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The penny of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from 1714 to 1901, the period in which the House of Hanover reigned, saw the transformation of the penny from a little-used small silver coin to the bronze piece recognisable to modern-day Britons. All bear the portrait of the monarch on the obverse; copper and bronze pennies have a depiction of Britannia, the female personification of Britain, on the reverse.

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  • History of the British penny (1714–1901) (en)
  • 英国硬币简史 (1714-1901) (zh)
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  • 从1714年到1901年,也就是汉诺威王朝统治时期,大不列颠王国和英国硬币的历史见证了一便士的发展进程:它由鲜少使用的小银币转变为现代英国人广泛使用的铜币。所有硬币的都印有君主的肖像,而铜币和青铜币的反面都印有不列颠尼亚女神的肖像,象征着英国女性的化身。 在18世纪的大部分时间里,一便士作为一种小银币,主要是被用作于或其他皇室慈善,很少在市面上流通。因此从1787年开始,市面上硬币的长期缺失并由此导致广泛流通,其中还包括价值一便士的大铜币。1797年,实业家马修·博尔顿在伯明翰的签订了一份生产官方硬币的合同;在接下来的十年里,他赚了数百万美元。此后,直到1825年,一便士的铜币才再次发行,且一直延续至1860年。 到了19世纪50年代末,铜币的状况变得不尽如人意:市面上大量流通着磨损严重的大铜币,其中有一些甚至可以追溯到博尔顿时代。从1860年开始,它们被较轻的青铜硬币所取代。以维多利亚女王发型命名的“发髻硬币”从那时起一直发行至1894年,到了女王统治的最后几年还出现了“戴面纱的头像”或“老人头像”硬币,这些硬币于1895年问世,直到1901年女王去世才停止铸造。 (zh)
  • The penny of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from 1714 to 1901, the period in which the House of Hanover reigned, saw the transformation of the penny from a little-used small silver coin to the bronze piece recognisable to modern-day Britons. All bear the portrait of the monarch on the obverse; copper and bronze pennies have a depiction of Britannia, the female personification of Britain, on the reverse. (en)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/1831_William_IV_penny.jpeg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cartwheelrev.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Conder_tokens.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/George_III_Maundy_1800_722666.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Penny_Great_Britain,_1858,_Victoria.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Penny_Great_Britain,_1888,_Victoria.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Victoria_Old_head.jpg
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