The lower mantle, historically also known as the mesosphere, represents approximately 56% of Earth's total volume, and is the region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface; between the transition zone and the outer core. The preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) separates the lower mantle into three sections, the uppermost (660–770 km), mid-lower mantle (770–2700 km), and the D layer (2700–2900 km). Pressure and temperature in the lower mantle range from 24–127 GPa and 1900–2600 K. It has been proposed that the composition of the lower mantle is pyrolitic, containing three major phases of bridgmanite, ferropericlase, and calcium-silicate perovskite. The high pressure in the lower mantle has been shown to induce a spin transition of iron-bearing bridgmanite and ferropericlase, which m
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| - Manto inferior (Tierra) (es)
- Lower mantle (Earth) (en)
- 下地函 (地球) (zh)
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| - 下地幔 (地球)（英語：Lower Mantle (earth)）以前也被稱為地球中層，約佔地球總體積的 56%，位於地球表以下 660 至 2900 公里的區域；在過渡區和外核之間。根據初步地球參考模型（PREM)，下地幔分為三個部分，最上層（660-770公里）、中下地幔（770-2700公里）和D層（2700-2900公里）。下地幔的壓力和溫度範圍為 24-127 GPa 和 1900-2600 K. 。地幔岩被認爲是下地幔的主要成分。它包含三相鎂橄欖石(bridgmanite)、铁方镁石和矽酸鈣鈣鈦礦(calcium-silicate perovskite)。高壓在下地幔已被證明會引起含鐵錳礦和方鎂石的離子旋轉變化。這可能會影響地幔柱的動力學,和下地幔的化學變化。 地震波速度和密度在下地幔的頂界，約660 公里（410 英里）深，有急劇增加現象)。 在此深度，尖晶橄榄石 (ringwoodite )(γ-(Mg,Fe)2SiO4) 分解成布里奇曼石(Mg-Si perovskite) 和鐵質方鎂石(magnesiowüstite)。根據地震數據和高壓實驗室實驗資料，推論這個分解就造成上地幔和下地幔之間的界面。下地幔的底部，包括“D” 區，與地核相鄰，深約2700公里。 (zh)
- El manto inferior representa aproximadamente el 56% del volumen total de la Tierra, y es la región de 660 a 2900 km debajo de la superficie de la Tierra; entre la zona de transición y el núcleo externo. El modelo de referencia preliminar de la Tierra (PREM) separa el manto inferior en tres secciones, la superior (660–770 km), manto medio inferior (770–2700 km) y la capa D (2700–2900 km). La presión y la temperatura en el manto inferior varían de 24-127 GPa y de 1900-2600 K. Se ha propuesto que la composición de la capa inferior es pirolítico, que contiene tres fases principales de , ferropericlasa y silicato de calcio perovskita. Se ha demostrado que la alta presión en el manto inferior induce una transición de rotación de bridgmanita y ferropericlasa portadoras de hierro, que puede a (es)
- The lower mantle, historically also known as the mesosphere, represents approximately 56% of Earth's total volume, and is the region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface; between the transition zone and the outer core. The preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) separates the lower mantle into three sections, the uppermost (660–770 km), mid-lower mantle (770–2700 km), and the D layer (2700–2900 km). Pressure and temperature in the lower mantle range from 24–127 GPa and 1900–2600 K. It has been proposed that the composition of the lower mantle is pyrolitic, containing three major phases of bridgmanite, ferropericlase, and calcium-silicate perovskite. The high pressure in the lower mantle has been shown to induce a spin transition of iron-bearing bridgmanite and ferropericlase, which m (en)
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| - El manto inferior representa aproximadamente el 56% del volumen total de la Tierra, y es la región de 660 a 2900 km debajo de la superficie de la Tierra; entre la zona de transición y el núcleo externo. El modelo de referencia preliminar de la Tierra (PREM) separa el manto inferior en tres secciones, la superior (660–770 km), manto medio inferior (770–2700 km) y la capa D (2700–2900 km). La presión y la temperatura en el manto inferior varían de 24-127 GPa y de 1900-2600 K. Se ha propuesto que la composición de la capa inferior es pirolítico, que contiene tres fases principales de , ferropericlasa y silicato de calcio perovskita. Se ha demostrado que la alta presión en el manto inferior induce una transición de rotación de bridgmanita y ferropericlasa portadoras de hierro, que puede afectar tanto la dinámica del penacho del manto como la química del manto inferior. (es)
- The lower mantle, historically also known as the mesosphere, represents approximately 56% of Earth's total volume, and is the region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface; between the transition zone and the outer core. The preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) separates the lower mantle into three sections, the uppermost (660–770 km), mid-lower mantle (770–2700 km), and the D layer (2700–2900 km). Pressure and temperature in the lower mantle range from 24–127 GPa and 1900–2600 K. It has been proposed that the composition of the lower mantle is pyrolitic, containing three major phases of bridgmanite, ferropericlase, and calcium-silicate perovskite. The high pressure in the lower mantle has been shown to induce a spin transition of iron-bearing bridgmanite and ferropericlase, which may affect both mantle plume dynamics and lower mantle chemistry. The upper boundary is defined by the sharp increase in seismic wave velocities and density at a depth of 660 kilometers (410 mi). At a depth of 660 km, ringwoodite (γ-(Mg,Fe)2SiO4) decomposes into Mg-Si perovskite and magnesiowüstite. This reaction marks the boundary between the upper mantle and lower mantle. This measurement is estimated from seismic data and high-pressure laboratory experiments. The base of the mesosphere includes the D″ zone which lies just above the mantle–core boundary at approximately 2,700 to 2,890 km (1,678 to 1,796 mi). The base of the lower mantle is about 2700 km. (en)
- 下地幔 (地球)（英語：Lower Mantle (earth)）以前也被稱為地球中層，約佔地球總體積的 56%，位於地球表以下 660 至 2900 公里的區域；在過渡區和外核之間。根據初步地球參考模型（PREM)，下地幔分為三個部分，最上層（660-770公里）、中下地幔（770-2700公里）和D層（2700-2900公里）。下地幔的壓力和溫度範圍為 24-127 GPa 和 1900-2600 K. 。地幔岩被認爲是下地幔的主要成分。它包含三相鎂橄欖石(bridgmanite)、铁方镁石和矽酸鈣鈣鈦礦(calcium-silicate perovskite)。高壓在下地幔已被證明會引起含鐵錳礦和方鎂石的離子旋轉變化。這可能會影響地幔柱的動力學,和下地幔的化學變化。 地震波速度和密度在下地幔的頂界，約660 公里（410 英里）深，有急劇增加現象)。 在此深度，尖晶橄榄石 (ringwoodite )(γ-(Mg,Fe)2SiO4) 分解成布里奇曼石(Mg-Si perovskite) 和鐵質方鎂石(magnesiowüstite)。根據地震數據和高壓實驗室實驗資料，推論這個分解就造成上地幔和下地幔之間的界面。下地幔的底部，包括“D” 區，與地核相鄰，深約2700公里。 (zh)
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