The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre saw a massive redeployment of People's Liberation Army (PLA) troops into and around Beijing. After the declaration of martial law, the PLA mobilized at least 22 divisions from 13 Armies, which converged on Beijing. This force far exceeded the local garrison, with troops being sent in from across China. Altogether, roughly 300,000 troops were involved in the campaign to quell the protests. By their end, the PLA had proven that it was largely willing to enforce party decrees with lethal force. Multiple significant breaches of military discipline occurred after the imposition of martial law. Some cases involved officers or entire units being unwilling to obey directives from farther up the chain of command, others related to the misuse of milita
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| - Insubordination in the PLA during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre (en)
- 中國人民解放軍對六四清場的抵制 (zh)
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| - 六四天安门事件中中国人民解放军部队被大规模部署到北京及其周围地区。在中華人民共和國國務院總理李鵬宣布戒严后，中国人民解放军从13个集團軍中至少动员了22个师集中在北京。从中国各地派遣的部队已远远超过了北京当地常規驻军， 总共大约有30万軍隊参與鎮壓抗議。不過在实施戒严令后发生了多起軍人违反军事纪律的行为。有些涉及官兵或整个部队不愿服从上級指示，其他則涉及滥用武器，还有一些造成了6月3日晚间的人员伤亡（当时，解放军已到达天安门广场）。目前尚不清楚哪些解放军部队接到命令向示威者开火，因此很难知道軍隊不服从的詳情。如果解放军整体上收到使用武力清場的命令，那一定是中共中央军委主席邓小平授意。中央军委副主席兼秘书长杨尚昆于1989年5月20日向中国共产党中央军事委员会下达的命令，明确剥夺了军队在戒严令期间使用致命武力的权力，即使他们的安危受到抗议者的威胁。根据中共中央政治局委员兼中共北京市委书记李锡铭6月19日向中央政治局提交的报告中提到，在六四清場中有10名中国人民解放军士兵以及13名中国人民武装警察部队士兵死亡。然而據說抗议者有218人死亡，也有一些消息来源說有数千名示威者被殺。 (zh)
- The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre saw a massive redeployment of People's Liberation Army (PLA) troops into and around Beijing. After the declaration of martial law, the PLA mobilized at least 22 divisions from 13 Armies, which converged on Beijing. This force far exceeded the local garrison, with troops being sent in from across China. Altogether, roughly 300,000 troops were involved in the campaign to quell the protests. By their end, the PLA had proven that it was largely willing to enforce party decrees with lethal force. Multiple significant breaches of military discipline occurred after the imposition of martial law. Some cases involved officers or entire units being unwilling to obey directives from farther up the chain of command, others related to the misuse of milita (en)
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| - The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre saw a massive redeployment of People's Liberation Army (PLA) troops into and around Beijing. After the declaration of martial law, the PLA mobilized at least 22 divisions from 13 Armies, which converged on Beijing. This force far exceeded the local garrison, with troops being sent in from across China. Altogether, roughly 300,000 troops were involved in the campaign to quell the protests. By their end, the PLA had proven that it was largely willing to enforce party decrees with lethal force. Multiple significant breaches of military discipline occurred after the imposition of martial law. Some cases involved officers or entire units being unwilling to obey directives from farther up the chain of command, others related to the misuse of military equipment, and some were responsible for casualties incurred during the night of June 3 (when the PLA finally reached Tiananmen Square). It is unclear when, how, or even if some PLA units received orders to open fire on the protesters, and so knowing whether or not an incident amounts to insubordination is difficult. If the PLA as a whole received orders to use lethal force, CMC chairman Deng Xiaoping must have given his assent to it. Yang Shangkun's orders to the Central Military Commission on the 20th of May 1989 explicitly deny troops the authority to use lethal force during martial law, even when their lives are threatened by the protesters. According to 's report to the politburo on June 19 however, 10 PLA soldiers did end up dying, along with 13 from the People's Armed Police. For these 23 dead, they inflicted 218 deaths on the protesters, although some sources place this number in the thousands. (en)
- 六四天安门事件中中国人民解放军部队被大规模部署到北京及其周围地区。在中華人民共和國國務院總理李鵬宣布戒严后，中国人民解放军从13个集團軍中至少动员了22个师集中在北京。从中国各地派遣的部队已远远超过了北京当地常規驻军， 总共大约有30万軍隊参與鎮壓抗議。不過在实施戒严令后发生了多起軍人违反军事纪律的行为。有些涉及官兵或整个部队不愿服从上級指示，其他則涉及滥用武器，还有一些造成了6月3日晚间的人员伤亡（当时，解放军已到达天安门广场）。目前尚不清楚哪些解放军部队接到命令向示威者开火，因此很难知道軍隊不服从的詳情。如果解放军整体上收到使用武力清場的命令，那一定是中共中央军委主席邓小平授意。中央军委副主席兼秘书长杨尚昆于1989年5月20日向中国共产党中央军事委员会下达的命令，明确剥夺了军队在戒严令期间使用致命武力的权力，即使他们的安危受到抗议者的威胁。根据中共中央政治局委员兼中共北京市委书记李锡铭6月19日向中央政治局提交的报告中提到，在六四清場中有10名中国人民解放军士兵以及13名中国人民武装警察部队士兵死亡。然而據說抗议者有218人死亡，也有一些消息来源說有数千名示威者被殺。 (zh)
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