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Mandarin (traditional Chinese: 官話; simplified Chinese: 官话; pinyin: Guānhuà; lit. 'official speech') was the common spoken language of administration of the Chinese empire during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It arose as a practical measure, to circumvent the mutual unintelligibility of the varieties of Chinese spoken in different parts of China. Knowledge of this language was thus essential for an official career, but it was never formally defined. The language was a koiné based on Mandarin dialects. The southern variant spoken around Nanjing was prevalent in the late Ming era, although later on a form based on the Beijing dialect took the stage by the mid-19th century and developed into Standard Chinese in the 20th century. In some 19th-century works, it was called the court dialect.

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  • Bahasa Mandarin Pertengahan (in)
  • Guanhua (it)
  • Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca) (en)
  • 명청관화 (ko)
  • 明清官話 (zh)
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  • Mandarin (traditional Chinese: 官話; simplified Chinese: 官话; pinyin: Guānhuà; lit. 'official speech') was the common spoken language of administration of the Chinese empire during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It arose as a practical measure, to circumvent the mutual unintelligibility of the varieties of Chinese spoken in different parts of China. Knowledge of this language was thus essential for an official career, but it was never formally defined. The language was a koiné based on Mandarin dialects. The southern variant spoken around Nanjing was prevalent in the late Ming era, although later on a form based on the Beijing dialect took the stage by the mid-19th century and developed into Standard Chinese in the 20th century. In some 19th-century works, it was called the court dialect. (en)
  • 명청관화(중국어 간체자: 明清官话, 정체자: 明淸官話, 병음: Guānhuà, 직역: 관용 언어) 혹은 만다린(Mandarin), 후기제국 공용어(late imperial lingua franca)는 명(明)과 청(淸) 두 왕조 시기에 중화제국(中華帝國, Chinese empire) 행정에서 공용어로 사용된 언어이다. 그것은 중국의 여러 지역에서 사용되는 여러 중국어의 상호불통성(mutual unintelligibility)을 피한다는 실용적인 조치로 등장했다. 따라서 관화 습득은 관력(官履)에 필수였으나 공식적으로 정의된 적은 없다. 관화는 만다린 방언에 기초한 코이네(koiné)였다. 남경(南京) 주변에서 사용되는 남방 관화 변종은 명말에 널리 퍼졌지만, 나중에 북경 방언에 기초한 형식이 19세기 중반에 무대를 차지했고 20세기에 표준 중국어로 발전했다. 일부 19세기 작품에서는 궁중 방언(court dialect)이라고 불렀다. (ko)
  • Il guanhua (官话S, guānhuàP, letteralmente "lingua degli ufficiali") era il linguaggio comune parlato dagli ufficiali imperiali e dai membri dell'amministrazione imperiale durante le dinastie Ming e Qing. (it)
  • 明清官话,明清时期通用语,因在官场通用而得名。明初繼承元,即“一以中原雅音为正”,結合音韻傳統,在元代音系的基礎上有所增益,且並非以某個地方的話為準,形成了以南方官話为基础的南京官话作为国家标准语音。後來北方官话形成,影響力逐漸擴大,清中期之後,北方官话中的北京官話開始逐渐替代南京官話成為通語。與此同時,南京官話保有一定威望,清末卢戆章创制中國切音新字,仍然倡议以南京话为“各省之正音”,可见南京官话在清末仍然有很大的影响。到了民国,復經京國之爭,北京官话被确定为国语,以后在中国大陆改称普通话。 明清时期,官话使用范围广泛。据明朝来华传教士所著《利玛窦中国札记》记载:“除了不同省份的各种方言,也就是乡音之外,还有一种整个帝国通用的口语,被称为官话(Quonhoa),是民用和法庭用的官方语言。……官话现在在受过教育的阶级当中很流行,并且在外省人和他们所要访问的那个省份的居民之间使用。……各省的方言在上流社会是不说的,虽然有教养的人在他的本乡可能说方言以示亲热,或者在外省也因乡土观念而说乡音。这种官方的国语用得很普遍,就连妇孺也都听得懂。” (zh)
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  • Mandarin (en)
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  • Mandarin (en)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fourmont-Zhongguo-Guanhua.png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Men_of_mandarin_class_in_Y.M.C.A.,_China_LCCN2001705602.jpg
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