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Liurai is a ruler's title on Timor. The word is Tetun and literally means "surpassing the earth". It is originally associated with Wehali, a ritually central kingdom situated at the south coast of Central Timor (now included in Indonesia). The sacral lord of Wehali, the ("son of God") enjoyed a ritually passive role, and he kept the Liurai as the executive ruler of the land. In the same way, the rulers of two other important princedoms, Sonbai in West Timor and (Liquica) in East Timor, were often referred as Liurais, which indicated a symbolic tripartition of the island. In later history, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the term Liurai underwent a process of inflation. By this time it denoted any ruler in the Portuguese part of Timor, great or small. In the Dutch pa

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  • Liurai (de)
  • Liurai (fr)
  • Liurai (en)
  • Liurai (nl)
  • Liurai (pt)
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  • Liurai is de traditionele titel van een heerser in Timor. Het grondgebied van een liurai werd rai genoemd (tetun voor land, streek, grond). Wegens de gelijkenis met het Portugese woord rei voor koning, werden hun gebieden reino (koninkrijk in het Portugees) genoemd. Andere Europese talen namen deze betekenis over (raja in het Nederlands), vandaar dat de liurais nu worden beschreven als kleine koningen. De koninkrijken van de liurai's waren echter geen geïsoleerde en homogene sociaal-culturele entiteiten, die koninkrijken in de ware zin van het woord vormden. (nl)
  • Liurai (Liuriai; auf Kemak: Koronel bote; auch: Usif, Atupas) ist der traditionelle Titel eines Herrschers auf Timor. Er bedeutet etwa „aus der Erde hervorragend“. Das Herrschaftsgebiet eines Liurais wurde rai (Tetum für Land, Region, Erde) genannt. Aufgrund des ähnlichen portugiesischen Wortes rei für König wurden die Herrschaftsgebiete als Reino (portugiesisch für Königreich) bezeichnet. Andere europäische Sprachen übernahmen diese Bedeutung, weswegen man Liurais nun als Kleinkönige beschreibt. Im Holländischen verwendet man raj oder raja. Allerdings waren die Reiche der Liurais keine isolierten, homogenen, soziokulturellen Gebilde, was ein Reich im eigentlichen Sinne ausmacht. In letzter Zeit wird die Beschreibung als Kleinkönige von einigen Autoren als „aus Europa eingeführt“ abgelehnt (de)
  • Liurai is a ruler's title on Timor. The word is Tetun and literally means "surpassing the earth". It is originally associated with Wehali, a ritually central kingdom situated at the south coast of Central Timor (now included in Indonesia). The sacral lord of Wehali, the ("son of God") enjoyed a ritually passive role, and he kept the Liurai as the executive ruler of the land. In the same way, the rulers of two other important princedoms, Sonbai in West Timor and (Liquica) in East Timor, were often referred as Liurais, which indicated a symbolic tripartition of the island. In later history, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the term Liurai underwent a process of inflation. By this time it denoted any ruler in the Portuguese part of Timor, great or small. In the Dutch pa (en)
  • Liurai est le titre traditionnel d'un dirigeant à Timor. Le territoire d'un liurai était appelé rai (tétoum pour terrain, région, terre). En raison de la similitude avec mot portugais rei pour roi, leurs territoires étaient appelés reino (royaume en portugais). D'autres langues européennes ont adopté cette signification (les Néerlandais ont opté pour raja), c'est pourquoi les liurais sont maintenant décrits comme des petits rois. Cependant, les royaumes des liurais n'étaient pas des entités socio-culturelles isolées et homogènes, constituant des royaumes au sens propre. * * (fr)
  • Antes da administração portuguesa, Timor-Leste era composto por vários reinos, divididos por vários sucos e povoações. Estes reinos eram governados por régulos, designados por liurais. Com a colonização, os diversos reinos foram sucessivamente desmembrados, quebrando-se o poder tradicional. No entanto, os sucos, integrados em reinos ou independentes, permaneceram como célula fundamental da estruturação política de Timor-Leste até à actualidade. O termo liurai passou, então, a designar o chefe de suco, com o mais alto poder timorense na respectiva área. (pt)
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  • Liurai (Liuriai; auf Kemak: Koronel bote; auch: Usif, Atupas) ist der traditionelle Titel eines Herrschers auf Timor. Er bedeutet etwa „aus der Erde hervorragend“. Das Herrschaftsgebiet eines Liurais wurde rai (Tetum für Land, Region, Erde) genannt. Aufgrund des ähnlichen portugiesischen Wortes rei für König wurden die Herrschaftsgebiete als Reino (portugiesisch für Königreich) bezeichnet. Andere europäische Sprachen übernahmen diese Bedeutung, weswegen man Liurais nun als Kleinkönige beschreibt. Im Holländischen verwendet man raj oder raja. Allerdings waren die Reiche der Liurais keine isolierten, homogenen, soziokulturellen Gebilde, was ein Reich im eigentlichen Sinne ausmacht. In letzter Zeit wird die Beschreibung als Kleinkönige von einigen Autoren als „aus Europa eingeführt“ abgelehnt. (de)
