| has abstract
| - Manmukh (ou Man Mukh) est un terme utilisé dans le sikhisme pour parler d'une personne guidée par son ego.Manmukh est le contraire de Gurmukh, qui se traduit: guidé par le Guru (Dieu). Man veut dire: ego, basse personnalité; et, mukh: visage; ainsi manmukh est celui qui le visage sur son propre egocentrisme.Manmukh peut aussi être traduit par: la voix des désirs. La personne appelée manmukh est celle qui est dominée par son égoïsme plutôt que par la partage et la dévotion, les valeurs du sikhisme. La colère, l'avarice, la luxure, l'illusion du monde sont les péchés d'un Manmukh.L'impulsion personnelle, les désirs terrestres priment chez le manmukh plutôt que la sagesse du Guru. Le matériel l'emporte sur le spirituel. Les sens régissent les passions.Le terme manmukh a aussi été utilisé dans l'histoire du sikhisme pour définir les individus qui ne suivaient pas les préceptes des Gurus fondateurs. Le problème d'une dualité, d'un manichéisme où le mal guiderait l'humain est aussi évoqué par le terme manmukh. Tout est Dieu et seul sa volonté, ses paroles doivent être importantes. Le manmukh aime les cadeaux mais oublie le donateur. Dans les Écritures sacrées, le Guru Granth Sahib, page 11, il est noté: ਗੁਰਮੁਖਿ ਲਾਧਾ ਮਨਮੁਖਿ ਗਵਾਇਆ ॥ soit: « Les Gurmukhs l'obtiennent (le joyau de Dieu), les manmukhs entêtés le perdent ». Et page 131 du_Guru Granth Sahib, il est écrit: ਗੁਰਮੁਖਿ ਸਨਮੁਖੁ ਮਨਮੁਖਿ ਵੇਮੁਖੀਆ ॥ soit: « Le Gurmukh se tourne vers le gourou et l'entêté manmukh s'en détourne. » (fr)
- Within Sikhism, Manmukh (Punjabi: ਮਨਮੁਖ (Gurmukhi)) literally means "to follow one's mind or desires". The word Manmukh consists of two parts: Man and Mukh. Man means "one's own mind or one's own desires" and Mukh literally means "face", so the full word conveys the message "One who follows whichever way his or her mind leads or goes"; "one who follows his or her desires"; "one who does as his or her mind dictates". The Manmukh is attached to worldly desires, material wealth, worldly allurements and sensual enjoyments. His desires and his needs are unlimited. To be a Manmukh is to follow one's own mind or desires without regards for anyone else. A person who is self-centred is called a Manmukh. The opposite of Manmukh is Gurmukh, which means a person who follows the teaching and life-code as narrated by the guru. A Manmukh is the opposite of a Gurmukh. Hence, a Manmukh is a material being (egoistic or attached to worldly things) as opposed to a spiritual being. The people with materialistic attachment believe that everlasting happiness is attainable only in acquisition (i.e. ownership) and the use of these material objects. In other words, a Manmukh is ruled by and is conditioned by pleasure of his five senses and his mind. Simply stated, a Manmukh is an ego-centric person whose actions are controlled by the following urges and desires: lust, anger, greed, material attachment, self-conceit, envy and stubborn mindedness, with their numerous variations. As a result, he has no belief no understanding of the Naam (God's existence), Shabad (word of the guru), Hukam (will of the Almighty), Atma (Soul), or God (Spirit or Sat Guru). Consequently, he has no understanding of the ultimate purpose of life, his relationship with God, and the way of God (Gurmat). In this madness and illusion and "I-am-ness", he cultivates the life of a faithless cynic called "Saakat" — an unwise and an untrue being. Thus, according to the Gurbani, anyone who has not realized the Self within (God, Truth, Shabad or Naam, etc.) alone is a Manmukh. Everyone in the world can be categorised as either a servant of Maya or a servant of the Akal. Those who serve Maya are called Manmukhs, and those who serve the Truth (God) are called Gurmukhs or Divine. Thus, a Manmukh regardless of how advanced he may be in his or her material qualifications by education or cultural status, lacks in Divine qualities; consequently, is not aware of the Cosmic Reality that is contained within him/her. Such individuals fail to attain Spiritual Perfection or Intuitive Understanding of the "ultimate reality"; for their intellect is dimmed by material contamination. They hate holiness. They chase after Maya, and wander in this dense forest of material existence like a beast in human garb. A Manmukh lifestyle is void of humility, contentment, compassion, love and spiritual wisdom. Such lifestyle exhibits nothing but undesirable qualities in a person. To make us aware of Manmukhs and their conduct, Gurbani has provided us with numerous symptoms of such material beings caught in the vertex of unenlightened existence. Some of these symptoms include: egoism, ignorance, selfishness, duality, bondage, evil-mindedness, falsehood, violence, untruthfulness, doubts, superstitions, uncontrolled senses, identification with the feeling of "I, me, mine, your", lust, anger, greed, attachment, self pride, self-conceit; superstitious, jealousy and enviousness, stubborn mindedness, hatred, fanaticism, conflicts, lack of contentment, material hankering and lamentation, lack of