Jotedars, also known as Haoladars, Ganitdars or Mandals, were "wealthy peasants" who comprised one layer of social strata in agrarian Bengal during Company rule in India. Jotedars owned relatively extensive tracts of land; their land tenure status stood in contrast to those of under-ryots and bargadars (sharecroppers), who were landless or land-poors. Many jotedars were bhadraloks (upper caste members) who adopted the de jure status of ryot (peasant) solely for the financial benefit that the Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885 afforded to ryots. Others belonged to the intermediate landowning peasant castes such as Sadgops, Aguris,Mahishyas, Rajbongshis, Shershahabadia and the rural, less educated Brahmins. By the 1920s a gentrified fraction of Jotedars emerged from the more prosperous peasants amon
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| - 东印度公司治下的印度，乔特达（jotedar）是“富裕的农民”，是孟加拉农业地区的一个社会阶层。乔特达拥有相对广阔的土地；他们的土地保有权地位与那些没有土地或土地贫瘠的落后农民和村民形成鲜明对比。 许多乔特达是巴德拉洛克（上层种姓成员），仅是因为1885年《孟加拉租赁法》带来的经济利益。 纳萨尔派与乔特达对立。 (zh)
- Jotedars, also known as Haoladars, Ganitdars or Mandals, were "wealthy peasants" who comprised one layer of social strata in agrarian Bengal during Company rule in India. Jotedars owned relatively extensive tracts of land; their land tenure status stood in contrast to those of under-ryots and bargadars (sharecroppers), who were landless or land-poors. Many jotedars were bhadraloks (upper caste members) who adopted the de jure status of ryot (peasant) solely for the financial benefit that the Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885 afforded to ryots. Others belonged to the intermediate landowning peasant castes such as Sadgops, Aguris,Mahishyas, Rajbongshis, Shershahabadia and the rural, less educated Brahmins. By the 1920s a gentrified fraction of Jotedars emerged from the more prosperous peasants amon (en)
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| - Jotedars, also known as Haoladars, Ganitdars or Mandals, were "wealthy peasants" who comprised one layer of social strata in agrarian Bengal during Company rule in India. Jotedars owned relatively extensive tracts of land; their land tenure status stood in contrast to those of under-ryots and bargadars (sharecroppers), who were landless or land-poors. Many jotedars were bhadraloks (upper caste members) who adopted the de jure status of ryot (peasant) solely for the financial benefit that the Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885 afforded to ryots. Others belonged to the intermediate landowning peasant castes such as Sadgops, Aguris,Mahishyas, Rajbongshis, Shershahabadia and the rural, less educated Brahmins. By the 1920s a gentrified fraction of Jotedars emerged from the more prosperous peasants among the tribes such as Santhals and the Scheduled Castes such as the Bagdi and the Namasudras Jotedars were pitted against in the Naxalite movement. (en)
- 东印度公司治下的印度，乔特达（jotedar）是“富裕的农民”，是孟加拉农业地区的一个社会阶层。乔特达拥有相对广阔的土地；他们的土地保有权地位与那些没有土地或土地贫瘠的落后农民和村民形成鲜明对比。 许多乔特达是巴德拉洛克（上层种姓成员），仅是因为1885年《孟加拉租赁法》带来的经济利益。 纳萨尔派与乔特达对立。 (zh)
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