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Float-zone silicon is very pure silicon obtained by vertical zone melting. The process was developed at Bell Labs by Henry Theuerer in 1955 as a modification of a method developed by William Gardner Pfann for germanium. In the vertical configuration molten silicon has sufficient surface tension to keep the charge from separating. The major advantages is crucibleless growth that prevents contamination of the silicon from vesselt itself and therefore an inherently high-purity alternative to boule crystals grown by the Czochralski method.

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  • Float-zone silicon (en)
  • Processo a zona flottante (it)
  • 浮帶矽 (zh)
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  • 浮帶矽(英語:Float-zone silicon)是利用垂直式區域熔煉技術所得到的高純度矽。先是1953年的科學家保羅·開克(Paul H. Keck,1908年6月28日-1963年4月8日)與以區域熔煉法製備出矽單晶。 後來又有1955年貝爾實驗室的Henry Theuerer改良威廉·加德納·普凡純化鍺的程序而開發出相關技術。在垂直式的區域熔煉裡,熔融矽有足夠的表面張力避免爐料固液分離,如此便可不用再加裝密閉容器防止矽被汙染。 若欲取得高純度的矽,浮帶矽製程是柴式拉晶法的替代方案。以此法精煉之矽可以做到碳、氧等雜質濃度極低。另一種雜質氮可以控制微小的晶體缺陷,而且有的效果,是故在晶體的成長階段常常人為刻意滲氮保留一點點氮雜質。 浮帶矽受限於成長時必須控制表面張力,所以製造出來的晶圓直徑通常不超過150毫米。一條超純電子級多晶晶棒通過一環射頻加熱線圈,在該晶棒上產生一小段熔融區長晶。一小顆晶種置於一端以啟始晶體成長。整個製程必須在通惰性氣體或在真空腔體中進行,盡可能避免汙染。因多數雜質在矽中的平衡分離係數小於1,故雜質往液態之熔融浮區移動被帶走。特殊摻雜技術如核心位置摻雜、小球摻雜、滲氣摻雜、中子轉化摻雜等等可以達成雜質濃度均勻一致。 (zh)
  • Float-zone silicon is very pure silicon obtained by vertical zone melting. The process was developed at Bell Labs by Henry Theuerer in 1955 as a modification of a method developed by William Gardner Pfann for germanium. In the vertical configuration molten silicon has sufficient surface tension to keep the charge from separating. The major advantages is crucibleless growth that prevents contamination of the silicon from vesselt itself and therefore an inherently high-purity alternative to boule crystals grown by the Czochralski method. (en)
  • La tecnica della zona flottante permette di ottenere un silicio purissimo. Il processo è stato sviluppato presso i Bell Labs da Henry Theuerer nel 1955 come modifica di un metodo sviluppato da William Gardner Pfann per il germanio. Nella configurazione verticale il silicio fuso ha una tensione superficiale sufficiente per impedire la separazione della carica. L'assenza di un recipiente di contenimento, al contrario del Processo Czochralski previene la contaminazione del silicio da parte di impurità come l'ossigeno. (it)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Si-crystal_floatingzone.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Si-crystal_floatingzone_growing.jpg
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  • Float-zone silicon is very pure silicon obtained by vertical zone melting. The process was developed at Bell Labs by Henry Theuerer in 1955 as a modification of a method developed by William Gardner Pfann for germanium. In the vertical configuration molten silicon has sufficient surface tension to keep the charge from separating. The major advantages is crucibleless growth that prevents contamination of the silicon from vesselt itself and therefore an inherently high-purity alternative to boule crystals grown by the Czochralski method. The concentrations of light impurities, such as carbon (C) and oxygen (O2) elements, are extremely low. Another light impurity, nitrogen (N2), helps to control microdefects and also brings about an improvement in mechanical strength of the wafers, and is now being intentionally added during the growth stages. The diameters of float-zone wafers are generally not greater than 200 mm due to the surface tension limitations during growth. A polycrystalline rod of ultrapure electronic-grade silicon is passed through an RF heating coil, which creates a localized molten zone from which the crystal ingot grows. A seed crystal is used at one end to start the growth. The whole process is carried out in an evacuated chamber or in an inert gas purge. The molten zone carries the impurities away with it and hence reduces impurity concentration (most impurities are more soluble in the melt than the crystal). Specialized doping techniques like core doping, pill doping, gas doping and neutron transmutation doping are used to incorporate a uniform concentration of desirable impurity. Float-zone silicon wafers may be irradiated by neutrons to turn it into a n-doped semiconductor. (en)
  • La tecnica della zona flottante permette di ottenere un silicio purissimo. Il processo è stato sviluppato presso i Bell Labs da Henry Theuerer nel 1955 come modifica di un metodo sviluppato da William Gardner Pfann per il germanio. Nella configurazione verticale il silicio fuso ha una tensione superficiale sufficiente per impedire la separazione della carica. L'assenza di un recipiente di contenimento, al contrario del Processo Czochralski previene la contaminazione del silicio da parte di impurità come l'ossigeno. La zona flottante è una valida alternativa di elevata purezza rispetto al metodo Czochralski. Le concentrazioni di impurità leggere, come carbonio e ossigeno, sono estremamente basse. Un'altra impurità leggera, l'azoto, aiuta a controllare i microdifetti incrementando la resistenza meccanica dei wafer. L'azoto può essere intenzionalmente aggiunto durante le fasi di crescita. Il diametro dei wafer prodottti generalmente non superano i 200 mm a causa delle limitazioni dovute al valore della tensione superficiale durante la crescita. Un'asta policristallina di silicio ultrapuro di grado elettronico viene fatta passare attraverso una bobina RF, che crea una zona fusa localizzata da cui cresce il lingotto di cristallo. Un "seme" di cristallo viene utilizzato a un'estremità per avviare la crescita, determinando il piano cristallografico di crescita. L'intero processo viene eseguito in una camera a vuoto o in una atmosfera inerte. La zona fusa porta via le impurità e quindi ne riduce la concentrazione (la maggior parte delle impurità sono più solubili rispetto cristallo fuso). (it)
  • 浮帶矽(英語:Float-zone silicon)是利用垂直式區域熔煉技術所得到的高純度矽。先是1953年的科學家保羅·開克(Paul H. Keck,1908年6月28日-1963年4月8日)與以區域熔煉法製備出矽單晶。 後來又有1955年貝爾實驗室的Henry Theuerer改良威廉·加德納·普凡純化鍺的程序而開發出相關技術。在垂直式的區域熔煉裡,熔融矽有足夠的表面張力避免爐料固液分離,如此便可不用再加裝密閉容器防止矽被汙染。 若欲取得高純度的矽,浮帶矽製程是柴式拉晶法的替代方案。以此法精煉之矽可以做到碳、氧等雜質濃度極低。另一種雜質氮可以控制微小的晶體缺陷,而且有的效果,是故在晶體的成長階段常常人為刻意滲氮保留一點點氮雜質。 浮帶矽受限於成長時必須控制表面張力,所以製造出來的晶圓直徑通常不超過150毫米。一條超純電子級多晶晶棒通過一環射頻加熱線圈,在該晶棒上產生一小段熔融區長晶。一小顆晶種置於一端以啟始晶體成長。整個製程必須在通惰性氣體或在真空腔體中進行,盡可能避免汙染。因多數雜質在矽中的平衡分離係數小於1,故雜質往液態之熔融浮區移動被帶走。特殊摻雜技術如核心位置摻雜、小球摻雜、滲氣摻雜、中子轉化摻雜等等可以達成雜質濃度均勻一致。 (zh)
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