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The Nyamakala, or Nyamakalaw, are the historic occupational castes among Islamic societies of West Africa, particularly among the Mandinka people. The Nyamakala are known as Nyaxamalo among the Soninke people, and Nyenyo among the Wolof people. They are found throughout the Sahel region, from Mali and Senegal to Chad and several other parts of the West African region historically known as the "Western Sudan".

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  • Nyamakala (es)
  • Nyamakala (en)
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  • Los Nyamakala, o Nyamakalaw, son las castas o gremios ocupacionales históricos entre las sociedades islámicas del África Occidental, particularmente entre la gente mandinga.​​ Los Nyamakala son conocidos como Nyaxamalo entre el pueblo soninké,​ y Nyenyo entre el pueblo wólof.​ Se encuentran en toda la región del Sahel, desde Malí y Senegal hasta Chad y Sudán.​ (es)
  • The Nyamakala, or Nyamakalaw, are the historic occupational castes among Islamic societies of West Africa, particularly among the Mandinka people. The Nyamakala are known as Nyaxamalo among the Soninke people, and Nyenyo among the Wolof people. They are found throughout the Sahel region, from Mali and Senegal to Chad and several other parts of the West African region historically known as the "Western Sudan". (en)
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  • Nyamakala in Sudan and Senegal. (en)
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  • Los Nyamakala, o Nyamakalaw, son las castas o gremios ocupacionales históricos entre las sociedades islámicas del África Occidental, particularmente entre la gente mandinga.​​ Los Nyamakala son conocidos como Nyaxamalo entre el pueblo soninké,​ y Nyenyo entre el pueblo wólof.​ Se encuentran en toda la región del Sahel, desde Malí y Senegal hasta Chad y Sudán.​ El término Nyamakala originalmente implicaba personas talentosas, pero con el desarrollo de la esclavitud, la diferenciación social y la estratificación aumentaban con la violencia religiosa, y más tarde la dominación colonial, su estatus descendió a un nivel inferior al de los nobles y la gente libre.​ Nyama en la sociedad Mandinga tradicional implica "fuerza vital", mientras que Kala connota "manejar". Por lo tanto, cualquier tipo de ocupación que manejaba la fuerza vital de la naturaleza, era un Nyamakala.​ En sus contextos históricos, de acuerdo a Charles Bird, Martha Kendall y Kalilou Tera, Nyama ha implicado diferentes significados. En uno, connota nociones de "fuerza maligna o satánica, peligroso, contaminante, energizante, autocontrol imperfecto" y en otros es "moralmente neutral o energizante". En otro contexto, Nyama implica "reniego, basura".​ Con la llegada de los musulmanes, los contextos malvados o contaminantes se hicieron más comunes, mientras que las personas de la casta preferían las connotaciones neutrales o energizantes.​ Entre los mandinga, las castas ocupacionales de Nyamakala incluían a Jeli o djéli (músicos, griots), Numu (carpinteros, herreros), Garanke (trabajadores del cuero, tejedores) y Fune o Finah (cantantes especializados en alabanza islámica).​ Las castas específicas tenían diferentes términos en otros grupos étnicos de África occidental. Por ejemplo, entre la gente de Soninke, los griots se llamaban Gesere, los herreros Tage y la casta de carpintero se llamaban Sake.​ Los Nyamakala han históricamente sido gremios ocupacionales endogámicos.​​​ Entre la gente Mande como Mandinke, Soninke y otros, la casta de Nyamakala ha sido despreciada y considerada de bajo estatus, en algunas regiones como Jon (esclavo) y Wolosa (descendiente de esclavo).​​ Algunos académicos como Vaughn afirman que si bien los Nyamakala han sido una casta del África occidental, necesariamente no implica la existencia de un "sistema de castas" genérico y uniforme porque la estratificación social en África fue muy compleja con la inclusión de elementos religiosos, raciales y de estatus.​​ Otros consideran a los Nyamakala como parte de un sistema de castas, aunque reconocen que hubo variaciones regionales.​​​ (es)
  • The Nyamakala, or Nyamakalaw, are the historic occupational castes among Islamic societies of West Africa, particularly among the Mandinka people. The Nyamakala are known as Nyaxamalo among the Soninke people, and Nyenyo among the Wolof people. They are found throughout the Sahel region, from Mali and Senegal to Chad and several other parts of the West African region historically known as the "Western Sudan". The term Nyamakala originally implied any talented people, but as slavery, social differentiation and stratification increased with Islamic religious violence called jihads, and later the colonial rule, their status fell to a lowly level below the nobles and free people. Nyama in the traditional Mandinka society implies "vital force", while Kala connotes "handle". Thus, any type of occupation that handled vital force of nature, were a Nyamakala. In its historic contexts, state Charles Bird, Martha Kendall and Kalilou Tera, Nyama has implied different meanings. In one, it connotes notions of "evil or satanic force, dangerous, polluting, energizing, imperfect self control" and in others it is "morally neutral or energizing". In yet another context, Nyama implies "refuse, garbage". With the arrival of Muslims, the evil or polluting contexts became their focus, while the caste people themselves preferred the neutral or energizing connotations. Among Mandinka, the Nyamakala occupational castes included Jeli or Jeliyu (musicians, griots), Numu (carpenters, smiths), Garanke (leather workers, weavers) and Fune or Finah (singers specializing in Islamic praise). The specific castes had different terms in other ethnic groups of West Africa. For example, among the Soninke people, the griots were called Gesere, the smiths Tage and the carpenter caste was called Sake. The Nyamakala have been endogamous, occupation inheriting castes. Among the Mande people such as the Mandinke, Soninke and others, Nyamakala caste people have been despised and considered of lowly status, in some regions as Jon (slave) and Wolosa (descendant of slave). Some scholars such as Vaughn state that while Nyamakala have been castes of West Africa, it necessarily does not mean imply a generic and uniform "caste system" because the social stratification in Africa was very complex with the inclusion of slaves, race and religious elements. Others consider Nyamakala as a part of a caste system, while acknowledging that there were regional variations. (en)
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