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A derebey (Turkish: valley lord) was a feudal lord in Anatolia and the Pontic areas of Lazistan and Adjara in the 18th century, with considerable independence from the central government of the Ottoman Empire. The derebeys gradually Ottomanized, i.e. became part in the mechanics of the central government, with the re-strengthening of the Ottoman central power in the 19th century. Many members of derebey families left lasting works serving general welfare, while others were also involved in bitter struggles that gave rise to public revolts, such as that of Atçalı Kel Mehmet Efe.

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  • Derebey (ca)
  • Derebej (cs)
  • Derebey (de)
  • Derebey (en)
  • Derebey (it)
  • アーヤーン (ja)
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  • Die vom türkischen Volksmund gegebene Bezeichnung Derebey (übersetzt: ‚Talherr‘, ‚Tallord‘, ‚Talfürst‘) meint lokale Herrscher in Anatolien, der Levante und auf dem Balkan, die sich zwischen dem frühen 12. und späten 19. Jahrhundert weitgehend unabhängig von der osmanischen Zentralregierung in Istanbul machten. Osmanische Historiker bezeichnen sie in der Regel als mütegallibe ‚Usurpatoren‘ oder hanedan ‚große Familien‘. Der daraus abgeleitete Begriff Derebeylik wird zumeist mit ‚Feudalismus‘ und Derebey mit ‚Feudalherr‘ gleichgesetzt, was aber für Anatolien nur bedingt zutreffend ist. (de)
  • アーヤーンとは、18世紀以降のオスマン帝国において、中央政府に対し半ば独立した勢力を維持した地方有力者を指す。日本語では「地方名士」「地方名望家」などと訳される。ただしオスマン帝国において狭義には、行政・軍事・宗教等における階級組織の地位や財産を保持する人びとを指し、富裕な都市民や地主などもこの範疇に入る。 (ja)
  • Derebey fou un títol popular a l'Imperi Otomà, donat pel poble a alguns caps turcs que a partir del segle xviii es van fer virtualment independents a l'Àsia Menor. Els historiadors oficials els anomenen mulaghallibe (‘usurpadors’) o de vegades khanedan (‘grans famílies’). El terme derebey va perdre significat polític però va restar per designar els gran senyors hereditaris que encara exercien drets quasi feudals sobre els camperols. (ca)
  • Derebej (též derebeg, turecky: Derebeyi) byl feudální vlastník v Osmanské říši (v Malé Asii a v oblastech Lázistánu a Adžárie kolem Černého moře) v 18. století; byli značně nezávislí na ústřední vládě Osmanské říše. Derebejové měli původně měli poskytovat sultánovi v době války vojáky. Postupně se přeměnili ve spíše zpupné vládce různých izolovanějších údolí. Za vlády sultána Selima III. v páté Rusko-turecké válce v letech 1768-1774 byli derebejové důležitou složkou osmanskéh vojska, což jim umožnilo přivlastnit si skoro celou Anatolii (Malou Asii). (cs)
  • A derebey (Turkish: valley lord) was a feudal lord in Anatolia and the Pontic areas of Lazistan and Adjara in the 18th century, with considerable independence from the central government of the Ottoman Empire. The derebeys gradually Ottomanized, i.e. became part in the mechanics of the central government, with the re-strengthening of the Ottoman central power in the 19th century. Many members of derebey families left lasting works serving general welfare, while others were also involved in bitter struggles that gave rise to public revolts, such as that of Atçalı Kel Mehmet Efe. (en)
  • I derebey (in turco signori di valli) erano i signori locali feudatari di vasti territori in Anatolia e nelle aree pontiche del Lazistan e dell'Agiaria durante il XVIII secolo, con una notevole indipendenza dal governo centrale dell'Impero ottomano. (it)
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  • Derebej (též derebeg, turecky: Derebeyi) byl feudální vlastník v Osmanské říši (v Malé Asii a v oblastech Lázistánu a Adžárie kolem Černého moře) v 18. století; byli značně nezávislí na ústřední vládě Osmanské říše. Derebejové měli původně měli poskytovat sultánovi v době války vojáky. Postupně se přeměnili ve spíše zpupné vládce různých izolovanějších údolí. Za vlády sultána Selima III. v páté Rusko-turecké válce v letech 1768-1774 byli derebejové důležitou složkou osmanskéh vojska, což jim umožnilo přivlastnit si skoro celou Anatolii (Malou Asii). Derebejové měli v osmanské politice a vládě velký vliv, který se ale za vlády nástupce Selima III. Mahmuta II. postupně snižoval v důsledku centralizace státu. (cs)
