In particle accelerators, a common mechanism for accelerating a charged particle beam is via copper resonant cavities in which electric and magnetic fields form a standing wave, the mode of which is designed so that the E field points along the axis of the accelerator, producing forward acceleration of the particles when in the correct phase. The maximum electric field achievable is limited by a process known as RF breakdown. The reliable limits for various RF frequencies were tested experimentally in the 1950s by W. D. Kilpatrick. with (megavolts per metre).
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