  • Liurai is a ruler's title on Timor. The word is Tetun and literally means "surpassing the earth". It is originally associated with Wehali, a ritually central kingdom situated at the south coast of Central Timor (now included in Indonesia). The sacral lord of Wehali, the ("son of God") enjoyed a ritually passive role, and he kept the Liurai as the executive ruler of the land. In the same way, the rulers of two other important princedoms, Sonbai in West Timor and (Liquica) in East Timor, were often referred as Liurais, which indicated a symbolic tripartition of the island. In later history, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the term Liurai underwent a process of inflation. By this time it denoted any ruler in the Portuguese part of Timor, great or small. In the Dutch part in West Timor the title appears to have been restricted to the Sonbai and Wehali rulers. The rulers in the west were known by the Malay term raja, while there were internally used terms such as Usif (lord) among the Dawan-speaking groups, and Loro (sun) among the Tetun speakers. The role of the Liurais underwent changes after the great Boaventura Rebellion which was suppressed by the Portuguese authorities in 1912. Up to then they were by and large traditional rulers in whose realms the colonial authorities seldom interfered. However, after this date the Liurai was often appointed due to his loyal stance and connections with the colonial center in Dili. The Liurai families have kept a certain role in Timorese society until recent times, and a few scions have enjoyed nationwide political roles. The Liurais do not have any official rank any more, but still tend to command a degree of local respect. (en)
  • Liurai est le titre traditionnel d'un dirigeant à Timor. Le territoire d'un liurai était appelé rai (tétoum pour terrain, région, terre). En raison de la similitude avec mot portugais rei pour roi, leurs territoires étaient appelés reino (royaume en portugais). D'autres langues européennes ont adopté cette signification (les Néerlandais ont opté pour raja), c'est pourquoi les liurais sont maintenant décrits comme des petits rois. Cependant, les royaumes des liurais n'étaient pas des entités socio-culturelles isolées et homogènes, constituant des royaumes au sens propre. * Portrait du raja d'Amarasi, Isaac van Baven, avec le révérend Loeff et son successeur prévu, le raja Alex, 1921. * Famille d'un liurai, Timor portugais, avant 1945. (fr)
  • Liurai is de traditionele titel van een heerser in Timor. Het grondgebied van een liurai werd rai genoemd (tetun voor land, streek, grond). Wegens de gelijkenis met het Portugese woord rei voor koning, werden hun gebieden reino (koninkrijk in het Portugees) genoemd. Andere Europese talen namen deze betekenis over (raja in het Nederlands), vandaar dat de liurais nu worden beschreven als kleine koningen. De koninkrijken van de liurai's waren echter geen geïsoleerde en homogene sociaal-culturele entiteiten, die koninkrijken in de ware zin van het woord vormden. (nl)
  • Antes da administração portuguesa, Timor-Leste era composto por vários reinos, divididos por vários sucos e povoações. Estes reinos eram governados por régulos, designados por liurais. Com a colonização, os diversos reinos foram sucessivamente desmembrados, quebrando-se o poder tradicional. No entanto, os sucos, integrados em reinos ou independentes, permaneceram como célula fundamental da estruturação política de Timor-Leste até à actualidade. O termo liurai passou, então, a designar o chefe de suco, com o mais alto poder timorense na respectiva área. Pertencendo às famílias nobres, os datos, um liurai é eleito pelos seus iguais e descendentes, os principais. Perante a morte de um liurai, o seu sucessor é designado por eleição de entre os membros da linhagem régia. A linha é geralmente patrilinear e, talvez por isso, a forma de tratamento mais vulgar destes chefes é amo, semelhante a áman (pai, em tétum). Ainda que detentores do poder executivo, os liurais são controlados pelos anciãos do reino, em particular pelo dato-hei, o chefe-sombra, sobre quem recai a responsabilidade de guardar e fazer cumprir os usos e costumes. Apesar de, actualmente, o liurai não possuir praticamente poder político ou administrativo, a sua figura mantém-se e é alvo de respeito e reverência por parte de toda a população timorense. (pt)
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