  • Derebey fou un títol popular a l'Imperi Otomà, donat pel poble a alguns caps turcs que a partir del segle xviii es van fer virtualment independents a l'Àsia Menor. Els historiadors oficials els anomenen mulaghallibe (‘usurpadors’) o de vegades khanedan (‘grans famílies’). Aquestos senyors tenien bases de poder en territoris de l'Àsia Menor on gaudien d'un fort suport local. Deixaven les seves forces al sultà però internament eren independents. Com que el seu càrrec era hereditari la seva política era a més llarg termini que els paixes i per tant millor per la població (a la que els paixes treien tot el possible en el menor temps possible). Degut al suport popular i a l'ajuda que donaven al govern, la Porta els va tolerar i només actuava en cas de revolta oberta. Amb la guerra amb Rússia de 1768 a 1774 el sistema de derebeys es va estendre força i van dominar pràcticament tota l'Anatòlia. El 1801 no hi havia cap part de l'eyalat d'Anadolu ni del de Karaman sota el control del govern. Sota Selim III va arribar al cim del poder destacant el Kara Othman-oghlu (Karaosmanoğlu) i els Çapanoğlu al costat de les reformes del sultà, mentre els Djaniki s'oposaven a aquestes reformes. El suport dels derebeys va portar al poder al gran visir Mustafà Pasha, que va confirmar els drets i autonomia dels derebeys en una gran convenció a Istanbul (1808). Tanmateix, després de la guerra amb Rússia (1812) el sultà Mahmud II va decidir posar fi a la situació i ho va aconseguir amb mesures polítiques, policials i militars. El sistema va ser substituït a molts llocs per paixes designats pel govern. El 1866 foren sotmesos els darrers derebeys als districtes de Çukurova i Kozan (bàsicament els Menemendjioğlu, els Kökülüoğlu i els Kozanoğlu. El terme derebey va perdre significat polític però va restar per designar els gran senyors hereditaris que encara exercien drets quasi feudals sobre els camperols. (ca)
  • A derebey (Turkish: valley lord) was a feudal lord in Anatolia and the Pontic areas of Lazistan and Adjara in the 18th century, with considerable independence from the central government of the Ottoman Empire. Derebeys were required to provide military assistance in time of war, but ruled and administered their own territories, in full freedom in practical terms, and often forming local dynasties. Their emergence were often sparked by the gradual abandon of the timar system administered by the military fiefdom of sipahis, and the tendency of the central government to sub-contract tax revenues as of the 18th century, receiving a determined sum from the derebey and outsourcing on them the task of collecting from the taxpayers themselves. In official terminology, these intermediaries were often referred to as âyân, although other terms were also used for describing this class whose official status, effective powers and the geographical extent of authority could greatly vary from one derebey to another, and could also evolve differently over time. The particular characteristics of their region of authority, such as economic development or its becoming an issue within contexts of international politics, also greatly influenced derebeys' destinies. While the derebeys did not seek to overthrow the Ottoman state, they did seek autonomy from the empire for themselves and their heirs. Through their collection and control of tax revenues in their region as well as only providing armed men for the sultan's wars when it benefitted their interests, the derebeys demonstrated a lack of centralized authority in the Ottoman state during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774 saw an increase in the power and influence of the derebeys, due to the reliance of the Ottoman government on their assistance. By the end of the 18th century, during the reign of Sultan Selim III, most of Anatolia was ruled by derebeys, and their role in Ottoman affairs was prominent. Selim's successor, Mahmud II (who followed the year-long reign of Mustafa IV), oversaw the decline of the derebeys as Ottoman government became increasingly centralised and administration was conducted by appointed governors. In the 19th century, the term came to be applied to the powerful hereditary land-owners of southern and eastern Turkey. By 1866 the remaining derebeys were subjugated by a military expedition in the Çukurova region. The derebeys gradually Ottomanized, i.e. became part in the mechanics of the central government, with the re-strengthening of the Ottoman central power in the 19th century. Many members of derebey families left lasting works serving general welfare, while others were also involved in bitter struggles that gave rise to public revolts, such as that of Atçalı Kel Mehmet Efe. (en)