mental control and inner peace, self-centredness, are full of quarrel and contentions, lack of faith, ritualistic, unhappy, always interested in taking instead of giving, affinity for bad association, lack of self-discipline, mental agitation, unceasing wandering (rat-race), begging material things from God, complaining, finding faults in others, unable to bear pains and sorrows of life, love for material world instead of the Self within, corruption, fraud, larceny and swindling, bribery, cheating, lying, plundering, stealing, fond of mental speculations and material logic, attachment to material world, deceitful nature, fearful, unceasing desire for sense objects, cynicism, hypocrisy, always wanting to control the world, always wanting to be appreciated, unceasing hunger for name and fame, love for titles and honor, divisiveness, prejudices, cruelty, bigotry, unnatural diet, indulgence in worldly pleasures, illusion, delusion, wrong identity, stupor, obstinate error, love of Maya or worldliness, crookedness, animosity, and so on. Opposite to these are the attributes of Gurmukhs (Spiritual Beings) According to the Gurbani, a Manmukh is not a question of heredity, family of birth, ancestry, race, region, social status, caste, creed, education, titles, religion or any peculiar external appearance of a person; it is a question of lack of Naam Simran, self-evaluation, unenlightened existence, cynicism, egoism, ignorance, hypocrisy, bondage, mental delusion, body-consciousness, mistaken identity, and so on. The Sikh scriptures have some very harsh word to say to the Manmukh. Below are several quotations from the Holy Text:
* See www.srigranth.org for the full text of all these Shabads. From Sri Guru Granth Sahib: ਗੁਰਮੁਖਿ ਲਾਧਾ ਮਨਮੁਖਿ ਗਵਾਇਆ ॥ The Gurmukhs obtain it, and the self-willed manmukhs lose it. — Page 11 Line 16 ਅੰਧੁਲੈ ਨਾਮੁ ਵਿਸਾਰਿਆ ਮਨਮੁਖਿ ਅੰਧ ਗੁਬਾਰੁ ॥The blind have forgotten the Naam, the Name of the Lord. The self-willed manmukhs are in utter darkness. — Page 19, Line 3 ਗੁਰਮੁਖਿ ਚਾਨਣੁ ਜਾਣੀਐ ਮਨਮੁਖਿ ਮੁਗਧੁ ਗੁਬਾਰੁ ॥ The Gurmukh knows the Divine Light, while the foolish self-willed manmukh gropes around in the darkness. — Page 20, Line 8 ਵਿਜੋਗੀ ਦੁਖਿ ਵਿਛੁੜੇ ਮਨਮੁਖਿ ਲਹਹਿ ਨ ਮੇਲੁ ॥੪॥ Those who separate themselves from the Lord wander lost in misery. The self-willed manmukhs do not attain union with Him. — ((4)) Page 21, Line 5 ਮਨਮੁਖਿ ਸੁਖੁ ਨ ਪਾਈਐ ਗੁਰਮੁਖਿ ਸੁਖੁ ਸੁਭਾਨੁ ॥੩॥ The self-willed manmukhs find no peace, while the Gurmukhs are wondrously joyful. — Page 21, Line 12 ((3)) ਮਨਮੁਖ ਗੁਣ ਤੈ ਬਾਹਰੇ ਬਿਨੁ ਨਾਵੈ ਮਰਦੇ ਝੂਰਿ ॥੨॥ The self-willed manmukhs are totally without virtue. Without the Name, they die in frustration. — Page 27, Line 17 ((2)) ਦੇਖਾ ਦੇਖੀ ਸਭ ਕਰੇ ਮਨਮੁਖਿ ਬੂਝ ਨ ਪਾਇ ॥ They all show off and pretend, but the self-willed manmukhs do not understand. — Page 28, Line 3 (en)
- Manmukh literalmente significa "conduzido pela própria vontade", doutrina do Siquismo. O Manmukh está ligado a desejos mundanos, a riqueza material, mundanismo, tentações e prazeres dos sentidos. Seus desejos, as suas necessidades são ilimitadas. É alguém iludido pela Maya por ser egocêntrico. Um Manmukh segue apenas sua própria mente ou desejos, sem respeito por ninguém. Uma pessoa egocêntrica é chamado de um Manmukh. O oposto de Manmukh é Gurmukh (pessoa que segue a doutrina e código de vida narrado pelo guru). Assim, um Manmukh é um ser material (egoísta ou ligado a coisas mundanas) ao contrário de um ser espiritual. Pessoas mundanas e materialista que acreditam que a felicidade eterna é alcançável apenas na aquisição material de bens. É governado e condicionado pelo prazer de seus cinco sentidos e sua mente. Totalmente carnal apegado a luxúria, raiva, ganância, apego material, vaidade, inveja e teimosia, e coisas semelhantes. Como resultado, ele não tem a crença e compreensão do (a existência de Deus), Shabad (palavra do guru), Hukam (vontade do todo-Poderoso), o Atma (Alma), ou Deus (Espírito ou Sat Guru). Consequentemente, ele não tem entendimento do propósito final da vida, de sua relação com Deus, e o caminho de Deus. Nesta loucura e ilusão de se achar "o fim em si mesmo", ele cultiva a vida de um incrédulo cínico chamado "" — um insensato e um falso. De acordo com o , assim são todos aqueles que ainda não percebem a sua origem (Deus, a Verdade, a ou , etc.) Todo mundo pode ser categorizada como um servo de ou de . Aqueles que servem Maya são chamados Manmukhs, e aqueles que servem a Verdade (de Deus) são chamados de . Assim, independentemente de quão desenvolvido um Manmukh possa estar em seu seu estado material, qualificações, educação ou status cultural, carece de qualidades Divinas; por conseguinte, é ignorante da Realidade Cósmica que está contido dentro de si. Tais indivíduos não conseguem atingir a Perfeição Espiritual ou Compreensão Intuitiva da "realidade última"; porque seu intelecto é obscurecido pela contaminação material. Eles odeiam a santidade. Eles buscam , e passeiam nesta floresta densa de existência material, como uma besta numa roupagem humana. (pt)
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