this group of middle class professionals is distinguished from other social classes by their training and education, typically business qualifications and university degrees, with occupations thought to offer influence on society that would otherwise be available only to capital owners. The professional–managerial class tends to have incomes above the average for their country, with major exceptions being academia and print journalism. (en)
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| - الطبقة المهنية - الإدارية كانت نظرية جديدة للطبقة الجديدة في العلوم الاجتماعية في الولايات المتحدة في السبعينيات من القرن العشرين على يد جون وباربارا إيرينرايش. وقد افترضت عائلة إيرينرايش وجود طبقة اجتماعية في الرأسمالية لم تكن، من خلال التحكم في عمليات الإنتاج من خلال مهارات الإدارة الفائقة، بروليتاريا ولا برجوازية. وقد ساهمت تلك النظرية بعد ذلك في المناقشات الماركسية حول الطبقة فيما يتعلق بالفوردية وقد تم استخدامها كفئة تحليلية أثناء فحص الموظفين غير البروليتاريين. (ar)
- The term professional–managerial class (PMC) refers to a social class within capitalism that, by controlling production processes through occupying a superior management position, is neither proletarian nor bourgeoisie. Conceived as "The New Class" by social scientists and critics such as Daniel Patrick Moynihan in the 1970s, this group of middle class professionals is distinguished from other social classes by their training and education, typically business qualifications and university degrees, with occupations thought to offer influence on society that would otherwise be available only to capital owners. The professional–managerial class tends to have incomes above the average for their country, with major exceptions being academia and print journalism. The term was coined in 1977 by John and Barbara Ehrenreich. The term became widely used in American political discourse in the late 2010s as a shorthand to refer to technocratic liberals or wealthy Democratic voters. Catherine Liu, in Virtue Hoarders (2021), characterized the PMC as white-collar left liberals afflicted with a superiority complex in relation to ordinary members of the working class. Hans Magnus Enzensberger had also observed the "characterless opportunism" of its members, in reference to its constant shifting of allegiances, not only between the leisured and working classes but also among themselves. It is estimated that in the 1930s United States people in professional–managerial class occupations made up less than 1 percent of total employment. In 1972, about 24 percent of American jobs were in professional–managerial class occupations. By 1983 the number had risen to 28 percent and in 2006, 35 percent. James Burnham had proposed the existence of a similar class in his 1941 book, The Managerial Revolution, arguing that they had become the new ruling class. The PMC hypothesis contributed to the Marxist debates on class in Fordism and was used as an analytical category in the examination of non-proletarian employees. However, orthodox Marxists consider the PMC hypothesis to be revisionism of the Marxist understanding of class. (en)
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