| rdfs:comment
| - The Malto or Maler people, also known as Pahariya, are a Dravidian tribal group from the Rajmahal Hills in the northeastern Chota Nagpur Plateau. They are divided into three subgroups: Mal Paharia, Sauria Paharia and Kumarbhag Paharia. All three are listed as Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand, Bihar and West Bengal. They speak Malto, related to the nearby Kurukh language. The three subgroups of the Malto tribe do not intermarry. The Mal Paharia look down on the Sauria Paharia for eating cows. (en)
- Orang Malto atau Malar, juga dikenal sebagai Pahariya, adalah suku Dravida dari Perbukitan Rajmahal di Dataran Tinggi Chota Nagpur di timur India. Mereka dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok: Paharia Mal, Paharia Sauria, dan Paharia Kumarbhag. Mereka berbicara bahasa Malto, yang berkerabat dengan bahasa Kurukh yang digunakan suku tetangganya. Populasi gabungan Paharia Mal dan Paharia Kumarbhag sebesar 182.560, sedangkan kelompok Paharia Sauria memiliki populasi 51.634, sehingga total populasi Malto sebanyak 234.194 jiwa. (in)
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| has abstract
| - The Malto or Maler people, also known as Pahariya, are a Dravidian tribal group from the Rajmahal Hills in the northeastern Chota Nagpur Plateau. They are divided into three subgroups: Mal Paharia, Sauria Paharia and Kumarbhag Paharia. All three are listed as Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand, Bihar and West Bengal. They speak Malto, related to the nearby Kurukh language. When the British first encountered them they were nomadic. They practiced jhum cultivation, as well as hunting and gathering, and would often also raid the plains of Bihar to the north or Bengal to the east, and would then retreat back into the forest. If there was a crop failure, death or other disaster, they would move to a new spot. Due to the remoteness of their territory they were never conquered by any of the many empires that claimed to rule the region. When the British induced Santals to cultivate the Rajmahal Hills, the Maltos fought back, but were eventually driven out. The three subgroups of the Malto tribe do not intermarry. The Mal Paharia look down on the Sauria Paharia for eating cows. The Mal Paharia and Kumarbhag Paharia subgroups combined have a population of 182,560, while the Sauria Paharia subgroup has a population of 51,634, making the total Malto population 234,194. Today they still practice jhum cultivation, called kurwa in their language, and collect minor forest produce. They are plagued by many problems, including high levels of poverty and extreme malnutrition. For this reason they are classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group. However some are now settled cultivators. They fish in summer, and many now work as daily wage labourers. A few have government jobs. Among the Sauria Paharia, their traditional marriage ceremony is known as bedi, that takes place in a house. Their society has no restrictions on premarital sexual relations, and children not born out of a marriage can still live with the mother. Another type of common marriage is marriage by capture. The Malto practice animism and revere a court of spirits known as Gosain. The main Malto god is Dharmer Gosain, a sun god, while their priests are known as demano. The men wear a small loincloth, known as bhagwan, while the women wear two garments: panchi, an upper garment, usually an unstitched cloth, and pardhan, a cloth around the waist. (en)
- Orang Malto atau Malar, juga dikenal sebagai Pahariya, adalah suku Dravida dari Perbukitan Rajmahal di Dataran Tinggi Chota Nagpur di timur India. Mereka dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok: Paharia Mal, Paharia Sauria, dan Paharia Kumarbhag. Mereka berbicara bahasa Malto, yang berkerabat dengan bahasa Kurukh yang digunakan suku tetangganya. Suku Malto masih hidup nomaden, ketika Inggris pertama kali bertemu mereka. Mereka mempraktikkan kegiatan jhum (ladang berpindah), serta berburu dan meramu, dan sering juga menyerang kawasan Bihar dan Benggala, lalu kabur kembali ke hutan. Jika terjadi gagal panen, kematian atau bencana lainnya, mereka akan pindah ke tempat baru. Karena terpencilnya daerah mereka, suku Malto tidak pernah ditaklukkan oleh berbagai kerajaan yang mengklaim wilayahnya. Ketika Inggris menempatkan suku Santhal di Perbukitan Rajmahal, suku Malto berusaha melawan, meski akhirnya gagal. Populasi gabungan Paharia Mal dan Paharia Kumarbhag sebesar 182.560, sedangkan kelompok Paharia Sauria memiliki populasi 51.634, sehingga total populasi Malto sebanyak 234.194 jiwa. Saat ini, mereka masih mempraktikkan aktivitas peladangan yang disebut kurwa dalam bahasa mereka, sembari mengumpulkan hasil hutan. Mereka dilanda banyak masalah, termasuk tingkat kemiskinan yang tinggi dan gizi buruk yang serius. Untuk alasan ini, mereka digolongkan sebagai Kelompok Suku Yang Sangat Rentan. Namun, beberapa orang Malto kini mulai tinggal menetap. Di kalangan Paharia Sauria, upacara perkawinan tradisional mereka disebut bedi, yang berlangsung di sebuah rumah. Masyarakat mereka tidak memiliki batasan pada hubungan seksual pranikah, dan anak-anak yang lahir di luar nikah masih dapat tinggal bersama ibunya. Jenis pernikahan lainnya adalah berupa kawin lari. Orang Malto mempraktikkan animisme dan memuja alam roh yang dikenal sebagai Gosain. Dewa utama Malto adalah Dharmer Gosain, dewa matahari, sedangkan pendeta mereka dikenal sebagai demano. Secara tradisional, pria Malto mengenakan cawat kecil, yang dikenal sebagai bhagwan, sedangkan wanita mengenakan dua pakaian: panchi, pakaian atas, berupa kain yang tidak dililitkan, dan pardhan, kain di sekitar pinggang. (in)
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