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Lobbying in the United States describes paid activity in which special interest groups hire well-connected professional advocates, often lawyers, to argue for specific legislation in decision-making bodies such as the United States Congress. It is a highly controversial phenomenon, often seen in a negative light by journalists and the American public, with some critics describing it as a legal form of bribery, influence peddling, and/or extortion. While lobbying is subject to extensive and often complex rules which, if not followed, can lead to penalties including jail, the activity of lobbying has been interpreted by court rulings as constitutionally protected free speech and a way to petition the government for the redress of grievances, two of the freedoms protected by the First Amendme

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  • Lobbying in the United States (en)
  • Лоббизм в США (ru)
  • 美國遊說 (zh)
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  • Lobbying in the United States describes paid activity in which special interest groups hire well-connected professional advocates, often lawyers, to argue for specific legislation in decision-making bodies such as the United States Congress. It is a highly controversial phenomenon, often seen in a negative light by journalists and the American public, with some critics describing it as a legal form of bribery, influence peddling, and/or extortion. While lobbying is subject to extensive and often complex rules which, if not followed, can lead to penalties including jail, the activity of lobbying has been interpreted by court rulings as constitutionally protected free speech and a way to petition the government for the redress of grievances, two of the freedoms protected by the First Amendme (en)
  • Лобби́зм в США — легальный вид деятельности, в зависимости от региона, по продвижению или отставке различных законопроектов как на федеральном уровне, так и на уровне большинства штатов. Лоббизм регламентируется рядом нормативных актов, а лоббисты-профессионалы должны в обязательном порядке регистрироваться и подавать отчёты о своей деятельности. Отношение государственных властей к лоббизму зависит от штата (региона). В некоторых штатах лоббистская деятельность полностью запрещена, в других она регулируется законодательно. Лоббизм на федеральном уровне регулируется рядом законов, большинство которых было принято после Второй мировой войны. Лоббизмом могут заниматься как американские, так и иностранные организации. Лобби делятся на профессиональные, продвигающие интересы тех или иных , и эт (ru)
  • 美國遊說(英語:Lobbying in the United States)指的是美國的特殊利益集團僱傭人脈廣泛的專業倡導者——通常是律師——在美國國會等決策機構為特定立法進行論證、爭辯等有償活動。這是一個極具爭議的現象,美國民眾及新聞記者常以負面眼光看待此事, 一些評論家將此描述為合法的賄賂、權力尋租及。 雖然遊說活動受到廣泛而複雜的規則約束,如果不遵守這些規則將由可能導致監禁等懲處;但是法院的裁決已經將遊說活動解釋為受《美國憲法》“第一修正案”所保護的兩項自由,即:言論自由和集會自由。自1970年代以來,美國的遊說活動在遊說從業人數和遊說預算規模等方面大幅增長,並成為許多人批評美國統治方式的焦點。 由於遊說活動需要大量披露,因此在公共領域有大量的信息涉及到遊說活動的實體、方式、對象及預算等。目前的情況表明,大部分的遊說活動主要由公司進行,其中也出現了不少代表各種族群利益的聯盟。遊說活動發生在各級政府,可以是聯邦、州、縣、市和地方政府。在華盛頓特區,遊說活動主要針對國會議員,但也一直在努力影響政府機關官員和最高法院的任命。遊說可以對政治制度產生重要影響; 例如,2014年的一項研究表明,特殊利益遊說增強了精英群體的權力,並且是將國家政治結構轉向寡頭政治的一個因素,在這種寡頭政治中,普通公民“幾乎沒有或極少有獨立影響力”。 (zh)
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