  • Die vom türkischen Volksmund gegebene Bezeichnung Derebey (übersetzt: ‚Talherr‘, ‚Tallord‘, ‚Talfürst‘) meint lokale Herrscher in Anatolien, der Levante und auf dem Balkan, die sich zwischen dem frühen 12. und späten 19. Jahrhundert weitgehend unabhängig von der osmanischen Zentralregierung in Istanbul machten. Osmanische Historiker bezeichnen sie in der Regel als mütegallibe ‚Usurpatoren‘ oder hanedan ‚große Familien‘. Der daraus abgeleitete Begriff Derebeylik wird zumeist mit ‚Feudalismus‘ und Derebey mit ‚Feudalherr‘ gleichgesetzt, was aber für Anatolien nur bedingt zutreffend ist. (de)
  • I derebey (in turco signori di valli) erano i signori locali feudatari di vasti territori in Anatolia e nelle aree pontiche del Lazistan e dell'Agiaria durante il XVIII secolo, con una notevole indipendenza dal governo centrale dell'Impero ottomano. I derebey erano tenuti a fornire l'assistenza militare in tempo di guerra, ma in termini pratici governavano e amministravano i propri territori in piena libertà, e formando spesso dinastie locali. La loro ascesa era spesso innescata dal graduale abbandono del sistema del timar che era amministrato dai feudi militari degli spahi (cavalleria) e, a partire dal XVIII secolo, dalla tendenza del governo centrale a subappaltare le entrate fiscali ricevendo una determinata somma dai derebey e esternalizzando su di loro il compito di riscossione dai contribuenti stessi. Nella terminologia ufficiale, questi intermediari erano spesso indicati come âyân, sebbene per descrivere questa classe fossero anche usati altri termini. Lo status ufficiale, il potere effettivo e l'estensione geografica dell'autorità potevano variare notevolmente da un derebey all'altro e potevano anche evolvere in modo diverso nel corso tempo. Anche le caratteristiche peculiari della loro regione di autorità, come lo sviluppo economico o il cambiamento all'interno di contesti di politica internazionale, influenzavano fortemente i destini dei derebey. I derebey non tentavano di rovesciare lo stato ottomano, ma cercavano l'autonomia dall'impero per se stessi e per i loro eredi. Attraverso la riscossione e il controllo delle entrate fiscali nella loro regione e con la fornitura di uomini armati per le guerre del sultano, e beneficiandone gli interessi, i derebey dimostrarono una mancanza dell'autorità centralizzata nello stato ottomano durante il XVIII e l'inizio del XIX secolo. La guerra russo-turca del 1768-1774 vide un aumento del potere e dell'influenza dei derebey, grazie alla dipendenza del governo ottomano della loro assistenza. Alla fine del XVIII secolo, durante il regno del sultano Selim III, la maggior parte dell'Anatolia era governata dai derebey e il loro ruolo negli affari ottomani era di primo piano. Il successore di Selim, Mahmud II (che seguì il regno di Mustafa IV, durato un anno), supervisionò il declino dei derebey mentre il governo ottomano diventava sempre più centralizzato e l'amministrazione veniva condotta da governatori nominati. Nel XIX secolo, il termine venne applicato ai potenti proprietari terrieri ereditari della Turchia meridionale e orientale. Nel 1866 i rimanenti derebey furono soggiogati da una spedizione militare nella regione di Çukurova. I derebey si ottomanizzarono gradualmente, ovvero entrarono a far parte dei meccanismi del governo centrale, con il rafforzamento del potere centrale ottomano nel XIX secolo. Molti membri delle famiglie dei derebey lasciarono i lavori di lunga data al servizio del benessere generale, mentre altri furono anche coinvolti in aspre lotte che diedero origine a rivolte pubbliche, come quella di Atçalı Kel Mehmet Efe. (it)
  • アーヤーンとは、18世紀以降のオスマン帝国において、中央政府に対し半ば独立した勢力を維持した地方有力者を指す。日本語では「地方名士」「地方名望家」などと訳される。ただしオスマン帝国において狭義には、行政・軍事・宗教等における階級組織の地位や財産を保持する人びとを指し、富裕な都市民や地主などもこの範疇に入る。 (ja)
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